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Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants

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A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 18347

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Dr. Loredana Elena Vijan

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Pitesti University Centre, The National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 110142 Pitesti, Romania
Interests: bioactive compounds in horticultural plants; adsorption studies of some organic pollutants on mesoporous activated carbon; UV-Vis and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy; quantum chemistry
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Prof. Dr. Mihai Botu

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Department of Horticulture and Food Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Craiova, RO-200585 Craiova, Romania
Interests: fruit and nut crops breeding; collecting, evaluation and conservation of plant genetic resources; plant propagation; sustainable and organic horticulture; bioactive compounds
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Dear Colleagues,

The plant kingdom is a source of essential nutrients, and also provides constituents with biological activity for human and animal bodies. A wide variety of compounds and complexes participate in processes that maintain the integrity of the vegetal organism, and can have functions in human and animal organisms in equal measure. The Special Issue "Bioactive compounds in horticultural plants" aims to present a comprehensive analysis of plants as bioactive compounds sources, to identify the vegetal organs in which they are found at the highest level and the timing of their maximum availability. It will highlight the structural and functional diversity of biologically active compounds, the established synergistic or antagonistic relationships, and how the isolation of some components could affect their activity.

Another concern is the role that bioactive compounds play in the body as antioxidants, protectors of the structural, functional, and energetic components; adjuvants of physiological processes; their antiviral and antimicrobial properties, as well as the role of an activator/suppressor of enzymatic systems or genes.

Studies on non-beneficial actions (antinutrient activity or interaction with drugs), the prooxidant role they may play in certain circumstances, and alterations in the activity of the biomolecule as a result of treatments during extraction or processing protocols are also of interest.

Bioactive compounds remain among the most studied plant components, and understanding the relationships between them and those related to the reaction environment can clarify problems related to their activity, the success of isolation and quantification, and the study of biological activity both in vitro and in vivo.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the perspectives of an unlimited research field that offers solutions or models for optimal achievement of the benefits possessed by the plant kingdom.

Dr. Loredana Elena Vijan
Prof. Dr. Mihai Botu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

bioactive compounds in horticultural plants
extraction techniques
processing technologies
antinutrients
prooxidant effect

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Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants—2nd Edition in Horticulturae (1 article)

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Research

22 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Altitude on Fruit Characteristics, Nutrient Chemicals, and Biochemical Properties of Walnut Fruits (Juglans regia L.)

by Muhammet Ali Gündeşli, Remzi Uğur and Mehmet Yaman

Horticulturae 2023, 9(10), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101086 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate changes in fruit characteristics, total phenolics, total antioxidant capacity, organic acids, sugar content, and fatty acid composition in ten walnut genotypes and three cultivars grown at different altitudes under Mediterranean climate conditions. At altitudes of 500 m and 1200 m, total phenolics ranged between 237.51 and 412.96 mg GAE/100 g dw and 234.94 and 392.31 mg GAE/100 g dw, respectively. According to DPPH radical inhibition, the total antioxidant capacity varied between 47.65% and 64.99% at an altitude of 500 m and between 57.76% and 68.92% at an altitude of 1200 m. The oil content demonstrated variations between 53.44% and 76.17% at an elevation of 500 m and between 43.11% and 67.03% at an altitude of 1200 m. At both 500 m and 1200 m altitudes, linoleic acid emerged as the predominant fatty acid and ranged from 58.82% to 62.44% at 500 m altitude and from 57.33% to 59.38% at 1200 m altitude. Notably, malic acid was identified as the primary organic acid, with concentrations ranging from 1.35% to 7.33% at both altitudes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that walnut seeds are abundant in oil, protein, total phenolics, antioxidants, and fatty acids, with variations influenced by the cultivar or genotype and notably affected by altitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 6118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Productivity Components and Antioxidant Activity of Different Types of Garlic Depending on the Morphological Organs

by Maria Dinu, Rodica Soare, Cristina Băbeanu and Mihai Botu

Horticulturae 2023, 9(9), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9091039 - 15 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 953

