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Forests
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Wood as Biomechanical Structure
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Wood as Biomechanical Structure

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Wood Science and Forest Products".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2022) | Viewed by 16306

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marcin Jakubowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Interests: wood properties; timber quality; wood anatomy; non-wood forests products; dendrochronology; dendroclimatology

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues，

This Special Issue is intended for research related to wood structure variations and mechanical load. Wood as a biological structure is created by nature for many tasks, and trees use different strategies with regard to energy cost. The process of radial growth and heartwood formation seems like a compromise between sap flow for crown and mechanical support. Various environmental conditions affect the tree to create natural modifications of tissue, such as compression wood, tension wood or other variations in cell wood structures. Some extreme factors (e.g., strong winds, snow cover) can cause overload on trees, while others (e.g., insect gradations, floods, thinning operations, provenances experiments, plantations) can change the reaction of cambium and affect growth formation.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to discuss two points of view: wood as a biological product of trees and as a material for industry. Specifically, this Special Issue will focus on variations in wood properties and wood anatomy under site conditions, tree architecture, extreme factors, tree planting, tree selection, and wood testing. Both original works and reviews are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Marcin Jakubowski
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • tree architecture
  • wood properties
  • wood anatomy
  • adaptation
  • extreme factors
  • wind load
  • hardwood
  • sapwood
  • plantations

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1351 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Habitat Conditions on the Properties of Pinewood
by Marek Wieruszewski and Katarzyna Mydlarz
Forests 2021, 12(10), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101311 - 26 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
This article starts a series of articles on dependences between the conditions of the growth of trees in forests and the technical aspects and directions of using the raw material obtained from these trees. This is a key feature for wood purchasers because [...] Read more.
This article starts a series of articles on dependences between the conditions of the growth of trees in forests and the technical aspects and directions of using the raw material obtained from these trees. This is a key feature for wood purchasers because it determines the efficiency of production and directly affects the final financial result of their activity. Wood represents an environmentally sustainable and renewable material, which is a widely available raw material on the market and must meet specific quality and strength requirements. These parameters indicate the utility values of wood and the possibilities of its use. One of the factors influencing the properties of wood is the type of the forest habitat it comes from. In order to determine this influence, tests were carried out to show how tree growth conditions affected changes in the density and strength of raw wood. The assumption (hypothesis) about the correlation between the static bending strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood and the forest habitat was verified on four forest types, i.e., fresh coniferous forest (FCF), fresh mixed coniferous forest (FMCF), fresh mixed forest (FMF) and fresh forest (FF). The properties depend largely on the wood structure, its origin on the cross section and the length of the stems. The raw material selected for the study came from Scots pine trees growing in forests in central Poland. The study confirmed the influence of the habitat on changes in the density and strength of pinewood. There was a correlation between the habitat FMCF and the quality parameters of the raw material, which reflected the wood structure r = 0.775; p < 0.05. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Biomechanical Structure)
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17 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Analysis of the Brinell Hardness of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Wood in Poland
by Hubert Lachowicz, Rafał Wojtan, Antons Seleznovs, