Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
2.7
2.9
Journals
Gastroenterology Insights
Sections
Advances in Gastrointestinal Cancer
share announcement

Advances in Gastrointestinal Cancer

A topical collection in Gastroenterology Insights (ISSN 2036-7422). This collection belongs to the section "Gastrointestinal Disease".

Viewed by 30894

Editors

Prof. Dr. Chien-Feng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chi Mei Medical Center/National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 367, Taiwan
Interests: urothelial cancer; sarcoma; molecular pathology; experimental therapeutics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ching-Chieh Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
Interests: comorbidity; radiotherapy; cancer; population-based treatment studies; radiation oncology
Dr. Nai-Jung Chiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
2. Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
Interests: solid tumors; signaling transduction; molecular biology; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST); biliary tract cancer; clinical research; pancreatic cacer

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is the fourth most common cancer, which leads to a considerable number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. GI cancer consists of a heterogeneous group of cancers with wide ranging anatomic sites, etiology, pathogenesis, molecular aberrations, histological features, and clinical outcomes. It mostly involves the esophagus, stomach, liver and biliary tract, gallbladder, pancreas, colon, and rectum. To date, surgery remains the mainstay of early-stage GI cancer; chemotherapy is the therapeutic cornerstone in unresectable and metastatic GI cancer. However, an increasing number of targeted therapy strategies have been developed based on recent studies that have disclosed the genetic and molecular biological and immune landscapes of various GI cancers. The emerging integration of multi-omic profiling will also lead to the identification of distinct molecular subtypes with diverse clinical behaviors. With the above-mentioned efforts, the management of GI cancer is now moving toward precision- and evidence-based personalized therapeutics.

Accordingly, the aim of this Special Issue is to deliver the most up-to-date concepts for GI cancer diagnosis, classification, prognostication, surgical and pharmaceutical treatment, and biomarker identification. With the scope to eliminate the gaps between clinical and basic research, studies conducted in a translational manner will be given priority for this issue.

Prof. Dr. Chien-Feng Li
Dr. Ching-Chieh Yang
Dr. Nai-Jung Chiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Gastroenterology Insights is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gastrointestinal cancer
  • pathology
  • biomarker
  • diagnosis
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
  • targeted therapy
  • clinical trial

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers

2023

Jump to: 2022, 2021

11 pages, 1566 KiB  
Article
Significance of Micromorphological Characteristics and Expression of Intermediate Filament Proteins CK7 and CK20 in the Differential Diagnosis of Serrated Lesions of the Colorectum
by Ivan Ilić, Pavle Ranđelović, Žaklina Mijović, Maja Jovičić Milentijević, Biljana Radovanović Dinić and Jana Cvetković
Gastroenterol. Insights 2023, 14(1), 110-120; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent14010008 - 26 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Serrated lesions in the colorectum include all epithelial neoplastic lesions, which show a sawtooth-like morphology in the epithelial crypts. Classification systems nosologically divide colon serrated polyps into three different categories, primarily emphasizing their micromorphological growth pattern and cytodifferentiation: (1) hyperplastic polyps, (2) sessile [...] Read more.
Serrated lesions in the colorectum include all epithelial neoplastic lesions, which show a sawtooth-like morphology in the epithelial crypts. Classification systems nosologically divide colon serrated polyps into three different categories, primarily emphasizing their micromorphological growth pattern and cytodifferentiation: (1) hyperplastic polyps, (2) sessile serrated adenomas/polyps and (3) traditional serrated adenomas. Overall, 109 patients with serrated lesions of the colon, who underwent endoscopic or surgical polypectomy/tumorectomy during one or multiple endoscopic or surgical interventions, over a four-year period, were analyzed. The average age of patients was 62.8 ± 11.6 years. The frequency of serrated lesions of the colon in male patients was 2.4 times higher than in females (70.6% vs. 29.4%). All sessile serrated lesions without dysplasia were positive for CK7 and statistically significant compared to other serrated lesions, if this positivity was present in the complete crypt (p = 0.005). CK20 positivity, which is limited to the upper half of the crypt, is a special feature of hyperplastic polyps compared to other serrated lesions, which is statistically significant (p = 0.0078). Whereas, CK20 positivity of complete crypts is a statistically significant feature of traditional serrated adenomas (p < 0.01). Differences in the expression pattern of cytokeratin 7 and 20 in different serrated lesions may indicate different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis, and be diagnostically and prognostically useful. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