Abstract

This study evaluated the elements of production, the content of bioactive compounds, and the antioxidant activity of some types of garlic: softneck—Allium sativum L. var. sativum, Rocambole—A. sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, and chives—A. schoenoprasum L. The mean yields and the distribution of bioactive compounds in the bulb, in the cloves of the bulb, as well as in the bulbils formed in the inflorescence, were determined. The average production/ha in the case of chives highlighted a yield of 27.83 t ha⁻¹ of mature bulbs. All these were determined to obtain a better understanding of the biological functionality of the different morphological parts of this species. The content of vitamin C and flavonoids was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in Rocambole than in the other varieties. The phenolic compounds were higher in the case of chives, followed by Rocambole and then by softneck garlic. The content of bioactive compounds was higher in the younger organ, depending on the morphological organ (bulbs, cloves, and bulbils on flower stalks) within the same variety. The vitamin C content was higher in the cloves (15.68 mg 100 g⁻¹), followed by the bulbils in inflorescence (14.64 mg 100 g⁻¹), and the mature bulb (13.14 mg 100 g⁻¹) in Rocambole. The bioactive profile of garlic depends on the age of the morphological organ, and the bioactive concentration decreases with its maturity. Therefore, unripe garlic has the best potential to be used for its health benefits. The versatile health effects and nutraceutical properties of garlic can be attributed to the variety of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenolic substances with strong antioxidant properties, as well as the morphological organ (mature bulb with cloves, a one year bulb derived from bulbil, or bulbil in bloom). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Enhancing Antioxidant Properties of Prunus spinosa Fruit Extracts via Extraction Optimization

by Konstantina Kotsou, Magdalena Stoikou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Martha Mantiniotou, Athanassios I. Sfougaris and Stavros I. Lalas

Horticulturae 2023, 9(8), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080942 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

Prunus spinosa fruit, commonly known as blackthorn or sloe, possesses a wide range of health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of various extraction parameters, such as temperature, time, and solvent composition, on the extraction of bioactive compounds from P. spinosa fruit. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize these parameters and evaluate their impact on the antioxidant properties of the extracts. Furthermore, techniques such as ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF) were applied, both individually and in combination, to explore their potential effects on the extraction process. The optimal extraction technique proved to be the combination of PEF and US, followed by stirring. The most suitable solvent was 75% ethanol, whereas the optimum extraction time and temperature were 30 min and 80 °C, respectively. Our findings revealed that under the optimum extraction parameters, a significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from P. spinosa fruit was achieved. More specifically, the optimal conditions, according to partial least squares (PLS) analysis, were a combination of all three extraction modes (PEF-US-ST), the shorter extraction time of the present study (30 min), and the corresponding higher temperature (80 °C). As expected, the presence of ethanol was considered necessary, even in an amount of 25%. The total polyphenol content was found to be 30.74 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, the total flavonoids content 3.23 mg rutin equivalents (RtE)/g and the total anthocyanins 125.2 μg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalents (CyE)/g. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that neochlorogenic acid was the polyphenol with the highest concentration (4.13 mg GAE/g) in P. spinosa fruit. The antioxidant activity of the optimized, according to PLS analysis, extract was evaluated and found to be 146.09 μmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and by the radical scavenging activity (DPPH) assay was 18.56 μmol AAE/g. Additionally, the ascorbic acid was determined to be 119.4 mg/100 g. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the extraction optimization process and the potential applications of P. spinosa fruit in the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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13 pages, 1150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability in Productive and Biochemical Traits of Vicia faba L. Landraces from Apulia Region (South Italy)

by Francesca De Cillis, Claudia Ruta, Cataldo Pulvento, Luigi Tedone and Giuseppe De Mastro

Horticulturae 2023, 9(5), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050601 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1104

Abstract

The faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) is a pulse that is garnering attention for its chemical composition, which makes it suitable for a healthy diet. The Apulian germplasm is rich in local accessions at risk of genetic erosion, which need evaluating and promoting. Thirteen Vicia faba local Landraces have been analyzed in relation to their productivity and their chemical and biochemical characteristics: their protein, total phenol, total flavonoid, condensate tannin and L-DOPA levels. The results showed great variability—above all in the thousand-seeds weight and in their content of proteins and L-DOPA. Among the accessions evaluated, the two collected from the most southern area of the region (FV12-FV10) were particularly promising—both for their good biochemical traits and, especially, for the higher L-DOPA content (0.46 and 0.49 g 100 g⁻¹ d.m., respectively), even when expressed in terms of yield per plant (116.3 and 153.0 mg plant⁻¹ d.m., respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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19 pages, 3314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Temperature and Storage Time on Some Biochemical Compounds from the Kernel of Some Walnut Cultivars Grown in Romania

by Loredana Elena Vijan, Simona Giura, Ivona Cristina Mazilu and Mihai Botu

Horticulturae 2023, 9(5), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050544 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

Walnut kernels are appreciated not only for their mineral content, vitamins, proteins, and valuable lipids, but also for the presence of polyphenolic compounds and biogenic amines. The temperature and storage time effects on some biochemical compounds from kernels collected from eight walnut genotypes grown at the Fruit Growing Research and Extension Station (SCDP) Valcea, Romania, were studied. In general, the phenolic and carotenoid compounds followed opposite trends during short-term storage and in some cases in medium-term storage. In both cases, there was a reduction in concentration during long-term storage, which was more pronounced for carotenoids. The most efficient method for preserving the walnut kernel’s phenolic content was freezing. Keeping the walnut kernel at room temperature assured the smallest carotenoid content decrease. Depending on the walnut cultivar, the preservation of the walnut kernel can be extended to five months by storage at −20 to −18 °C without loss of phenolic compounds, while a period shorter than five months (but certainly longer than three months) could be recommended for storage at 3–4 °C. Keeping it at room temperature can be an option for a short period (about three months). None of the preservation methods was adequate if the losses recorded for carotenoids were taken into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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13 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influences of Genotype and Year on Some Biologically Active Compounds in Honeysuckle Berries

by Sina Niculina Cosmulescu, Ivona Cristina Enescu (Mazilu), Georgiana Badea and Loredana Elena Vijan

