Research

20 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Critical Analysis of Payments for Ecosystem Services: Case Studies in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania

by Ibrahim Osewe, Aureliu-Florin Hălălișan, Nicolae Talpă and Bogdan Popa

Forests 2023, 14(6), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061209 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2387

The concept of payments for ecosystem services (PES) has been identified as a promising mechanism for use in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, with several potential advantages and benefits, including the ability to raise new funding for landscape management, increase the efficiency of conservation [...] Read more.

The concept of payments for ecosystem services (PES) has been identified as a promising mechanism for use in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, with several potential advantages and benefits, including the ability to raise new funding for landscape management, increase the efficiency of conservation approaches, secure ecosystem services (ES), and benefit poor rural communities. Starting from understanding the complex relationship between human dependence on natural resources and the environment, this paper aims to determine the degree to which the various criteria affect the success of PES that involve forests. Primary data were collected using a mixed questionnaire that was sent to institutions that had implemented PES schemes in the region and 25 case studies of PES implemented in the region from various publications were used for the secondary data. The data were mainly analyzed using comparative analysis. The results indicated that PES success is higher when bundled ES are considered, financing is medium- to long-term, implementation is at the regional level, combined transaction types (cash and in-kind) are used, and both private buyers and public sellers are involved. This paper provides a good benchmark for decision makers on PES performance and the model presented may serve as one of the tools for improving livelihoods and ensuring the achievement of sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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10 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Households’ Willingness to Accept Forest Conservation and Ecosystem Services

by Meiyan Zhang

Forests 2022, 13(9), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13091399 - 01 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

In this study, forest owners’ willingness to accept the governmental redemption of commercial forests for forest conservation, as well as the factors influencing their willingness, was analyzed. It was found that having expected non-timber income from conservation programs, trustable government policies, simpler dealing [...] Read more.

In this study, forest owners’ willingness to accept the governmental redemption of commercial forests for forest conservation, as well as the factors influencing their willingness, was analyzed. It was found that having expected non-timber income from conservation programs, trustable government policies, simpler dealing with government departments for disputes, and satisfactory local ecological condition had strong impacts on the likelihood of participation for the households. If the sum of direct cash compensation incentives and indirect non-timber income compensation incentives was greater than the opportunity costs incurred by forest owners for protection, forest owners were more willing to participate in the redemption. Based on the results, the final offer arbitration method was recommended to improve the maximum price method for redemption, which enables forest owners to receive recognized incentives for direct cash compensation. Ecotourism was strongly recommended to raise forest owners’ expectations of sustainable non-timber income and deliver on such expectations with lower information costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

20 pages, 5368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is the Relationship between Natural Protected Areas and Stakeholders? Based on Literature Analysis from 2000–2021

by Yangyang Zhang, Jiaoyang Xu, Yunong Yao, Zhaogui Yan, Mingjun Teng and Pengcheng Wang

Forests 2022, 13(5), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050734 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3974

Abstract

The establishment of natural protected areas (NPAs) is an effective means to deal with the degradation of ecosystems caused by climate change and human activities. The area and number of NPAs in the world have shown an obvious growth trend, and their development [...] Read more.

The establishment of natural protected areas (NPAs) is an effective means to deal with the degradation of ecosystems caused by climate change and human activities. The area and number of NPAs in the world have shown an obvious growth trend, and their development has ushered in a new bottleneck. More importantly, the management quality of NPAs should be improved, and the key to improving management quality lies in human beings, but the stakeholder groups involved in NPAs are often overlooked by policymakers. In this study, a quantitative review of the global scientific literature on NPAs stakeholders was conducted using a bibliometric approach. The research hotspots and trends, number, time, and countries were analyzed based on data from published articles. The stakeholder types and internal relationships in NPAs were summarized and mapped. The common problems of resources and community resident management among stakeholders were discussed. A total of 5584 research articles selected from the Web of Science core collection database were used as data sources and were visualized using VOSviewer and the Biblioshiny program in the R language. The results of the study help to reveal the mutual influence mechanism between stakeholders during the development of nature reserves and contribute to the sustainable development of global protected areas and human well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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21 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Policy of Ecological Forest Rangers (EFRs) for the Impoverished Populations Reduce Forest Disasters?—Empirical Evidence from China

by Zhongcheng Yan, Feng Wei, Xin Deng, Chuan Li, Qiang He and Yanbin Qi

Forests 2022, 13(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010080 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1374

Abstract

The effective prevention and control of forest disasters is important for forest resources and the well-being of those living in forested areas. This study evaluates the impact of a policy that employs a rural impoverished population as ecological forest rangers (EFRs) for the [...] Read more.