46 pages, 5151 KiB  
Article
Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies in Europe 2010–2019: A Geo-Spatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study of Epidemiological Patterns in Relationship to Cannabis- and Substance Exposure
by Albert Stuart Reece and Gary Kenneth Hulse
Gastroenterol. Insights 2023, 14(1), 64-109; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent14010007 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1878
Abstract
Introduction: Congenital anomalies (CA’s) of most of the gastrointestinal tract have been linked causally with prenatal or community cannabis exposure. Therefore, we studied this relationship in Europe. Methods: CA data were from Eurocat. Drug-use data were sourced from the European Monitoring Centre for [...] Read more.
Introduction: Congenital anomalies (CA’s) of most of the gastrointestinal tract have been linked causally with prenatal or community cannabis exposure. Therefore, we studied this relationship in Europe. Methods: CA data were from Eurocat. Drug-use data were sourced from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Income data were taken from the World Bank. Results: When countries with increasing rates of daily cannabis use were compared with those which were not, the overall rate of gastrointestinal CA’s (GCA’s) was higher in the former group (p = 0.0032). The five anomalies which were related to the metrics of cannabis exposure on bivariate analysis were bile duct atresia, Hirschsprungs, digestive disorders, annular pancreas and anorectal stenosis or atresia. The following sequence of GCA’s was significantly linked with cannabis metrics at inverse-probability-weighted-panel modelling, as indicated: esophageal stenosis or atresia, bile duct atresia, small intestinal stenosis or atresia, anorectal stenosis or atresia, Hirschsprungs disease: p = 1.83 × 10−5, 0.0046, 3.55 × 10−12, 7.35 × 10−6 and 2.00 × 10−12, respectively. When this GCA series was considered in geospatial modelling, the GCA’s were significantly cannabis-related from p = 0.0003, N.S., 0.0086, 6.652 × 10−5, 0.0002, 71.4% of 35 E-value estimates and 54.3% minimum E-values (mEVv’s) > 9 (high zone) and 100% and 97.1% > 1.25 (causality threshold). The order of cannabis sensitivity by median mEVv was Hirschsprungs > esophageal atresia > small intestinal atresia > anorectal atresia > bile duct atresia. Conclusions: Seven of eight GCA’s were related to cannabis exposure and fulfilled the quantitative criteria for epidemiologically causal relationships. Penetration of cannabinoids into the community should be carefully scrutinized and controlled to protect against exponential and multigenerational genotoxicity ensuing from multiple cannabinoids. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

2022

Jump to: 2023, 2021

9 pages, 534 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Gene (−308 G/A, −238 G/A and −857 C/T) Polymorphisms and the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Eastern Indian Population
by Kanishka Uthansingh, Girish Kumar Pati, Prasanta Kumar Parida, Jimmy Narayan, Subhasis Pradhan, Manoj Kumar Sahu and Rabindra Nath Padhy
Gastroenterol. Insights 2022, 13(4), 340-348; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent13040034 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1786
Abstract
Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related decimations worldwide. The gastric infection at both the stomach and duodenum with Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The aim of the study was to associate and [...] Read more.
Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related decimations worldwide. The gastric infection at both the stomach and duodenum with Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The aim of the study was to associate and evaluate the three TNF-α gene polymorphisms at positions −308 G/A, −238 G/A, and −857 C/T with the risk of GC. Methods: A total of 156 individuals (consecutively diagnosed 95 GC patients and 61 controls) above the age of 18 years were enrolled in the study. Healthy individuals with normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) irrespective of their family history of GC or peptic ulcer were included as controls. The cited three TNF-α gene polymorphisms were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: There was no significant difference in the distribution of gene polymorphisms as genetic factors, TNF-α−308 GA/AA (22.1% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.2), TNF-α−238 GA/AA (21% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.8), and TNF-α−857 CT/TT (8.4% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.5), between GC cases and healthy controls. A subgroup analysis of H. pylori-positive patients showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of GA/AA polymorphisms in TNF-α−308 (15(45.5%) vs. 3(23%); p = 0.17) and −238 (12(36.3%) vs. 2(15.4%); p = 0.17), and the distribution of TT/CT −857 CT/TT (13(39.4%) vs. 2(15.4%); p = 0.13), among the GC cases and controls. Conclusion: The statistical comparisons of GA/AA vs. GG genotypes at −308 (with OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.6–3.8), −238 (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.4–2.4) and TT/CT vs. CC genotypes at −857 (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.2–2.1) did not suggest any association of TNF-α with GC in the population herein. Hence, the TNF-α (−308 G/A, −238 G/A and −857 C/T) may not be the associating factor for GC incidence determined by the PCR–RFLP method. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1699 KiB  
Article
UPolySeg: A U-Net-Based Polyp Segmentation Network Using Colonoscopy Images
by Subhashree Mohapatra, Girish Kumar Pati, Manohar Mishra and Tripti Swarnkar
Gastroenterol. Insights 2022, 13(3), 264-274; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent13030027 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2106
Abstract
Colonoscopy is a gold standard procedure for tracking the lower gastrointestinal region. A colorectal polyp is one such condition that is detected through colonoscopy. Even though technical advancements have improved the early detection of colorectal polyps, there is still a high percentage of [...] Read more.
Colonoscopy is a gold standard procedure for tracking the lower gastrointestinal region. A colorectal polyp is one such condition that is detected through colonoscopy. Even though technical advancements have improved the early detection of colorectal polyps, there is still a high percentage of misses due to various factors. Polyp segmentation can play a significant role in the detection of polyps at the early stage and can thus help reduce the severity of the disease. In this work, the authors implemented several image pre-processing techniques such as coherence transport and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) to handle different challenges in colonoscopy images. The processed image was then segmented into a polyp and normal pixel using a U-Net-based deep learning segmentation model named UPolySeg. The main framework of UPolySeg has an encoder–decoder section with feature concatenation in the same layer as the encoder–decoder along with the use of dilated convolution. The model was experimentally verified using the publicly available Kvasir-SEG dataset, which gives a global accuracy of 96.77%, a dice coefficient of 96.86%, an IoU of 87.91%, a recall of 95.57%, and a precision of 92.29%. The new framework for the polyp segmentation implementing UPolySeg improved the performance by 1.93% compared with prior work. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1238 KiB  
Review
The Outcomes of Nutritional Support Techniques in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancers
by Vlad-Alexandru Ionescu, Gina Gheorghe, Ruxandra Oprita, Madalina Stan-Ilie, Raluca-Ioana Dascalu, Ondin Zaharia, Viorel Jinga, Camelia Cristina Diaconu and Gabriel Constantinescu
Gastroenterol. Insights 2022, 13(3), 245-257; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent13030025 - 05 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2262
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A significant issue regarding the therapeutic management of these patients consists of metabolic disturbances and malnutrition. Nutritional deficiencies have a negative impact on both the death rates of these patients and the [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal cancers represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A significant issue regarding the therapeutic management of these patients consists of metabolic disturbances and malnutrition. Nutritional deficiencies have a negative impact on both the death rates of these patients and the results of surgical or oncological treatments. Thus, current guidelines recommend the inclusion of a nutritional profile in the therapeutic management of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. The development of digestive endoscopy techniques has led to the possibility of ensuring the enteral nutrition of cancer patients without oral feeding through minimally invasive techniques and the avoidance of surgeries, which involve more risks. The enteral nutrition modalities consist of endoscopy-guided nasoenteric tube (ENET), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal tube extension (PEG-J), direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gastroenterostomy. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

