Editorial

2 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue “Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability”

by Angelos G. Maravelis

Geosciences 2023, 13(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13020027 - 22 Jan 2023

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The stratigraphic evolution of sedimentary basins reveals (1) the spatial and temporal development of depositional settings; (2) the geotectonic settings; (3) the climatic conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

Research

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15 pages, 6682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composition, Texture, and Weathering Controls on the Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Intrusive Igneous Rocks from Northern Pakistan

by Muhammad Yasir, Waqas Ahmed, Ihtisham Islam, Muhammad Sajid, Hammad Tariq Janjuhah and George Kontakiotis

Geosciences 2022, 12(7), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12070273 - 07 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

This study examines the mineralogy, texture, and weathering grades of intrusive igneous rocks from northern Pakistan, as well as their impacts on physical and strength properties. In comparison to felsic rocks, mafic and intermediate rocks have lower cumulative proportions of quartz, feldspar, and [...] Read more.

This study examines the mineralogy, texture, and weathering grades of intrusive igneous rocks from northern Pakistan, as well as their impacts on physical and strength properties. In comparison to felsic rocks, mafic and intermediate rocks have lower cumulative proportions of quartz, feldspar, and plagioclase, as well as higher specific gravity, strength (i.e., UCS and R-value), and UPV values. Similarly, samples with anhedral grain shapes, irregular boundaries, and fine to medium grain sizes (UD, ANS, and CGN) exhibited greater strength values, with compressive strengths of 121, 118, and 91 MPa and tensile strengths of 11, 9, and 12 MPa, respectively. The physical and strength properties of the investigated samples corresponded well with the weathering grades assigned to them, such as fresh (WG-I), slightly weathered (WG-II), and highly weathered (WG-III). That is, as the grade increased from WG-I to WG-III, the porosity and water absorption increased (0.28% and 0.72%, respectively), whereas the specific gravity, compressive strength, and tensile strength decreased (2.04, 20, and 2.5 MPa, respectively, for CGA). Although the presence of quartz impacts rock strength, no significant association was found between the strength and the maximum and mean grain sizes of other minerals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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26 pages, 13283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution Based on Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy: Central Rift Section of the Campos Basin, Offshore Brazil

by Renata dos Santos Alvarenga, Juliano Kuchle, David Iacopini, Karin Goldberg, Claiton Marlon dos Santos Scherer, George Pantopoulos and Patrycia Leipnitz Ene

Geosciences 2021, 11(8), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080338 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3935

Abstract

The rift section of the Brazilian basins represent the sedimentary record associated with the first stages of Gondwana break-up in the Early Cretaceous phase (Berriasian to Aptian). The rift succession of the Campos Basin constitutes one of the main petroleum systems of Brazil’s [...] Read more.

The rift section of the Brazilian basins represent the sedimentary record associated with the first stages of Gondwana break-up in the Early Cretaceous phase (Berriasian to Aptian). The rift succession of the Campos Basin constitutes one of the main petroleum systems of Brazil’s marginal basins. This interval contains the main source rock and important reservoirs in the Lagoa Feia Group deposits. The Lagoa Feia Group is characterized by siliciclastic, carbonate and evaporite sediments deposited during the rift and post-rift phases. Despite the economic relevance, little is known in stratigraphic terms regarding this rift interval. To date, most studies of the Lagoa Feia Group have adopted a lithostratigraphic approach, while this study proposes a tectonostratigraphic framework for the deep-rift succession of the Campos Basin (Lagoa Feia Group), using the fundamentals of seismic sequence stratigraphy. This work also aims to establish a methodological and practical procedure for the stratigraphic analysis of rift basins, using seismic data and seismofacies, and focusing on tectonicstratigraphic analysis. The dataset comprised 2D seismic lines, core and lithological logs from exploration wells. Three seismic facies were identified based on reflector patterns and lithologic data from well cores, providing an improved subdivision of the pre-, syn- and post-rift stages. The syn-rift stage was further subdivided based on the geometric patterns of the reflectors. Tectonics was the main controlling factor in the sedimentary succession, and the pattern and geometry of the seismic reflectors of the syn-rift interval in the Campos Basin allowed the identification of three tectonic systems tracts: (i) a Rift Initiation Systems Tract; (ii) a High Tectonic Activity Systems Tract and (iii) a Low Tectonic Activity Systems Tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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25 pages, 9238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microfacies and Depositional Conditions of Jurassic to Eocene Carbonates: Implication on Ionian Basin Evolution

by Nicolina Bourli, George Iliopoulos, Penelope Papadopoulou and Avraam Zelilidis

Geosciences 2021, 11(7), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070288 - 09 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3367

Abstract

In order to decipher the paleo-depositional environments, during the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene syn-rift stage, at the margins of the Ionian basin, two different areas with exposed long sequences have been selected, Kastos Island (external margin) and Araxos peninsula (internal margin), and [...] Read more.

In order to decipher the paleo-depositional environments, during the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene syn-rift stage, at the margins of the Ionian basin, two different areas with exposed long sequences have been selected, Kastos Island (external margin) and Araxos peninsula (internal margin), and were examined by means of microfacies analysis and biostratigraphy. On Kastos Island, based on lithological and sedimentological features, the following depositional environments have been recognized: an open marine/restricted environment prevailed during the Early Jurassic (“Pantokrator” limestones), changing upwards into deep-sea and slope environments during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (Vigla limestones). The Upper Cretaceous (Senonian limestones) is characterized by a slope environment, whereas during the Paleogene, deep-sea and toe of slope conditions prevailed. In Araxos peninsula, Lower Cretaceous deposits (“Vigla” limestones) were accumulated in a deep-sea environment; Upper Cretaceous ones (Senonian limestones) were deposited in slope or toe of slope conditions. Paleocene limestones correspond to a deep-sea environment. In Araxos peninsula, changes occurred during the Cretaceous, whereas on Kastos Island, they occurred during the Paleocene/Eocene, related to different stages of tectonic activity in the Ionian basin from east to west. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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25 pages, 15937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Composition of Basement and Sedimentary Cover in the Southwestern Part of the Siljan Ring, Central Sweden: New Data from the C-C-1 Drill Core

by Olga Sivalneva, Alexandr Postnikov, Vladimir Kutcherov, Marianna Tuchkova, Alexandr Buzilov, Viktor Martynov, Ilnur Sabirov and Elisaveta Idrisova

Geosciences 2021, 11(7), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070281 - 03 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2626

Abstract

The results from the geological and geophysical investigations of the Siljan Ring impact structure (central Sweden) have shown that the Paleozoic sedimentary succession and the Precambrian basement were strongly affected by complex deformational processes. Studies of a new drill core from the C-C-1 [...] Read more.

The results from the geological and geophysical investigations of the Siljan Ring impact structure (central Sweden) have shown that the Paleozoic sedimentary succession and the Precambrian basement were strongly affected by complex deformational processes. Studies of a new drill core from the C-C-1 well provide valuable additional information necessary for the reconstruction of the geological setting in the southwestern part of the Siljan Ring. It was found that the contact between the basement and the sedimentary cover is tectonic, not normal sedimentary, in origin. The basement interval comprises Precambrian metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks with a single mafic intrusion (gabbro-dolerite) in the upper part. The rocks have only been partially metamorphosed. The intercalation of calcareous mudstones, skeletal wackstones, and black shales in the sedimentary cover interval is not consistent with the regional lithostratigraphy scheme. Thus, more likely that the sedimentary sequence is not complete as a result of tectonic displacements, and a significant part of the Lower and Middle Ordovician succession is missing. The Post-Proterozoic tectonic reactivation and impact event also caused the formation of four types of fracture. The third type of fracture is accompanied by cataclastic zones and probably have an impact-related nature. In the highly fractured basement rocks, a dissolution along the second type of fracture has resulted in the development of open vugs. Open vugs and microporosity in cataclastic zones have been considered to be an effective storage space for hydrocarbons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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28 pages, 15662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of an Upper Permian Sedimentary Succession: Northern Sydney Basin, Southeastern Australia

by Sean Melehan, Chrysanthos Botziolis, Angelos G. Maravelis, Octavian Catuneanu, Kevin Ruming, Erin Holmes and William J. Collins

Geosciences 2021, 11(7), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070273 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4025

Abstract

This study integrates sedimentological and stratigraphic insights into the Upper Permian sedimentary rocks of the Wittingham, Tomago and Newcastle Coal Measures in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. Facies analysis documented fifteen facies that belong to seven facies associations. These facies associations correspond to [...] Read more.

This study integrates sedimentological and stratigraphic insights into the Upper Permian sedimentary rocks of the Wittingham, Tomago and Newcastle Coal Measures in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. Facies analysis documented fifteen facies that belong to seven facies associations. These facies associations correspond to different depositional environments and sub-environments including prodelta, delta-front, upper, lower delta-plain and fluvial. The stratigraphic development points to a shallowing upward trend and is reflected with fluvial deposits sitting on top of the deltaic deposits. The fluvio-deltaic contact is represented by an unconformity and displays an upward increase in sediment caliber. The delta front is mainly controlled by wave, storms- and/or river currents, even though the contribution of tides also occurs in the form of sedimentary structures that suggest tidal influence. In contrast, prodelta and delta-plain are significantly modulated by tidal currents. The impact of tides in the delta plain is fading away upward and therefore, the upper delta plain is much less impacted compared to the lower delta plain. The low abundance of wave ripples suggests that the wave action was not very important in the delta plain. Steep topographic gradients and increased sediment input are suggested, based on the limited or absent evidence of tides in the fluvial realm, related to the growing New England Orogen. In sequence stratigraphic terms, the deltaic system accumulated during highstand normal regression, while the deposition of the overlying fluvial system occurred during lowstand normal regression. The two systems are separated by a subaerial unconformity developed during an intervening forced regression. Short periods of transgression are inferred from the presence of higher frequency cycles in the delta-front. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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Review

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24 pages, 2169 KiB

Open AccessReview

Paleoceanographic Perturbations and the Marine Carbonate System during the Middle to Late Miocene Carbonate Crash—A Critical Review

by Inga Preiss-Daimler, Stergios D. Zarkogiannis, George Kontakiotis, Rüdiger Henrich and Assimina Antonarakou

Geosciences 2021, 11(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020094 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2902

Abstract

This study intends to review and assess the middle to late Miocene Carbonate Crash (CC) events in the low to mid latitudes of the Pacific, Indian, Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans as part of the global paleoceanographic reorganisations between 12 and 9 Ma with [...] Read more.

This study intends to review and assess the middle to late Miocene Carbonate Crash (CC) events in the low to mid latitudes of the Pacific, Indian, Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans as part of the global paleoceanographic reorganisations between 12 and 9 Ma with an emphasis on record preservation and their relation to mass accumulation rates (MAR). In the Eastern Pacific the accumulation changes in carbonate and opal probably reflect an El-Niño-like state of low productivity, which marks the beginning of the CC-event (11.5 Ma), followed by decreased preservation and influx of corrosive bottom waters (10.3 to 10.1 Ma). At the same time in the Atlantic, carbonate preservation considerably increases, suggesting basin-to-basin fractionation. The low-latitude Indian Ocean, the Pacific and the Caribbean are all characterised by a similar timing of preservation increase starting at ~9.6–9.4 Ma, while their MARs show drastic changes with different timing of events. The Atlantic preservation pattern shows an increase as early as 11.5 Ma and becomes even better after 10.1 Ma. The shallow Indian Ocean (Mascarene plateau) is characterised by low carbonate accumulation throughout and increasing preservation after 9.4 Ma. At the same time, the preservation in the Atlantic, including the Caribbean, is increasing due to enhanced North Atlantic deep-water formation, leading to the increase in carbonate accumulation at 10 Ma. Moreover, the shoaling of the Central American Isthmus might have helped to enhance Caribbean preservation after 9.4 Ma. Lower nannoplankton productivity in the Atlantic should have additionally contributed to low mass accumulation rates during the late CC-interval. Overall, it can be inferred that these carbonate minima events during the Miocene may be the result of decreased surface ocean productivity and oceanographically driven increased seafloor dissolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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Other

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13 pages, 82905 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Uses for Incomplete Ammonite Sutures: Lateral Lobe and Second Saddle as Markers of Sutural Complexity

by Katherine Marriott and John A. Chamberlain, Jr.

Geosciences 2021, 11(11), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110476 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

Ammonoid sutures are geometric patterns formed by the intersection of the septa and the shell wall, and have long been a diagnostic tool for ammonite researchers for such applications as species identification, taxonomic relationships, ontogenetic change, functional and evolutionary morphology, determination of ecological [...] Read more.

Ammonoid sutures are geometric patterns formed by the intersection of the septa and the shell wall, and have long been a diagnostic tool for ammonite researchers for such applications as species identification, taxonomic relationships, ontogenetic change, functional and evolutionary morphology, determination of ecological niche, and other aspects of ammonoid paleobiology. Researchers interested in a variety of paleobiological questions related to ammonoids have almost always required access to the entire hemisuture. Without access to specimens in museum or institutional collections, researchers must rely on previously published illustrations and photographs of ammonoid sutures. However, due to the perspective in photographs, distortion of the marginal elements of suture geometry occurs due to shell curvature near the venter and umbilicus when photographed in profile. The revised approach described here, which we refer to as the Lateral Lobe Saddle, or LLS approach, makes use of only the lateral lobe and second saddle S₂ (lateral lobe-second saddle pairs, or LLS) which lie in the central, mid-whorl undistorted sector of a suture line as viewed in lateral, profile shell photos and illustrations. The factors by which fractal dimension of LLS data convert to fractal dimension of the standard hemisuture measurements are largely consistent within genera. The LLS method’s non-requirement of a full hemisuture also facilitates comparisons among sutures within an ontogenetic sequence, or sutures from multiple ammonite taxa where ventral and umbilical sutural elements are hidden by whorl overlap or poor preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linking Tectonic Setting to Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Variability)

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