Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

A special issue of Games (ISSN 2073-4336). This special issue belongs to the section "Cooperative Game Theory and Bargaining".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 11003

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London, UK
Interests: negotiations; dispute resolution; bargaining; conflict and cooperation; digital economy and ecosystem economics; big data and property rights; law and economics; political institutions; political economy; coalition formation; foundations of social order; family; international development; international relations; public policy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The overall aim of this Special Issue is to take stock and reflect on our current understanding of negotiations and to explore ways to improve that understanding. How authors propose to address this overall aim is left open to them. For example, articles that are critical reviews of literature or explorations via (interesting) examples are welcomed. To use a cliché, “out-of-the-box” thinking is encouraged. We are after creative ideas and suggestions, which, in turn, may inspire others to then follow up with further work. We also encourage authors to bring ideas from other disciplines into the debate or into the standard (economic) framework. An exploration into the interaction of emotions (or perhaps certain personality traits) and strategic (game-theoretic) behaviour on the outcome of negotiations would be interesting. The overall context of this Special Issue is motivated by the following considerations.

As we know, there is a huge amount of literature on the subject of negotiations in economics—theoretical and applied (in many subfields of economics). Much of it is built on or inspired by the classic papers by John Nash (Nash 1950 and 1953) and Ariel Rubinstein (Rubinstein 1982). We have learnt a lot from this huge scholarship over the past several decades on what determines bargaining power (the “distribution” question of who gets what) and when deals are struck and when they are not (the “efficiency” question of reaching agreement).

However, I think we are somewhat stuck now, and we need some fresh ideas, new perspectives and new tools too. Right across the globe, and in the different arenas of social, political and economic interaction, we see failures to reach agreement, some with serious consequences such as in various political conflicts. Compromise seems harder to reach. The Brexit impasse in the UK is a prime example. There are many other examples across the globe. Similar remarks apply to social “bargaining” situations and conflicts. In addition to the “efficiency” question of not reaching agreement, we need a better understanding of what drives bargaining power—and in turn how one can influence it; this question is ultimately and fundamentally the source of economic power and of the distribution of income and wealth.

In sum, for this Special Issue, we are looking for interesting and novel articles on the subject of negotiations, which can inspire others and shed some light on how we can progress our understanding. Length of Submissions (including Appendices): No more than 25 A4 pages.

Prof. Dr. Abhinay Muthoo
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Negotiations
  • Bargaining
  • Failure to Reach Agreement
  • Bargaining Power

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
On Some Connections between Negotiating while Fighting and Bargaining between a Buyer and Seller
by Adam Meirowitz
Games 2023, 14(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030039 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1084
Abstract
We point out an equivalence between a class of games in which players negotiate while fighting and a class of games in which a buyer and seller negotiate over terms. Importantly and perhaps ironically, bargaining before fighting is strategically distinct from bargaining before [...] Read more.
We point out an equivalence between a class of games in which players negotiate while fighting and a class of games in which a buyer and seller negotiate over terms. Importantly and perhaps ironically, bargaining before fighting is strategically distinct from bargaining before a change of ownership but bargaining while fighting is equivalent to bargaining before a change of ownership. These connections and intuition from models of bilateral trade help shed light on two mechanisms for learning while frighting: inference based on observing strategic choices and information leakage on the battlefield. Debates on the relative importance of these to mechanism are addressed; some subtle clarifications to extant arguments are provided. Moreover, the importance of learning hard information from the battlefield is connected to work on Coasian Dynamics with information leakage and avenuse for future work relying on advances in behavioral theory are sketched out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
21 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Time-Inconsistent Bargaining and Cross-Commitments
by Manuel A. Utset
Games 2023, 14(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030038 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1493
Abstract
The paper studies bargaining games involving players with present-biased preferences. The paper shows that the relative timing of bargaining rewards and bargaining costs will determine whether the players’ present-bias will affect bargaining outcomes. In cases where players agree to a bargain in period [...] Read more.
The paper studies bargaining games involving players with present-biased preferences. The paper shows that the relative timing of bargaining rewards and bargaining costs will determine whether the players’ present-bias will affect bargaining outcomes. In cases where players agree to a bargain in period 1 and experience all bargaining payoffs in period 2, the players will act in a time-consistent fashion. When time-inconsistent players incur immediate bargaining costs to produce delayed rewards, they will have an incentive to procrastinate. On the other hand, when players receive immediate bargaining rewards and incur delayed costs, they will have incentives to agree to bargains too soon and to agree to inefficient bargains. The paper shows that the players’ awareness of their own and the other player’s present-biased preferences will determine whether they engage in repeated time-inconsistent bargaining. A naïve player who engages in time-inconsistent bargaining will suffer welfare losses. We show that time-inconsistent bargaining can also create spillover welfare losses for other players. A time-consistent player who is counterparty-naïve about the other player can suffer spillover welfare losses that can be higher than those incurred by the time-inconsistent player. As a result, counterparty-sophisticated players will have an incentive to use cross-commitment devices to reduce the likelihood of spillover welfare losses. The paper also shows that cross commitment devices that target immediate payoffs dominate cross-commitments that target delayed payoffs. Finally, the paper shows that time-inconsistent bargaining can lead to inefficient delays in agreeing to bargains and in exiting bargaining relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
19 pages, 545 KiB  
Article
Fighting for Routes: Resource Allocation among Competing Planners in Transportation Networks
by Charlotte Roman and Paolo Turrini
Games 2023, 14(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030037 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1234
Abstract
In transportation networks, incomplete information is ubiquitous, and users often delegate their route choice to distributed route planners. To model and study these systems, we introduce network control games, consisting of multiple actors seeking to optimise the social welfare of their assigned subpopulations [...] Read more.
In transportation networks, incomplete information is ubiquitous, and users often delegate their route choice to distributed route planners. To model and study these systems, we introduce network control games, consisting of multiple actors seeking to optimise the social welfare of their assigned subpopulations through resource allocation in an underlying nonatomic congestion game. We first analyse the inefficiency of the routing equilibria by calculating the Price of Anarchy for polynomial cost functions, and then, using an Asynchronous Advantage Actor–Critic algorithm implementation, we show that reinforcement learning agents are vulnerable to choosing suboptimal routing as predicted by the theory. Finally, we extend the analysis to allow vehicles to choose their route planner and study the associated equilibria. Our results can be applied to mitigate inefficiency issues arising in large transport networks with route controlled autonomous vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
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13 pages, 493 KiB  
Article
Improving Strategic Decisions in Sequential Games by Exploiting Positional Similarity
by Sabrina Evans and Paolo Turrini
Games 2023, 14(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030036 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1356
Abstract
We study the strategic similarity of game positions in two-player extensive games of perfect information by looking at the structure of their local game trees, with the aim of improving the performance of game-playing agents in detecting forcing continuations. We present a range [...] Read more.
We study the strategic similarity of game positions in two-player extensive games of perfect information by looking at the structure of their local game trees, with the aim of improving the performance of game-playing agents in detecting forcing continuations. We present a range of measures over the induced game trees and compare them against benchmark problems in chess, observing a promising level of accuracy in matching up trap states. Our results can be applied to chess-like interactions where forcing moves play a role, such as those arising in bargaining and negotiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
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20 pages, 390 KiB  
Article
The Role of the Status-Quo in Dynamic Bargaining
by Francesca Flamini
Games 2023, 14(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030035 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1273
Abstract
We analyze a dynamic bargaining game where parties can agree to implement a policy change, which is costly (beneficial) in the short-run but beneficial (costly) in the long-run. When the status-quo is endogenized (at least in some components), we show that the more [...] Read more.
We analyze a dynamic bargaining game where parties can agree to implement a policy change, which is costly (beneficial) in the short-run but beneficial (costly) in the long-run. When the status-quo is endogenized (at least in some components), we show that the more farsighted party can induce their rival to accept the short-run costs of policy changes designed to generate benefits in the long-run. This is more common when players’ asymmetries are less pronounced, the status-quo is fully endogenized and the state depreciates more quickly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
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9 pages, 333 KiB  
Article
Blockchain-Based Dispute Resolution: Insights and Challenges
by Yannick Gabuthy
Games 2023, 14(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/g14030034 - 28 Apr 2023
Viewed by 3599
Abstract
A smart contract can be defined as a computer program, stored on a blockchain, which allows a transaction or an agreement—defined ex-ante—to be self-executed when some conditions are met, and without the need for a central authority to enforce it. Even if [...] Read more.
A smart contract can be defined as a computer program, stored on a blockchain, which allows a transaction or an agreement—defined ex-ante—to be self-executed when some conditions are met, and without the need for a central authority to enforce it. Even if this new technology is very promising, it may face a challenge: the codified nature of smart contracts creates new types of disputes that require new mechanisms of dispute resolution, which are precisely based on the blockchain. The aim of this article is to analyze one of these emerging mechanisms, namely Kleros, which is a blockchain-based dispute resolution platform implying crowdsourced jurors whose incentives to make fair decisions are based on game theory. The Kleros case provides also a basis for a broader discussion on the future of the decentralized justice market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Negotiations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly)
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