2021

Jump to: 2023, 2022

8 pages, 1400 KiB  
Article
Should the Endoscopic Restrictions during COVID-19 Pandemic Remain Unchanged?
by Emilio Bresky, Gustavo Bresky, Domingo Lancellotti, Juan Madariaga, Sebastian Licuime, Paulette Palma, Fabian Saez, Maria Jose Rojas and Luis Seijas
Gastroenterol. Insights 2021, 12(3), 358-365; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12030034 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2578
Abstract
(Background) Endoscopic procedures are interventions that have been defined as carrying a high-risk of infection with COVID-19. Most endoscopy units restrict their activity based on pre-endoscopic diagnosis. (Objective) To determine the consequences of endoscopic restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and [...] Read more.
(Background) Endoscopic procedures are interventions that have been defined as carrying a high-risk of infection with COVID-19. Most endoscopy units restrict their activity based on pre-endoscopic diagnosis. (Objective) To determine the consequences of endoscopic restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on digestive cancer diagnosis. (Design) A comparison of upper digestive endoscopies and colonoscopies with gastrointestinal cancers diagnosed between three endoscopic centers, two of which restricted their procedures and one that did not but performed the procedures under a strict protocol. (Setting) A retrospective analysis was performed collecting data between 15 March 2019 and 15 August 2020. Two-factor ANOVA and a Tukey’s a posteriori test were used as statistical tests. (Main outcome measures) There was variation in gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis between 2019 and 2020, considering the endoscopic procedures performed each year. (Result) There was a significant decrease in the total endoscopic procedures performed between 2019 and 2020 (p < 0.001), the result of reduced testing at the two centers (p < 0.001) with pre-endoscopic restrictions, which was not compensated for by a slight increase in procedures at the center without restrictions (p = 0.139). Regarding the total cancers diagnosed, while a significant decrease was observed for the two centers with pre-endoscopic restrictions (p = 0.007), a significant increase was registered in the center that maintained its endoscopic productivity (p < 0.001). After 851 procedures (537 upper digestive endoscopies and 314 colonoscopies) there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection in the endoscopic staff. (Conclusion) Endoscopic restrictions based on pre-endoscopic diagnosis should be reassessed in consideration of local pandemic situations, and a balance should be sought between COVID-19 infection risk and the detrimental delay of potential cancer diagnosis. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 6679 KiB  
Case Report
Multi-Organ Involvement of Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease
by Elleuch Nour, Aya Hammami, Nabiha Missaoui, Ahlem Bdioui, Wafa Dahmani, Wafa Ben Ameur, Ahlem Braham, Salem Ajmi, Aida Ben Slama, Mehdi Ksiaa, Hanen Jaziri, Sihem Hmissa and Ali Jmaa
Gastroenterol. Insights 2021, 12(3), 350-357; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12030033 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2519
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory condition of unknown etiology, with presumed autoimmune mechanisms. It is characterized by high levels of IgG4 and variable clinical manifestations. It can involve one or multiple organs. Herein, we reported the case of a 62-year-old man [...] Read more.
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory condition of unknown etiology, with presumed autoimmune mechanisms. It is characterized by high levels of IgG4 and variable clinical manifestations. It can involve one or multiple organs. Herein, we reported the case of a 62-year-old man with three organs involvement. He initially presented with recurrent jaundice. Laboratory analysis revealed cholestasis, high gamma-globulin levels, renal failure, and proteinuria. Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed segmental strictures of the left intrahepatic bile ducts and the wirsung duct with an increased volume of the pancreas and diffuse bilateral enlargement of the kidneys. Laboratory tests revealed high IgG4 levels (770 mg/dL). Based on the biological and radiological findings, we have suggested the diagnosis of systemic IgG4-related disease involving bile ducts, the pancreas, and probably the kidneys. Renal biopsy revealed lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis, but no IgG4-positive cell. The patient received corticosteroid therapy with a complete resolution of all symptoms and a rapid normalization of all blood tests. The present case underlines the complexity of IgG4-RD because of its variable clinical presentation. The diagnosis is challenging and should be carefully assessed for possible multi-organ involvement. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 548 KiB  
Article
What Is the Correct Way to Manage Children Requiring Gastrostomy? Single Center Experience
by Carmine Noviello, Mercedes Romano, Edoardo Bindi, Giovanni Cobellis, Stefano Nobile and Alfonso Papparella
Gastroenterol. Insights 2021, 12(3), 329-335; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12030030 - 16 Jul 2021
Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Children with complex medical issues often present different comorbidities that cause feeding difficulties. Gastrostomy is often helpful, and should be performed when nutritional supplementation is necessary for longer than 6 weeks. Recently, different techniques have been used for gastrostomy in children. The authors [...] Read more.