The effective prevention and control of forest disasters is important for forest resources and the well-being of those living in forested areas. This study evaluates the impact of a policy that employs a rural impoverished population as ecological forest rangers (EFRs) for the incidence of forest disasters. We estimate a generalized difference in differences (DID) model using nationwide provincial-level forest disaster data combined with regional data in all policy pilot areas. There are three primary findings. (1) The implementation of the EFR policy failed to effectively reduce the incidence of forest fires, forest pests, forest diseases, forest rodents and other forest disasters, which shows that the EFR policy has not achieved the goal of “forest protection”. (2) The effect of the EFR policy on forest disaster control is not significantly different among provinces with different forest resource endowments and different levels of social and economic development. This shows that there is no significant difference in the implementation of EFR policies between different forest resource endowments and different socioeconomic development areas. (3) The EFR policy failed to achieve the effective coordination of the dual goals of “poverty reduction” and “ecological protection”; this is the main reason for the failure to reduce the incidence of forest disasters while reducing poverty. The pressure of this policy neglected the “forest management and protection” function of the policy and the corresponding assessment requirements. At the same time, the central government also neglected the assessment of the prevention and control of “forest disasters” by local governments when implementing this policy. Ultimately, the opportunism of local governments and ecological rangers was strengthened. Therefore, the goals of environmental service payment items and the corresponding evaluation index settings need to be matched to truly achieve the established goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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16 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Social Trust on Rural Households’ Attitudes Towards Ecological Conservation—Example of the Giant Panda Nature Reserves in China

by Wei Duan, Nan Su, Yicheng Jiang and Jinyu Shen

Forests 2022, 13(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010053 - 03 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Understanding rural households’ conservation attitudes is crucial to achieving biodiversity conservation effectiveness, and one underlying predictor of household conservation attitudes is social trust. This study examined the impact of rural households’ social trust on their ecological protection attitudes based on 922 rural household [...] Read more.

Understanding rural households’ conservation attitudes is crucial to achieving biodiversity conservation effectiveness, and one underlying predictor of household conservation attitudes is social trust. This study examined the impact of rural households’ social trust on their ecological protection attitudes based on 922 rural household data around 13 giant panda nature reserves in Shaanxi Province and Sichuan Province, China. The results show that: (1) Social trust has a significant positive impact on rural households’ conservation attitudes. (2) Males’ ecological conservation attitudes are influenced by all the social trust variables, whereas females’ attitudes are influenced mainly by interpersonal trust (trust in neighbors and villagers). The conservation attitudes of households with higher education levels and higher family incomes are mainly affected by trust in government, while those with lower education levels and lower family incomes are more significantly affected by the trust in villagers and village cadres. The above conclusions are helpful to understand the influencing mechanism of rural households’ conservation attitudes and improve the protection effects of nature reserves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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15 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Future of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) in China’s Protected Areas: A Consistent Optimal Scenario for Multiple Stakeholders

by Bin Zheng, Mingchuan Li, Boyang Yu and Lan Gao

Forests 2021, 12(12), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121753 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular strategy to alleviate the contradiction between ecological protection and community development. As the stakeholders of CBET, the community’s participation in the planning process is of great importance to in order to realize the sustainability of CBET. [...] Read more.

Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular strategy to alleviate the contradiction between ecological protection and community development. As the stakeholders of CBET, the community’s participation in the planning process is of great importance to in order to realize the sustainability of CBET. Taking a community in Wolong Nature Reserve as a case study, in this study we developed a decision-making participation mechanism based on the participatory scenario method. Through this mechanism, community stakeholders can effectively reach consensus with other stakeholders on the planning of CBET in the future. The results showed that community participation in the planning process can mean decisions are more likely to reflect their interests. They unanimously proposed that future CBET must adhere to the basic principle of protecting biodiversity and must maximize the welfare of the community. Moreover, achieving the sustainability of CBET in protected areas requires the cooperation of all stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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11 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Willingness to Pay for Forest Ecological Restoration in Giant Panda Habitats: A Discrete Choice Experiment

by Yijing Zhang, Huihui Wang and Wei Duan

Forests 2021, 12(12), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121735 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Rural households have played an increasingly significant role in the conservation and restoration process of natural habitats. This paper explores rural households’ preference and willingness to pay for ecological restoration attributes in giant panda habitats using the discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE [...] Read more.

Rural households have played an increasingly significant role in the conservation and restoration process of natural habitats. This paper explores rural households’ preference and willingness to pay for ecological restoration attributes in giant panda habitats using the discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE survey was conducted in and around giant panda habitats in Sichuan province with a sample size of 474. Using the mixed logit model, the results indicate that rural households have positive attitudes towards the improvement of ecological restoration functions, including forest vegetation restoration, biodiversity conservation, and giant panda corridor construction, but have a negative attitude towards payment, showing that rural households are inclined to pay less to gain better restoration outcomes. Among the ecological restoration attributes, forest vegetation restoration (4.44 RMB) wins the highest payment value, indicating households’ preferences and priorities of ecological restoration. In general, rural households’ willingness to pay could reach 34.28 RMB for the best choice option designed in DCE. This study emphasizes the awareness of payment among rural households to improve ecological restoration functions in giant panda habitats and indicates the importance of household participation in long-term adaptation and implementation of ecological conservation plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

20 pages, 7214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Ecological Performance of Giant Panda Conservation: Evidence from Sichuan Province

by Zhenjiang Song and Yi Li

Forests 2021, 12(12), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121701 - 04 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a symbolic and flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. We studied the changing and driving factors of landscape patterns in Sichuan giant panda habitats through image interpretation and ecological niche evaluation models. [...] Read more.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a symbolic and flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. We studied the changing and driving factors of landscape patterns in Sichuan giant panda habitats through image interpretation and ecological niche evaluation models. According to land-use and cover-change analysis, we also studied the structural changes in habitat over the past two decades and used empirical analysis to evaluate the relative ecological niche widths and overlap of giant panda distribution areas in 1995 and 2015. It is found the area of non-forested land decreased significantly from 1995 to 2015. It is interesting that the high-quality land-use types tended to decrease but low/middle-quality land-use types tended to increase over the past 20 years. Giant panda conservation projects in China have promoted changes in conservation thought and management, as well as the innovation of technical means over the studied period. The goals of Chinese giant panda conservation projects are not only to facilitate giant panda reproduction but also to alleviate the contradiction between conservation and development and promote the coexistence of humans and giant pandas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Preference of Stakeholders in the Utilization of Forest Resources

by Boyang Yu, Mingchuan Li, Bin Zheng, Xiaolu Liu and Lan Gao

Forests 2021, 12(12), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121660 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

The economic contribution of forest resources to the communities surrounding nature reserves cannot be ignored. The method for which to find a forest resource utilization path to balance the contradiction between local farmers’ economic development and ecological protection in the development of nature [...] Read more.

The economic contribution of forest resources to the communities surrounding nature reserves cannot be ignored. The method for which to find a forest resource utilization path to balance the contradiction between local farmers’ economic development and ecological protection in the development of nature reserves is important. However, little attention has been given to the effect of forest resource users’ behavioral preferences on forest resource utilization. This study selected Wolong Nature Reserve as a case study and randomly interviewed different stakeholders with semi-structured questionnaires to investigate the differences in forest resource utilization patterns among stakeholders with different behavioral preferences. According to the results of multi-attribute decision analysis with behavioral preference, stakeholders form different behavioral preferences by judging their own resource endowment. With a change of in the behavioral preference value λ, when the behavioral preference of stakeholders is more pessimistic (λ = 0.1), cautious (λ = 0.3), or neutral (λ = 0.5), they are more inclined to choose the economically dominant forest resource utilization mode; when the behavioral preference of stakeholders is optimistic (λ = 0.7) or even radical (λ = 0.9), they choose the eco-economic or eco-dominant forest resource utilization mode, respectively. This study confirms that stakeholders’ behavioral preferences have an important impact on forest resource utilization patterns. Therefore, policy making should focus on improving the economic benefits of forest resources and providing alternative livelihoods, which will change the resource endowment of the stakeholders of nature reserve, guide them to turn to relatively optimistic behavioral preferences, enhance their awareness and motivation of ecological protection, and thereby improve forest conservation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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15 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recreational Services from Green Space in Beijing: Where Supply and Demand Meet?