Horticulturae 2023, 9(4), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040455 - 01 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1138

Abstract

Berries of three Romanian Lonicera caerulea cultivars ‘Cera’, ‘Kami’, and ‘Loni’, grown at the Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania, were analyzed between 2020 and 2022 in terms of chemical composition. The study aimed to determine the concentrations of some compounds with antioxidant activity, highlight the most valuable cultivar, encourage the consumption of honeysuckle berries, and indirectly stimulate growers’ interest in this little-known species in Romania. Some phenolic compounds—lycopene, β-carotene, and vitamin C—were quantified. As a result of the study, the ‘Loni’ cultivar’s high total phenolic content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, lycopene, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, catechin, and rutin are to be noted. ‘Cera’ cultivar had the highest cryptochlorogenic acid content, and ‘Kami’ summarized the highest carotenoid level. These characteristics indicated that the three honeysuckle cultivars’ berries could have multiple uses, from fresh consumption, as part of a diet focused on maintaining human health, to being used as raw materials in the para-pharmaceutical industry, to obtain food supplements. The novelty characteristics and the nutritional value of its berries highlighted by this study have indicated that honeysuckle can become a crop of interest and profitability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

17 pages, 5189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Aromatic Compound Changes in Table Grape Varieties during Growth and Development, Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

by Hui Xue, Yoshihiko Sekozawa and Sumiko Sugaya

Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010085 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2569

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the aromatic compounds present in the different aroma types of different table grape varieties and deeply understand the changes in the aromatic compounds during the growth and development process. The skin and flesh of three table grape varieties (‘Kyoho’, ‘Shine Muscat’, and ‘Ryuho’) in different growth and development stages were selected to determine their aromatic compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. The results showed that the aromatic compounds of the ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Ryuho’ grapes were similar, mainly containing C₆ compounds and esters, whereas ‘Shine Muscat’ was characterized by C₆ compounds and terpenes. The levels of aromatic compounds in the skin were higher than those in the flesh. The content of esters in ‘Ryuho’ was significantly higher than that in ‘Kyoho’ and ‘Shine Muscat’. This showed that ‘Ryuho’ combines the advantages of the parents in its aroma composition. Selecting suitable parents for hybridization is one method for obtaining new varieties with a special aroma. This provides a theoretical basis for future molecular hybrid breeding and molecular-assisted breeding, as well as molecular biology research on aroma synthesis and metabolism in table grapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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10 pages, 1402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Blue Light on Plant Growth, Flowering and Accumulation of Medicinal Flavones in Scutellaria baicalensis and S. lateriflora

by Blake Costine, Mengzi Zhang, Brian Pearson and Satya Swathi Nadakuduti

Horticulturae 2022, 8(12), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121141 - 03 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Baikal skullcap) and S. lateriflora (American skullcap) are two ethnobotanical medicinal plants used to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and inflammatory disorders, in addition to demonstrated anti-cancer properties. The predominant bioactive compounds produced in these species are unique 4′-deoxyflavones, in roots of S. baicalensis and leaves of S. lateriflora, making these two species suitable to study the effects of light quality on flavone accumulation in aerial and underground tissues. Light emitting diodes were used to study the impact of blue-dominated spectrum on the accumulation of bioactive flavones. Eight major flavones, including 4′-deoxyflavones baicalein, wogonin, baicalin, wogonoside and chrysin, along with 4′-hydroxyflavones scutellarein, scutellarin and apigenin, were quantified using HPLC in high flavone accumulating tissues. Aerial tissues directly exposed to blue light in S. lateriflora showed an increase in the concentrations of scutellarein by 18.7%, scutellarin by 296%, and baicalin by 31.6%. While the roots in S. baicalensis also had significant increases in baicalein by 154% and wogonin by 76% in response to blue light, there was a slight reduction in their respective glycosides baicalin and wogonoside as well as a decrease in total flavone content. Blue light resulted in compact skullcap plants with early flowering and modified flavone profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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14 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Bud and Needle Extracts from Three Populations of Pinus mugo Turra Growing in Romania

by Diana Ionela (Stegarus) Popescu, Ecaterina Lengyel, Florian George Apostolescu, Liliana Cristina Soare, Oana Romina Botoran and Nicoleta Anca Șuțan

Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100952 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2001

Abstract

Pinus mugo Turra is a shrub-like conifer with multiple healing properties. P. mugo extracts are rich in active ingredients such as volatile compounds, tannin, higher alcohols, vitamins, and minerals. In this study, we identified and quantified the secondary metabolites from buds and needles of P. mugo harvested from three different mountain areas in Romania. The main volatile compounds contained in the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the most significant were pinene, germacrene, limonene, and caryophyllene. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was in the range of 46.77 ± 0.3 and 77.99 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g and the total flavonoid content (TFC) 24.90 ± 0.1 and 54.78 ± 0.3 mg QE/g. The content of ascorbic acid ranged between 12.21 mg/100 g and 27.34 mg/100 g, concentrations that are recommended for natural sources of ascorbic acid. Moderate antimicrobial activity on yeasts and molds was not dependent on plant origin. By highlighting the rich content of active compounds, and moderate antioxidant and antifungal activity, this study is an argument for the beneficial use of P. mugo bud and needle extracts, regardless of the habitat of origin on the Romanian territory, in the fields of medicine and the food industry or in the implementation of eco-friendly practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Composition of Red-Fleshed Apple Cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’ Compared to Traditional, White-Fleshed Apple Cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’

by Jan Juhart, Aljaz Medic, Robert Veberic, Metka Hudina, Jerneja Jakopic and Franci Stampar

Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090811 - 04 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2219

Abstract

We analyzed the red-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’ and compared it with the traditional, white-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. The objective of this study was to compare sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ‘Baya Marisa’ with the widely known and consumed white-fleshed apple cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. In addition, flesh firmness, color, and soluble solid content was studied. A total of 46 phenolic compounds were quantified and identified, some for the first time in apples. The study showed that the total analyzed phenolic content (TAPC) was 1.6× higher in the skin of red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’ and 1.4× higher in the flesh of red-fleshed ‘Baya Marisa’. Organic acid (citric acid, malic acid, and ascorbic acid) content was higher in the red-fleshed cultivar ‘Baya Marisa’, whereas sugar content (sucrose, glucose, and sorbitol) was similar, except for fructose, which was 1.1× higher in ‘Golden Delicious’. The content of citric acid was 1.6× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’, whereas the content of malic acid was 1.2× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’ and the content of ascorbic acid was 2.8× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’. Among phenolics, total dihydrochalcones in the skin were 3.3× higher in ‘Baya Marisa’ and similar in the flesh compared to ‘Golden Delicious’. Flavonols were 1.4× higher in the skin of ‘Baya Marisa’ and 2.8× higher in the flesh of ‘Golden Delicious’. Anthocyanins were not identified in the white-fleshed cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Total hydroxycinnamic acids were 2.0× higher in the skin of ‘Golden Delicious’ and similar in the flesh compared to ‘Baya Marisa’. Total flavanols were 1.8× higher in the skin and 2.2× higher in the flesh of the white-fleshed cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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11 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Influence of Harvest Moment and Cultivar on Variability of Some Chemical Constituents and Antiradical Activity of Dehydrated Chokeberry Pomace

by Ivona Enescu Mazilu, Loredana Elena Vîjan and Sina Cosmulescu

Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060544 - 18 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

This paper’s aim was to study how the antioxidant activity and the level of certain phenolic complexes and carotenoids vary in the pomace obtained from the fruits of two cultivars of chokeberry at different times of harvest after reaching the stage of maturity. The influence of the cultivar, harvest moment, and the combined effect of these two factors on the antioxidant activity and the dehydrated pomace content in components with antioxidant potentials, such as total phenolics, total tannins, total flavonoids, lycopene, and β-carotene was analyzed. The methanolic extract from the pomace obtained from the ‘Melrom’ cultivar had the highest efficiency (92.14 ± 5.02%). The antiradical activity of the pomace was maximal (93.27 ± 4.32%) after the middle of the harvest season (3 September). The pomace obtained from the ‘Nero’ cultivar displayed superior levels of phenolic content (13,030.16 ± 1414.46 mg/100 g), flavonoids (4627.83 ± 509.63 mg CE/100 g), tannins (7458.56 ± 529.43 mg/100 g), and lycopene (1.171 ± 0.388 mg/100 g). The ‘Melrom’ cultivar presented superior content of β-carotene (0.313 ± 0.07 mg/100 g). On average, a positive significant correlation between radical scavenging activity with total phenolic content and β-carotene was observed. The combined cultivar × harvest moment effect was reflected in the variations in the total tannins content and the total flavonoid content, but also in the antiradical activity of the methanolic extracts. Dehydrated pomace from chokeberry fruit can be an important source of antioxidant biological compounds and can be used to make innovative foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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