Children with complex medical issues often present different comorbidities that cause feeding difficulties. Gastrostomy is often helpful, and should be performed when nutritional supplementation is necessary for longer than 6 weeks. Recently, different techniques have been used for gastrostomy in children. The authors report on their experiences regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic management of children requiring gastrostomy. All patients managed in the last 10 years were reviewed, retrospectively. Everyone underwent investigation to exclude gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A total of 148 patients: 111 cases (75%) were neurologically impaired patients, 18 (12%) had complex heart disease, 10 (6%) had metabolic diseases, 4 (3%) had fibrosis cystic, 4 (3%) had muscle disease, and one had chromosomopathy. After investigation, 49 patients had GERD. PEG was performed in 101 cases (68%), laparo-assisted gastrostomy was performed in 44 cases (29.7%), open gastrostomy was performed in three cases. At follow-up, all patients reported weight gain, but 13 cases had major complications. Currently, the surgeon has the possibility of choosing between several safe techniques for gastrostomy. In our experience, PEG is the most useful technique for patients without GERD, while a laparo-assisted technique is better for patients who require laparoscopic fundoplication. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 2006 KiB  
Case Report
Peritoneal Tuberculosis Mimicking Ovarian Cancer: Gynecologic Ultrasound Evaluation with Histopathological Confirmation
by Francesca Arezzo, Gerardo Cazzato, Vera Loizzi, Giuseppe Ingravallo, Leonardo Resta and Gennaro Cormio
Gastroenterol. Insights 2021, 12(2), 278-282; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12020024 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3311
Abstract
Peritoneal tuberculosis (TBP) is a very rare condition, accounting for about 1–2% of all tuberculosis cases. The diagnosis of TBP can be easily mistaken for advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) or peritoneal carcinoma because of overlapping laboratory and clinical findings. We reported the ultrasound [...] Read more.
Peritoneal tuberculosis (TBP) is a very rare condition, accounting for about 1–2% of all tuberculosis cases. The diagnosis of TBP can be easily mistaken for advanced ovarian cancer (AOC) or peritoneal carcinoma because of overlapping laboratory and clinical findings. We reported the ultrasound characteristics of a case of TBP in a 67-year-old woman who presented to our institute with a 1-month history of intermittent lower abdominal pain, fever, and asthenia. Overall, 20 biopsy-retrieved specimen histopathological features were suggestive of peritoneal tuberculosis. Gynecologic ultrasound revealed increased adnexa with multiple nodular formations spread across the surface, suggestive of caseous nodules. Although this is a rare occurrence, clinicians should consider TBP as a differential diagnosis of ovarian or peritoneal cancer. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 29120 KiB  
Review
40 Years of Helicobacter pylori: A Revolution in Biomedical Thought
by Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Donato D’Agostino, Skender Topi and Lucrezia Bottalico
Gastroenterol. Insights 2021, 12(2), 111-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12020011 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8654
Abstract
Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to [...] Read more.
Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to discover and study such microorganisms, as in the case of Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen that was seen in the distant era of the nineteenth century but without being recognized as such. It took 100 years to later discover the pathogenesis and the cancer that this bacterium can cause. Since it was discovered, until today, there has been a continuous search for the understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach is continuously updated. Methods: We investigated how diagnosis and therapy were dealt with in the past and how researchers sought to understand, exactly, the pathogenetic biomolecular mechanisms of H. pylori, from the genesis of the infection to the current knowledge, with an analysis of carcinogenic mechanisms in the stomach. We have examined the scientific evolution of the knowledge of the disease over these 40 years in the gastroenterological and pharmacological fields. This was possible through a search in the databases of Medline, the WHO website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, PubMed, and Web of Science to analyze the earlier and the latest data regarding H. pylori. Results: With the scientific discoveries over time, thanks to an increasing number of progressions in scientific research in the analysis of the gastric mucosa, the role of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer, carcinogenesis, and in some forms of gastric lymphoma was revealed. Furthermore, over the years, the biomolecular mechanism involvement in some diseases has also been noted (such as cardiovascular ones), which could affect patients positive for H. pylori. Conclusions: Thanks to scientific and technological advances, the role of the bacterium H. pylori in carcinogenesis has been discovered and demonstrated, and new prospective research is currently attempting to investigate the role of other factors in the stomach and other organs. Cancer from H. pylori infection had a high incidence rate compared to various types of cancer, but in recent years, it is improving thanks to the techniques developed in the detection of the bacterium and the evolution of therapies. Thus, although it has become an increasingly treatable disease, there is still continuous ongoing research in the field of treatment for resistance and pharma compliance. Furthermore, in this field, probiotic therapy is considered a valid adjuvant. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop