Editorial

4 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops

by Sergio Ruffo Roberto, Aline Cristina de Aguiar and Viviani Vieira Marques

Horticulturae 2023, 9(7), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070804 - 13 Jul 2023

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Horticulture has established its importance in many aspects including innovation, improving land use, promoting crop diversification, generating employment, and providing food to the world population [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Adaptability and Stability Analyses of Improved Strawberry Genotypes for Tropical Climate

by Daniele Aparecida Nascimento, Gabriella Correia Gomes, Luiz Vitor Barbosa de Oliveira, Gabriel Francisco de Paula Gomes, Suzana Tiemi Ivamoto-Suzuki, André Ricardo Ziest, Keny Henrique Mariguele, Sergio Ruffo Roberto and Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende

Horticulturae 2023, 9(6), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060643 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1221

Abstract

Strawberries are grown worldwide, and the fruit is known for its flavor, pleasant aroma, and the presence of important nutraceutical compounds. Under temperate conditions, the species is octaploid and presents a complex inheritance. Exploring polyploidy in varietal crosses is the main alternative to [...] Read more.

Strawberries are grown worldwide, and the fruit is known for its flavor, pleasant aroma, and the presence of important nutraceutical compounds. Under temperate conditions, the species is octaploid and presents a complex inheritance. Exploring polyploidy in varietal crosses is the main alternative to developing genotypes of high-temperature regions; thus, breeding programs must evaluate the interaction based on parameters, such as the heritability, stability, easy propagation, and adaptability to different soil and climate variations. To estimate the stability and temporal adaptability of pre-selected triple hybrids of day-neutral strawberries, thirty-six experimental genotypes, three commercial genotypes (‘Albion,’ ‘Monterey,’ and ‘Dover’), and four single hybrids (‘RVFS07,’ ‘RVFS06,’ ‘RVDA11,’ and ‘RVCA16’) were evaluated in a protected cultivation from August to February under tropical climate conditions (southern hemisphere) using the mixed linear model (MLM). The genotypes RVFS07M-34, RVFS07M-24, RCDA11M-04, RVFS07M-154, RVFS07M-36, RVFS07M-33, RVFS07M-80, RVFS07M-10, RVDA11M-21, RVDA11M-13, and RVFS06AL-132 had the highest values of total fruit mass, adaptability, and stability. The mean predicted genotypic values of the selected genotypes was 138% higher than the mean of the controls. Therefore, these genotypes have the potential to be released as cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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18 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Growth Hormones on Rooting and Endogenous Hormone Content of Two Morus alba L. Cuttings

by Hanlei Chen, Youzhen Lei, Jiajia Sun, Mingyue Ma, Peng Deng, Jin’e Quan and Huitao Bi

Horticulturae 2023, 9(5), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050552 - 04 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the effects of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and indene-naphthaleneacetic acid (ABT-1) on the rooting and dynamic changes of the endogenous hormone content of Australian Mulberry (vegetable Mulberry) and Kirin mulberry (Fruit Mulberry) hardwood [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the effects of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and indene-naphthaleneacetic acid (ABT-1) on the rooting and dynamic changes of the endogenous hormone content of Australian Mulberry (vegetable Mulberry) and Kirin mulberry (Fruit Mulberry) hardwood cuttings. As exhibited by the results, the rooting process of both vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry could be divided into three stages, namely the initiation stage (1–18 days), the callus formation stage (18–28 days), and the adventitious root formation and elongation stage (28–48 days). The two treatments with 1000 mg·L⁻¹ ABT-1 and 500 mg·L⁻¹ ABT-1 achieved the highest rooting efficiencies of vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry, significantly higher than those of other treatments (p < 0.01), with average rooting rates of 63.3% and 68.7%, and rooting efficiency indices of 25.3 and 34.3, respectively. During the rooting process, the contents of endogenous IAA and zeatin riboside (ZR) and the ratios of IAA/ABA and IAA/ZR presented a trend of decreasing before increasing, while the abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) contents exhibited a trend of increasing before decreasing, and the gibberellin (GA₃), strigolactone (SL), and IBA contents showed a continuous decreasing trend. Hence, ABT-1 was effective in inducing the synthesis of IAA, IBA, JA, and SL, reducing the contents of ABA, ZR, and GA₃, and promoting the rooting of vegetable mulberry and fruit mulberry cuttings. For fruit mulberry and vegetable mulberry cuttings, the optimal concentrations of ABT-1 were 500 mg·L⁻¹ and 1000 mg·L⁻¹, respectively, demonstrating applicability for the efficient propagation of Morus alba L. cuttings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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11 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Floral Emergence and Improved Formation of Saffron Daughter Corms

by Yaser Hassan Dewir, Abdulla Alsadon, Ahmed Ali Al-Aizari and Mohaidib Al-Mohidib

Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100973 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2299

Abstract

In vitro cormogenesis is a potential tool for improving saffron production under controlled conditions. In this study, the effects of explant type, culture type, and medium supplements on saffron daughter corm formation in vitro were assessed. Saffron flowers emerged 30 days after culture, [...] Read more.

In vitro cormogenesis is a potential tool for improving saffron production under controlled conditions. In this study, the effects of explant type, culture type, and medium supplements on saffron daughter corm formation in vitro were assessed. Saffron flowers emerged 30 days after culture, and the sizes of in-vitro- and ex-vitro-produced flowers and stigmas were similar. In vitro daughter corm formation and the saffron life cycle was completed after 10 and 14 weeks of culture, respectively. Using in vitro intact corms was more effective for corm production than using apical buds. Compared with apical bud explants, mother corm explants produced more corms with a higher fresh weight and diameter. Compared with solid culture, liquid cultures using bioreactors provided corms with a higher fresh weight and diameter, regardless of explant type. An ebb and flow system provided the highest cormlet fresh weight and diameter but the fewest cormlets, whereas an immersion system provided more cormlets with a smaller size. Saffron apical buds cultured with salicylic acid at 75 mg L⁻¹ or glutamine at 600 mg L⁻¹ exhibited the highest cormlet diameter and fresh weight. These findings will improve the process of in vitro cormogenesis and the production of saffron under controlled conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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18 pages, 1103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities of Conventionally Propagated Nodal Segment and In Vitro-Induced Callus of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy Using Different Solvents

by Mohammad Nasim Nasrat, Siti Zaharah Sakimin and Mansor Hakiman

Horticulturae 2022, 8(8), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080712 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Bougainvillea, popularly known as ‘Bunga kertas’ in Malaysia, is thoroughly explored for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Bougainvillea has been shown to possess alkaloids and flavonoids which are widely used in folk medicine to treat different illnesses such as inflammatory, diarrheal, ulcer, and [...] Read more.

Bougainvillea, popularly known as ‘Bunga kertas’ in Malaysia, is thoroughly explored for nutritional and medicinal purposes. Bougainvillea has been shown to possess alkaloids and flavonoids which are widely used in folk medicine to treat different illnesses such as inflammatory, diarrheal, ulcer, and diabetic. Despite its major conventional therapeutic importance, only limited attempts have been made to investigate this species’ chemical and pharmacological properties in relation to its medicinal uses. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of in vitro-induced callus under different light conditions and plant growth regulators on phytochemical and antioxidant activities using different extraction solvents. Based on the results, the maximum days (17.67) to callus initiation were recorded when nodal was cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 7.5 µM 2,4-D + 0.5 µM BAP under light condition. On the contrary, the minimum days (7) to callus initiation were obtained when nodal was treated with 2.5 and 5 µM 2,4-D + 1 and 1.5 µM BAP under dark conditions. However, higher fresh and dry weight of callus was obtained when nodal was cultured on woody plant medium fortified with 7.5 µM 2,4-D + 1.5 µM BAP under dark and light conditions. In the analysis of the phenolics content and antioxidant activities, aqueous extract of conventionally propagated nodal part exhibited the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activities. However, the highest iron (II) chelating activity was produced from the aqueous extract of the calli induced under a dark condition. Hence, it can be concluded that the callus culture of Bougainvillea produced plant secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities comparable to the mother plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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16 pages, 4439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Efficient In Vitro Propagation Method for a Sustainable Supply of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) and Genetic Homogeneity Using Flow Cytometry and SPAR Markers

by Mohammad Faisal and Abdulrahman A. Alatar

Horticulturae 2022, 8(8), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080693 - 01 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2235

Abstract

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a medicinally important aromatic perennial herb used for the treatment of skin diseases, constipation, asthma, flu, fever, cough, and headache as well as a flavoring ingredient in traditional drinks, food, and meat stuffing. In this study, a high-performance [...] Read more.