by Tianyu Chen, Yu Zhao, He Yang, Guangyu Wang and Feng Mi

Forests 2021, 12(12), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121625 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2314

Abstract

Green space, mainly forests, shrubs, and grasslands, provides essential ecosystem services for human well-being. Based on multi-source data and using the Maximum Entropy model and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, this research comprehensively assesses the supply and demand of recreational services from green [...] Read more.

Green space, mainly forests, shrubs, and grasslands, provides essential ecosystem services for human well-being. Based on multi-source data and using the Maximum Entropy model and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, this research comprehensively assesses the supply and demand of recreational services from green space in Beijing. The supply of recreational services in Beijing is influenced by natural and human factors, showing large spatial variability. The supply level of mountainous areas with good natural geographical conditions and intact ecological landscape is significantly higher than that of plain areas with reduced vegetation and overexploitation. Residents have a high demand for recreational services in green space landscape and low demand in non-green space landscape. The quantitative balance pattern of supply and demand varies greatly, and most areas show the state of undersupply. The spatial matching pattern of supply and demand varies significantly too, and the mismatch is apparent. Spatial allocation should be more carefully considered than the aggregated supply and demand. Differentiated development strategies such as ecological reshaping, ecological development, restoration, and protection should be implemented for different areas in the future of planning and management in urban green areas. This will optimize and balance the supply-demand matching pattern for recreational services and promote the effective improvement of ecosystem service functions and residents’ ecological welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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16 pages, 1228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composed Indicator of Community Forest Governance in San Miguel Topilejo, Mexico City

by Susana Aguilar-Martínez and Esteban Valtierra-Pacheco

Forests 2021, 12(11), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111582 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Community Forest Governance is a process of building agreements and decision-making about rules and norms for the use and access to forest resources of common use. The main objective of this study was to know the level of governance about the management and [...] Read more.

Community Forest Governance is a process of building agreements and decision-making about rules and norms for the use and access to forest resources of common use. The main objective of this study was to know the level of governance about the management and conservation of the forest of the agrarian community of San Miguel Topilejo, in Southern Mexico City. A survey was applied to a representative sample of 58 community members. The level of governance is determined by a composed indicator that includes criteria and specific indicators of social capital, collective action, and local organization. The main finding shows that social capital is low because there is little cohesion between community members. Community collective action shows a lack of cooperation and coordination to enforce norms and sanctions in the use of forest resources. The level of organization is low because the structure of positions and roles is very basic and not specialized. The conclusion is that the level of governance is low because this community has no clear common objectives, there is a lack of well-established norms and sanctions, and there is a lack of involvement of owners in the decision-making process and management of forest resources of common use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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20 pages, 44112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Ecosystem Services Valuation into Land Use Planning: Case of the Ukrainian Agricultural Landscapes

by Ihor Soloviy, Roman Kuryltsiv, Józef Hernik, Nadiia Kryshenyk and Taras Kuleshnyk

Forests 2021, 12(11), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111465 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2378

Abstract

Modern agricultural landscapes produce multiple ecosystem services. Ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes have social, economic, and environmental value—providing a wide array of benefits to society. Absence of scientifically based and practically tested methodologies of identification, mapping, and evaluation of ecosystem services in agricultural [...] Read more.

Modern agricultural landscapes produce multiple ecosystem services. Ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes have social, economic, and environmental value—providing a wide array of benefits to society. Absence of scientifically based and practically tested methodologies of identification, mapping, and evaluation of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes hamper integration of its values in the current system of land use planning. The value of ecosystem services is calculated for the case study territory located within the administrative borders of Kolomak Territorial Community in Bohodukhiv district, Kharkiv region (Ukraine). The highest estimated value among non-market ecosystem services is carbon storage service, and among market services—food production. The baseline scenario of land use (business as usual) is compared with two alternative scenarios (Scenario 1. Land reclamation scenario; Scenario 2. Land protection and bioenergy production scenario). Designing of an integrated production system in the forest agro-landscape, which combines multiple ecosystem services, allows us to attain maximum results in terms of value. Amelioration of agricultural landscape through establishing a system of protective forest shelterbelts allows society to increase the total value of ecosystem services, and this is why it should be better integrated into land use planning and land management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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12 pages, 2433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Genetic Diversity of Shorea acuminata Dyer in the Rehabilitated Area of a Degraded Lowland Dipterocarp Tropical Rainforest

by Fatma Nadiah Abd Hamid, Wan Juliana Wan Ahmad, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail and Wickneswari Ratnam

Forests 2021, 12(10), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101344 - 01 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1754

Abstract

The United Nation’s Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 aims to halt ecosystem degradation to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. In Malaysia, the concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) has been practiced since 1901. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity [...] Read more.

The United Nation’s Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 aims to halt ecosystem degradation to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. In Malaysia, the concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) has been practiced since 1901. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the native dipterocarp timber tree Shorea acuminata in a rehabilitated area at Kenaboi Forest Reserve (Kenaboi FR). The rehabilitated area was formerly a degraded forest managed with the taungya restoration system for 50 years. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5 cm and over were measured, tagged and identified in a one-hectare study plot. A total of 132 inner bark samples were collected for DNA extraction. Four SSR markers (Sle280, Sle392, Sle475 and Sle566) and two EST-SSR markers (SleE07 and SleE16) were used to analyse 95 good-quality DNA samples. Genetic diversity parameters including maternal contribution were determined for 75 samples. The genetic diversity of big trees (H_e = 0.656 ± 0.19) and small trees (H_e = 0.652 ± 0.17) were high and both were in genetic equilibrium, with F_is values of the big trees being 0.035 and small trees being 0.164. Clustering analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity values (at 95% confidence level) confirmed that big trees in the Kenaboi FR rehabilitated area had originated from genetically diverse seed trees of the Sungai Menyala Forest Reserve which were used as the planting stock for the taungya restoration system. Maternal contribution showed that the allele contribution of the small trees came from the planted S. acuminata trees within the study area. The high genetic diversity of small trees in this study provides strong evidence that the existing big trees would be suitable for a genetically diverse seed collection to rehabilitate other degraded forests. Sustainable forest management must emphasise genetic diversity in order to ensure the resilience of rehabilitated forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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15 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community-Based Importance and Quantification of Ecosystem Services, Disservices, Drivers, and Neotropical Dry Forests in a Rural Colombian Municipality

by Yuli Paola Tovar Tique, Francisco J. Escobedo and Nicola Clerici

Forests 2021, 12(7), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070919 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

Few studies analyze people’s preferences for ecosystem services (ES), disservices (ED) and drivers of change in less populated, tropical municipalities. Understanding such preferences and needs by the community and stakeholder groups before actually assessing, modelling, and measuring the supply of ES is key [...] Read more.

Few studies analyze people’s preferences for ecosystem services (ES), disservices (ED) and drivers of change in less populated, tropical municipalities. Understanding such preferences and needs by the community and stakeholder groups before actually assessing, modelling, and measuring the supply of ES is key for decision-making and planning in municipalities, as well as for the conservation of nearby neotropical dry forests. We studied these dynamics in a small rural municipality in Colombia with limited data availability using semi-structured interviews and surveys, as well as ES-proxies and geospatial analyses. We then analyzed the supply and importance of two community identified ES and one ED from adjacent neotropical dry forests during 2005–2017. We found that respondents recognized air purification and food production as the most important ES. Increased temperatures and fires were the most important ED, while fires were also identified as an important driver of change. Air purification, via pollutant deposition to forest cover, remained approximately constant (116 ton/year), while food production (49 ton/ha) and fire occurrence, an ED, increased. Findings show how transdisciplinary research and participatory knowledge co-production among local communities, researchers and land management institutions can improve governance, decision making, policy uptake and planning efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Political Ecology of Forests Ecosystem Services)

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