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11 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfonated Hydrogel Formed via CO₂-in-Water Emulsion: Potential in Antibiotic Removal

by Kaibo Xu and Liqin Cao

Gels 2023, 9(9), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090703 - 31 Aug 2023

Viewed by 755

Herein, a green, carbon dioxide-in-water high-internal-phase emulsion (C/W HIPEs) was developed and stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for the formation of chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) [COS/P(AM-co-SSS)] monolithic porous hydrogel. The obtained monolith was characterized via FT-IR and SEM. The SEM patterns depicted that [...] Read more.

Herein, a green, carbon dioxide-in-water high-internal-phase emulsion (C/W HIPEs) was developed and stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for the formation of chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) [COS/P(AM-co-SSS)] monolithic porous hydrogel. The obtained monolith was characterized via FT-IR and SEM. The SEM patterns depicted that the monoliths were interconnected, the void sizes were 78.5 µm, and the interconnected pore throats were 28 μm approximately. Mechanical measurement results indicated that the maximum compress stress of the monolith could reach 334.4 kPa at 90% strain, and it exhibited good mechanical stability. After 200 cycles of compression, it could still recover its original shape without cracking. The obtained COS-based monolith was selected to remove tetracycline (TC) for evaluating the adsorptive features of the interpenetrating pore-containing monolith. The monolithic COS/P(AM-co-SSS) hydrogel behaved with strong antibiotic adsorption capacity (1600.4 mg/g for TC). The adsorption process agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models. In addition, the porous monolith had a strong electrostatic force on TC according to the thermodynamic study. This work provides a green route for the development of novel monolithic hydrogels and highlights its potential application in the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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18 pages, 3944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological Study of the Formation of Pullulan Hydrogels and Their Use as Carvacrol-Loaded Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems

by Esther Santamaría, Leticia Anjinho de Barros, Carme González and Alicia Maestro

Gels 2023, 9(8), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080644 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1308

Abstract

Hydrogels have been extensively studied as delivery systems for lipophilic compounds. Pullulan hydrogels were prepared, and their gelation kinetics were studied over time. Pullulan exhibited a relatively slow gelling reaction in basic medium (KOH) using trisodium metaphosphate (STMP) as a cross-linking agent, so [...] Read more.

Hydrogels have been extensively studied as delivery systems for lipophilic compounds. Pullulan hydrogels were prepared, and their gelation kinetics were studied over time. Pullulan exhibited a relatively slow gelling reaction in basic medium (KOH) using trisodium metaphosphate (STMP) as a cross-linking agent, so capsules cannot be obtained by dripping as easily as in the case of alginate and chitosan. The kinetics of pullulan gelation were studied through rheological analysis over time. An optimal [Pullulan]/[KOH] ratio was found for a fixed [Pullulan]/[STMP] ratio. For this given relationship, gelling time measurements indicated that when the concentration of pullulan increased, the gelation time decreased from 60 min for 6% w/w pullulan to 10 min for 10% w/w. After the gel point, a hardening of the hydrogel was observed over the next 5 h. The formed hydrogels presented high degrees of swelling (up to 1800%). Freeze-dried gels were capable of being rehydrated, obtaining gels with rheological characteristics and visual appearance similar to fresh gels, which makes them ideal to be freeze-dried for storage and rehydrated when needed. The behavior of the hydrogels obtained as active ingredient release systems was studied. In this case, the chosen molecule was carvacrol (the main component of oregano oil). As carvacrol is hydrophobic, it was incorporated into the droplets of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion, and the nanoemulsion was incorporated into the hydrogel. The release of the oil was studied at different pHs. It was observed that as the pH increased (from pH 2 to pH 7), the released amount of carvacrol for the gel with pullulan 10% w/w reached 100%; for the other cases, the cumulative release amount was lower. It was attributed to two opposite phenomena in the porous structure of the hydrogel, where more porosity implied a faster release of carvacrol but also a higher degree of swelling that promoted a higher entry of water flow in the opposite direction. This flow of water prevented the active principle from spreading to the release medium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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12 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogel Coating for Underwater Adhesion: Preparation and Characterization

by Junjie Liu, Nan Hu, Yao Xie, Peng Wang, Jingxiang Chen and Qianhua Kan

Gels 2023, 9(8), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080616 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Underwater adhesion involves bonding substrates in aqueous environments or wet surfaces, with applications in wound dressing, underwater repairs, and underwater soft robotics. In this study, we investigate the underwater adhesion properties of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel coated substrate. The underwater adhesion is facilitated [...] Read more.

Underwater adhesion involves bonding substrates in aqueous environments or wet surfaces, with applications in wound dressing, underwater repairs, and underwater soft robotics. In this study, we investigate the underwater adhesion properties of a polyacrylic acid hydrogel coated substrate. The underwater adhesion is facilitated through hydrogen bonds formed at the interface. Our experimental results, obtained through probe-pull tests, demonstrate that the underwater adhesion is rapid and remains unaffected by contact pressure and pH levels ranging from 2.5 to 7.0. However, it shows a slight increase with a larger adhesion area. Additionally, we simulate the debonding process and observe that the high-stress region originates from the outermost bonding region and propagates towards the center, spanning the thickness of the target substrate. Furthermore, we showcase the potential of using the underwater adhesive hydrogel coating to achieve in-situ underwater bonding between a flexible electronic demonstration device and a hydrogel contact lens. This work highlights the advantages of employing hydrogel coatings in underwater adhesion applications and serves as inspiration for the advancement of underwater adhesive hydrogel coatings capable of interacting with a wide range of substrates through diverse chemical and physical interactions at the interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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19 pages, 5546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microemulsion-Based Keratin–Chitosan Gel for Improvement of Skin Permeation/Retention and Activity of Curcumin

by Jiangxiu Niu, Ming Yuan, Panpan Gao, Liye Wang, Yueheng Qi, Jingjing Chen, Kaiyue Bai, Yanli Fan and Xianming Liu

Gels 2023, 9(7), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070587 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1075

Abstract

Curcumin (Cur) is a kind of polyphenol with a variety of topical pharmacological properties including antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its low water solubility and poor skin bioavailability limit its effectiveness. In the current study, we aimed to develop microemulsion-based keratin–chitosan gel [...] Read more.

Curcumin (Cur) is a kind of polyphenol with a variety of topical pharmacological properties including antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its low water solubility and poor skin bioavailability limit its effectiveness. In the current study, we aimed to develop microemulsion-based keratin–chitosan gel for the improvement of the topical activity of Cur. The curcumin-loaded microemulsion (CME) was formulated and then loaded into the keratin–chitosan (KCS) gel to form the CME-KCS gel. The formulated CME-KCS gel was evaluated for its characterization, in vitro release, in vitro skin permeation and in vivo activity. The results showed that the developed CME-KCS gel had an orange-yellow and gel-like appearance. The particle size and zeta potential of the CME-KCS gel were 186.45 ± 0.75 nm and 9.42 ± 0.86 mV, respectively. The CME-KCS gel showed desirable viscoelasticity, spreadability, bioadhesion and controlled drug release, which was suitable for topical application. The in vitro skin permeation and retention study showed that the CME-KCS gel had better in vitro skin penetration than the Cur solution and achieved maximum skin drug retention (3.75 ± 0.24 μg/cm²). In vivo experimental results confirmed that the CME-KCS gel was more effective than curcumin-loaded microemulsion (Cur-ME) in analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, the CME-KCS gel did not cause any erythema or edema based on a mice skin irritation test. These findings indicated that the developed CME-KCS gel could improve the skin penetration and retention of Cur and could become a promising formulation for topical delivery to treat local diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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23 pages, 7527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Sodium Diclofenac Salt Release from Chitosan-Based Hydrogels and Possible Applications

by Loredana Maria Himiniuc, Razvan Socolov, Irina Nica, Maricel Agop, Constantin Volovat, Lacramioara Ochiuz, Decebal Vasincu, Ana Maria Rotundu, Iulian Alin Rosu, Vlad Ghizdovat and Simona Ruxandra Volovat

Gels 2023, 9(5), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9050422 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1498

Abstract

Two formulations based on diclofenac sodium salt encapsulated into a chitosan hydrogel were designed and prepared, and their drug release was investigated by combining in vitro results with mathematical modeling. To understand how the pattern of drug encapsulation impacted its release, the formulations [...] Read more.

Two formulations based on diclofenac sodium salt encapsulated into a chitosan hydrogel were designed and prepared, and their drug release was investigated by combining in vitro results with mathematical modeling. To understand how the pattern of drug encapsulation impacted its release, the formulations were supramolecularly and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. The mechanism of diclofenac release was assessed by using a mathematical model based on the multifractal theory of motion. Various drug-delivery mechanisms, such as Fickian- and non-Fickian-type diffusion, were shown to be fundamental mechanisms. More precisely, in a case of multifractal one-dimensional drug diffusion in a controlled-release polymer–drug system (i.e., in the form of a plane with a certain thickness), a solution that allowed the model’s validation through the obtained experimental data was established. The present research reveals possible new perspectives, for example in the prevention of intrauterine adhesions occurring through endometrial inflammation and other pathologies with an inflammatory mechanism background, such as periodontal diseases, and also therapeutic potential beyond the anti-inflammatory action of diclofenac as an anticancer agent, with a role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, using this type of drug-delivery system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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21 pages, 5442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Chitosan/Cellulose Hydrogel Beads for Efficient Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) from Water

by Mona A. Aziz Aljar, Suad Rashdan, Abdulla Almutawah and Ahmed Abd El-Fattah

Gels 2023, 9(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040328 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

Globally, water contamination by heavy metals is a serious problem that affects the environment and human health. Adsorption is the most efficient way of water treatment for eliminating heavy metals. Various hydrogels have been prepared and used as adsorbents to remove heavy metals. [...] Read more.

Globally, water contamination by heavy metals is a serious problem that affects the environment and human health. Adsorption is the most efficient way of water treatment for eliminating heavy metals. Various hydrogels have been prepared and used as adsorbents to remove heavy metals. By taking advantage of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS), cellulose (CE), and the process for physical crosslinking, we propose a simple method to prepare a PVA-CS/CE composite hydrogel adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Co(II) from water. Structural analyses of the adsorbent were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). PVA-CS/CE hydrogel beads had a good spherical shape together with a robust structure and suitable functional groups for the adsorption of heavy metals. The effects of adsorption parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of metal ions, and temperature on the adsorption capacity of PVA-CS/CE adsorbent were studied. The adsorption characteristics of PVA-CS/CE for heavy metals may be completely explained by pseudo-second-order adsorption and the Langmuir adsorption model. The removal efficiency of PVA-CS/CE adsorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) was 99, 95, 92, and 84%, respectively, within 60 min. The heavy metal’s hydrated ionic radius may be crucial in determining the adsorption preference. After five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles, the removal efficiency remained over 80%. As a result, the outstanding adsorption-desorption properties of PVA-CS/CE can potentially be extended to industrial wastewater for heavy metal ion removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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15 pages, 5391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kneading-Dough-Inspired Quickly Dispersing of Hydrophobic Particles into Aqueous Solutions for Designing Functional Hydrogels

by Jun Huang, Youqi Wang, Ping Liu, Jinzhi Li, Min Song, Jiuyu Cui, Luxing Wei, Yonggan Yan and Jing Liu

Gels 2023, 9(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030242 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3391

Abstract

Hydrogels containing hydrophobic materials have attracted great attention for their potential applications in drug delivery and biosensors. This work presents a kneading-dough-inspired method for dispersing hydrophobic particles (HPs) into water. The kneading process can quickly mix HPs with polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymer solution to [...] Read more.

Hydrogels containing hydrophobic materials have attracted great attention for their potential applications in drug delivery and biosensors. This work presents a kneading-dough-inspired method for dispersing hydrophobic particles (HPs) into water. The kneading process can quickly mix HPs with polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymer solution to form “dough”, which facilitates the formation of stable suspensions in aqueous solutions. Combining with photo or thermal curing processes, one type of HPs incorporated PEI-polyacrylamide (PEI/PAM) composite hydrogel exhibiting good self-healing ability, tunable mechanical property is synthesized. The incorporating of HPs into the gel network results in the decrease in the swelling ratio, as well as the enhancement of the compressive modulus by more than five times. Moreover, the stable mechanism of polyethyleneimine-modified particles has been investigated using surface force apparatus, where the pure repulsion during approaching contributes to the good stability of the suspension. The stabilization time of the suspension is dependent on the molecular weight of PEI: the higher the molecular weight is, the better the stability of the suspension will be. Overall, this work demonstrates a useful strategy to introduce HPs into functional hydrogel networks. Future research can be focused on understanding the strengthening mechanism of HPs in the gel networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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20 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Triple Stimuli Responsive Interpenetrating Poly(Carboxybetaine Methacrylate)/Poly(Sulfobetaine Methacrylate) Network

by Konstans Ruseva, Katerina Todorova, Tanya Zhivkova, Rositsa Milcheva, Dimitar Ivanov, Petar Dimitrov, Radostina Alexandrova and Elena Vassileva

Gels 2023, 9(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020090 - 20 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

The study reports the synthesis and characterization of novel triple stimuli responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on two polyzwitterionic networks, namely of poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate). The zwitterionic IPN hydrogel demonstrates the ability to expand or shrink in response to changes [...] Read more.

The study reports the synthesis and characterization of novel triple stimuli responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on two polyzwitterionic networks, namely of poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate). The zwitterionic IPN hydrogel demonstrates the ability to expand or shrink in response to changes in three “biological” external stimuli such as temperature, pH, and salt concentration. The IPN hydrogel shows good mechanical stability. In addition, other important features such as non-cytotoxicity and antibiofouling activity against three widespread bacteria as P. Aeruginosa, A. Baumanii, and K. Pneumoniae are demonstrated. The in vivo behavior of the novel zwitterionic IPN hydrogel suggests that this smart material has very good potential as a biomaterial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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18 pages, 2773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling the LCST-Phase Transition in Azobenzene-Functionalized Poly (N-Isopropylacrlyamide) Hydrogels by Light

by Ruchira Colaco, Clement Appiah and Anne Staubitz

Gels 2023, 9(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020075 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAAm hydrogels were modified with a new azobenzene-containing co-monomer. In this work, light responsiveness as an additional functionality, is conceptualized to induce two phase transitions in the same material, which can be controlled by light. For a hydrogel with merely [...] Read more.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAAm hydrogels were modified with a new azobenzene-containing co-monomer. In this work, light responsiveness as an additional functionality, is conceptualized to induce two phase transitions in the same material, which can be controlled by light. For a hydrogel with merely 2.5 mol% of this co-monomer, the lower critical solution transition temperature (LCST) was lowered by 12 °C (to 20 °C) compared to PNIPAAm (LCST at 32 °C), as analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The untreated unimodal endotherm split into a bimodal peak upon irradiation with UV-light, giving a second onset due to the switched (Z) isomer-rich regions, LCST*_H2.5%_-(Z) = 26 °C. On irradiation with 450 nm, leading to the reverse (Z) to (E) isomerization, the endotherm was also reversible. Thus, a photo-switchable hydrogel whose LCST and structure are tunable with the hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity of the (E) and (Z) isomeric state of azobenzene was obtained. The influence of the increase in the mol% of azoacrylate on the LCST was evaluated via DSC, in combination with NMR studies, UV-vis spectroscopy and control experiments with linear polymers. The large light-driven modulation of the LCST adds bistability in thermoresponsive hydrogels, which may open diverse applications in the field of soft robotics actuators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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20 pages, 3850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporation of PEG Diacrylates (PEGDA) Generates Hybrid Fmoc-FF Hydrogel Matrices

by Elisabetta Rosa, Enrico Gallo, Teresa Sibillano, Cinzia Giannini, Serena Rizzuti, Eliana Gianolio, Pasqualina Liana Scognamiglio, Giancarlo Morelli, Antonella Accardo and Carlo Diaferia

Gels 2022, 8(12), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8120831 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Generated by a hierarchical and multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, peptide-based hydrogels (HGs) are soft materials useful for a variety of applications. Short and ultra-short peptides are intriguing building blocks for hydrogel fabrication. These matrices can also be obtained by mixing low-molecular-weight peptides with other [...] Read more.

Generated by a hierarchical and multiscale self-assembling phenomenon, peptide-based hydrogels (HGs) are soft materials useful for a variety of applications. Short and ultra-short peptides are intriguing building blocks for hydrogel fabrication. These matrices can also be obtained by mixing low-molecular-weight peptides with other chemical entities (e.g., polymers, other peptides). The combination of two or more constituents opens the door to the development of hybrid systems with tunable mechanical properties and unexpected biofunctionalities or morphologies. For this scope, the formulation, the multiscale analysis, and the supramolecular characterization of novel hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are herein described. The proposed matrices contain the Fmoc-FF (N^α-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl diphenylalanine) hydrogelator at a concentration of 0.5 wt% (5.0 mg/mL) and a diacrylate α-/ω-substituted polyethylene-glycol derivative (PEGDA). Two PEGDA derivatives, PEGDA 1 and PEGDA2 (mean molecular weights of 575 and 250 Da, respectively), are mixed with Fmoc-FF at different ratios (Fmoc-FF/PEGDA at 1/1, 1/2, 1/5, 1/10 mol/mol). All the multicomponent hybrid peptide-polymer hydrogels are scrutinized with a large panel of analytical techniques (including proton relaxometry, FTIR, WAXS, rheometry, and scanning electronic microscopy). The matrices were found to be able to generate mechanical responses in the 2–8 kPa range, producing a panel of tunable materials with the same chemical composition. The release of a model drug (Naphthol Yellow S) is reported too. The tunable features, the different topologies, and the versatility of the proposed materials open the door to the development of tools for different applicative areas, including diagnostics, liquid biopsies and responsive materials. The incorporation of a diacrylate function also suggests the possible development of interpenetrating networks upon cross-linking reactions. All the collected data allow a mutual comparison between the different matrices, thus confirming the significance of the hybrid peptide/polymer-based methodology as a strategy for the design of innovative materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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Review

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26 pages, 5678 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress of Hydrogel Dressings with Wound Monitoring and Treatment Functions

by Shanshan Jin, Md All Amin Newton, Hongju Cheng, Qinchen Zhang, Weihong Gao, Yuansheng Zheng, Zan Lu, Zijian Dai and Jie Zhu

Gels 2023, 9(9), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090694 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3861

Abstract

Hydrogels are widely used in wound dressings due to their moisturizing properties and biocompatibility. However, traditional hydrogel dressings cannot monitor wounds and provide accurate treatment. Recent advancements focus on hydrogel dressings with integrated monitoring and treatment functions, using sensors or intelligent materials to [...] Read more.

Hydrogels are widely used in wound dressings due to their moisturizing properties and biocompatibility. However, traditional hydrogel dressings cannot monitor wounds and provide accurate treatment. Recent advancements focus on hydrogel dressings with integrated monitoring and treatment functions, using sensors or intelligent materials to detect changes in the wound microenvironment. These dressings enable responsive treatment to promote wound healing. They can carry out responsive dynamic treatment in time to effectively promote wound healing. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive reviews of hydrogel wound dressings that incorporate both wound micro-environment monitoring and treatment functions. Therefore, this review categorizes hydrogel dressings according to wound types and examines their current status, progress, challenges, and future trends. It discusses various wound types, including infected wounds, burns, and diabetic and pressure ulcers, and explores the wound healing process. The review presents hydrogel dressings that monitor wound conditions and provide tailored treatment, such as pH-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, glucose-sensitive, pressure-sensitive, and nano-composite hydrogel dressings. Challenges include developing dressings that meet the standards of excellent biocompatibility, improving monitoring accuracy and sensitivity, and overcoming obstacles to production and commercialization. Furthermore, it provides the current status, progress, challenges, and future trends in this field, aiming to give a clear view of its past, present, and future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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39 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Silk-Fibroin-Based Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering

by Yihan Lyu, Yusheng Liu, Houzhe He and Hongmei Wang

Gels 2023, 9(5), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9050431 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3278

Abstract

Silk fibroin (SF) is an excellent protein-based biomaterial produced by the degumming and purification of silk from cocoons of the Bombyx mori through alkali or enzymatic treatments. SF exhibits excellent biological properties, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioabsorbability, low immunogenicity, and tunability, [...] Read more.

Silk fibroin (SF) is an excellent protein-based biomaterial produced by the degumming and purification of silk from cocoons of the Bombyx mori through alkali or enzymatic treatments. SF exhibits excellent biological properties, such as mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioabsorbability, low immunogenicity, and tunability, making it a versatile material widely applied in biological fields, particularly in tissue engineering. In tissue engineering, SF is often fabricated into hydrogel form, with the advantages of added materials. SF hydrogels have mostly been studied for their use in tissue regeneration by enhancing cell activity at the tissue defect site or counteracting tissue-damage-related factors. This review focuses on SF hydrogels, firstly summarizing the fabrication and properties of SF and SF hydrogels and then detailing the regenerative effects of SF hydrogels as scaffolds in cartilage, bone, skin, cornea, teeth, and eardrum in recent years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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18 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Polysaccharide-Based Natural Polymer Hydrogels in Water Purification

by Wenxu Zhang, Yan Xu, Xuyang Mu, Sijie Li, Xiaoming Liu and Ziqiang Lei

Gels 2023, 9(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030249 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

The pollution and scarcity of freshwater resources are global problems that have a significant influence on human life. It is very important to remove harmful substances in the water to realize the recycling of water resources. Hydrogels have recently attracted attention due to [...] Read more.

The pollution and scarcity of freshwater resources are global problems that have a significant influence on human life. It is very important to remove harmful substances in the water to realize the recycling of water resources. Hydrogels have recently attracted attention due to their special three-dimensional network structure, large surface area, and pores, which show great potential for the removal of pollutants in water. In their preparation, natural polymers are one of the preferred materials because of their wide availability, low cost, and easy thermal degradation. However, when it is directly used for adsorption, its performance is unsatisfactory, so it usually needs to be modified in the preparation process. This paper reviews the modification and adsorption properties of polysaccharide-based natural polymer hydrogels, such as cellulose, chitosan, starch, and sodium alginate, and discusses the effects of their types and structures on performance and recent technological advances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Hydrogels)

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