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a medicinally important aromatic perennial herb used for the treatment of skin diseases, constipation, asthma, flu, fever, cough, and headache as well as a flavoring ingredient in traditional drinks, food, and meat stuffing. In this study, a high-performance in vitro propagation system of P. amboinicus through direct shoot organogenesis was developed using axillary node explants cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium augmented with 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 µM of 6-benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (Kin), alone or with 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 µM of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). To optimize the regeneration potential of node explants, the effects of basal media strength and pH were also investigated. After 8 weeks of culture, explants cultured in full strength MS basal medium (pH 5.7) with 5.0 µM BA and 2.5 µM NAA exhibited the highest percentage (97.1%) of regeneration and the maximum number (19.3) of shoots per explant. Individual elongated shoots were rooted on half strength MS basal medium containing 0.25 µM indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) after 4 weeks of culture, producing 5.3 roots/shootlets with a root induction frequency of 93.7%. First time genetic stability of in vitro raised P. amboinicus plants was determined using SPAR markers, such as DAMD and ISSR, as well as flow cytometric tests, assuring the availability of authenticated raw materials for commercial production of the plant and its bioactive components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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16 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of In Vitro Seed Germination and Micropropagation of Amomum tsao-ko (Zingiberaceae Lindl.)

by Quyet V. Khuat, Elena A. Kalashnikova, Rima N. Kirakosyan, Hai T. Nguyen, Ekaterina N. Baranova and Marat R. Khaliluev

Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070640 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

Black cardamom (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemarié) is a spice plant of great commercial value in Vietnam, but with limited propagation ability. Its seeds are characterized by a thick and hard seed coat, a small endosperm, and a small embryo, which are [...] Read more.

Black cardamom (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemarié) is a spice plant of great commercial value in Vietnam, but with limited propagation ability. Its seeds are characterized by a thick and hard seed coat, a small endosperm, and a small embryo, which are the causes of the physical dormancy of the seeds and low germination. Attempts in this study to improve the germination rate and achieve uniform germination included mechanical scarification, immersion in hot or cold water, acid scarification, and the application of plant growth regulators. Although immersion of seeds in cold water and application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) (gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 1-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA)) showed positive effects on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth, mechanical scarification provided the highest germination rate of black cardamom seeds (68.0%) and significantly shortened germination time (53.7 days) compared to control (16.0% and 74.7 days). On the other hand, an efficient micropropagation protocol has been established using shoot tip explants derived from in-vitro-grown seedlings. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/L NAA proved to be most suitable for rapid multiplication and rooting, providing a mean of 5.4 shoots per explant, 6.8 cm shoot length, and 16.2 roots per explant after 7 weeks of culture. Well-rooted black cardamom plantlets have been successfully adapted to ex vitro conditions. “Fasco” bio-soil was more suitable for acclimatization, with a 48.9% survival rate, 23.3 cm plant length, and 5.7 leaves per plant after 3 months of planting. Improved germination and multiplication protocols can be used to improve propagation performances and to develop elite of black cardamom planting material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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15 pages, 3848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Propagation of Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf through Seed Culture and Somatic Embryogenesis

by Abdul Hadi, Seema Singh, Shah Rafiq, Irshad A. Nawchoo, Nasir Aziz Wagay, Eman A. Mahmoud, Diaa O. El-Ansary, Hanoor Sharma, Ryan Casini, Kowiyou Yessoufou and Hosam O. Elansary

Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070599 - 04 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2424

Abstract

Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf is a threatened medicinal plant with restricted global distribution. The highest frequency of seed germination was recorded on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium, supplemented with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ kinetin with a germination rate of 77.32% and [...] Read more.

Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf is a threatened medicinal plant with restricted global distribution. The highest frequency of seed germination was recorded on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium, supplemented with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ kinetin with a germination rate of 77.32% and mean germination time of 27 days. Among the various plant growth regulators examined, 0.1 mg L⁻¹ kinetin (Kn) + 0.5 mg L⁻¹ indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) proved to be effective for maximum embryogenic callus production (51.0%) within 31 days of inoculation. The conversion rate of somatic embryos into complete plantlets was highest in the MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ Kn + 0.5 mg L⁻¹ IAA (68.00%), with an average root initiation time of 25 days. The rooted plantlets were subsequently hardened into jiffy pots with a combination of loamy soil, coco-peat, and vermicompost (1:1:1 v/v), and then transplanted into a greenhouse with a 60% survival rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study on direct in vitro propagation and embryogenic callus induction from seeds. The established regeneration protocol could be employed to propagate A. violaceum on a large scale in a short time. This would contribute significantly to its rapid propagation and germplasm conservation, and establish a framework for the domestication of this highly valued threatened medicinal plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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24 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Breeding Lines to Osmotic Stress Induced in In Vitro Shoot Culture

by Alexandra Hanász, Judit Dobránszki, Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki, László Zsombik and Katalin Magyar-Tábori

Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070591 - 01 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

In vitro experiments were conducted to study the responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes to osmotic stress. In vitro shoot cultures of 27 breeding lines and their drought-tolerant parents (referent lines: C103 and C107) were tested under osmotic stress induced by [...] Read more.

In vitro experiments were conducted to study the responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes to osmotic stress. In vitro shoot cultures of 27 breeding lines and their drought-tolerant parents (referent lines: C103 and C107) were tested under osmotic stress induced by addition of PEG 6000 (Mw = 6000; 5.0, 7.5, 10.0%, w/v), D-mannitol (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 M) and PEG 600 (Mw = 600; 2.5, 5.0, 7.5%, w/v) to the Murashige-Skoog medium. Stress index (SI) was calculated from shoot length (SL) and root length (RL), root numbers (RN) and the rate of surviving shoots (SR) (SI_SL;RL;RN;SR = Parameter_SL;RL;RN;SR of treated shoots/Parameter_SL;RL;RN;SR of control shoots × 100) to compare genotypes. In the average of each breeding line and concentration, the osmotic agents resulted in SI values of 40.1, 60.8, 82.6 and 76.0 for SI_SL, SI_RL, SI_RN and SI_SR, respectively. In general, all SI values of C103 and SI_RL,RN of C107 were significantly higher than those of the breeding lines. Nine breeding lines were found to be promising based on their final ranking. According to the results, 7.5% and 10% PEG 6000 or 0.2 M and 0.3 M D-mannitol treatments proved to be suitable for the selection of osmotic stress-tolerant genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

12 pages, 1871 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gamma Radiation (⁶⁰Co) Induces Mutation during In Vitro Multiplication of Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews)

by María Karen Serrano-Fuentes, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Serafín Cruz-Izquierdo, José Luis Spinoso-Castillo and Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello

Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060503 - 05 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2685

Abstract

In vitro mutagenesis is an alternative to induce genetic variation in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews), which is characterized by low genetic diversity. The objective of this study was to induce somaclonal variation in V. planifolia by gamma radiation and detect [...] Read more.

In vitro mutagenesis is an alternative to induce genetic variation in vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews), which is characterized by low genetic diversity. The objective of this study was to induce somaclonal variation in V. planifolia by gamma radiation and detect it using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Shoots previously established in vitro were multiplied in Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with 2 mg·L⁻¹ BAP (6-benzylaminopurine). Explants were irradiated with different doses (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy) of ⁶⁰Co gamma rays. Survival percentage, number of shoots per explant, shoot length, number of leaves per shoot, and lethal dose (LD₅₀) were recorded after 60 d of culture. For molecular analysis, ten shoots were used for each dose and the donor plant as a control. Eight ISSR primers were selected, and 43 fragments were obtained. The percentage of polymorphism (% P) was estimated. A dendrogram based on Jaccard’s coefficient and the neighbor joining clustering method was obtained. Results showed a hormetic effect on the explants, promoting development at low dose (20 Gy) and inhibition and death at high doses (60–100 Gy). The LD₅₀ was observed at the 60 Gy. Primers UBC-808, UBC-836 and UBC-840 showed the highest % P, with 42.6%, 34.7% and 28.7%, respectively. Genetic distance analysis showed that treatments without irradiation and with irradiation presented somaclonal variation. The use of gamma rays during in vitro culture is an alternative to broaden genetic diversity for vanilla breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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10 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimum Sterilization Method for In Vitro Cultivation of Dimorphic Seeds of the Succulent Halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica

by Yu Si, Yakupjan Haxim and Lei Wang

Horticulturae 2022, 8(4), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040289 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5118

Abstract

Suaeda aralocaspica is an annual halophyte in the Amaranthaceae in the saline deserts of central Asia. This plant has succulent leaves and grape-like fruits and is a potential horticultural plant. To obtain the efficient sterilization method and optimal culture conditions, two types of [...] Read more.

Suaeda aralocaspica is an annual halophyte in the Amaranthaceae in the saline deserts of central Asia. This plant has succulent leaves and grape-like fruits and is a potential horticultural plant. To obtain the efficient sterilization method and optimal culture conditions, two types of seeds produced from a single plant of S. aralocaspica were treated with 75% ethanol for different time durations first, and then sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or mercury chloride (HgCl₂), with five different timing treatments were used for second seed surface sterilization. Sterilized seeds were germinated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at different potential hydrogenation (pH) levels, to examine germination and seedling performance. The results showed that the highest germination percentage of brown seeds was 100% and that of black seeds was 17%. Thus, brown seeds were more suitable for further culture experiments than black seeds. For brown seeds, the sterilization effect of NaClO was better than that of HgCl_2, based on the results of seed germination, contamination, and seedling survival. Rinsing with 75% ethanol for 60 s, sterilizing with NaClO for 8 min, and cultivating at pH 8.0 MS for 7 days was the best of all sterilization procedures and cultivation methods tested, which has been successfully applied to S. aralocaspica in vitro culture. The optimized protocol described here can be used as the reference for the Suaeda genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

12 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

In Vitro Growth Responses of Ornamental Bananas (Musa sp.) as Affected by Light Sources

by Wagner A. Vendrame, Cassandre Feuille, David Beleski and Paulo Mauricio Centenaro Bueno

Horticulturae 2022, 8(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020092 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2776

Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become very popular for the production of horticultural crops. LEDs represent an alternative lighting source to regular fluorescent (FL) bulbs, increasing the quality of plants and minimizing production costs. LEDs also provide selective light intensity and quality, suitable for [...] Read more.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become very popular for the production of horticultural crops. LEDs represent an alternative lighting source to regular fluorescent (FL) bulbs, increasing the quality of plants and minimizing production costs. LEDs also provide selective light intensity and quality, suitable for commercial micropropagation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and development of in vitro ornamental bananas under different light sources. Two ornamental banana varieties were selected for this study: Musa ‘Little Prince’ and Musa ‘Truly Tiny’. Light quality and intensity of three different light sources were evaluated: LED-1 (116 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), LED-2 (90 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and FL (100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Length and biomass of plantlets were greater under LED-1 compared to FL but not significantly different from LED-2. The fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, number of leaves, and number and length of roots were not significantly different between treatments. Chlorophyll content was greater under LEDs. Leaf number and stomata number and size were greater under FL. Our results indicate that shoot length and biomass could be improved by optimizing light quality and intensity. Different responses to light sources between the two banana varieties also indicated a genotype effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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Review

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23 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessReview

De Novo Shoot Development of Tropical Plants: New Insights for Syngonium podophyllum Schott.

by Camelia Sava Sand and Maria-Mihaela Antofie

Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121105 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Syngonium podophyllum Schott. cv. ‘White Butterfly’ is recognized as a valuable ornamental plant, and today it is also an important plant species of medicinal interest due to its high contents of phenolic compounds. The purpose of this article is to review the main [...] Read more.

Syngonium podophyllum Schott. cv. ‘White Butterfly’ is recognized as a valuable ornamental plant, and today it is also an important plant species of medicinal interest due to its high contents of phenolic compounds. The purpose of this article is to review the main scientific publications from our laboratory with regard to new scientific achievements dealing with Syngonium species or topics of interest, such as callus formation and further de novo shoot regeneration. The principles and stages necessary to start an industrial-level micropropagation protocol are discussed based on our experience. Different media compositions induced different morphogenetic responses inside the callus—particularly those related to the development of xylematic elements in the organogenetic areas, such as those for rooting, protocorms, and de novo shoot formation. The re-evaluation of old histological images revealed for the first time that xylematic elements are constantly closely positioned to all organogenetic centers, and that their development is closely dependent on the composition of the culture medium. Separate protocorms can be identified only when xylematic tracheary elements are well developed and closely connected to them. The formation of protocorms is strongly dependent on the mineral composition of the culture medium and the balance of plant growth regulators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Propagation and Breeding Techniques for Horticulture Crops)

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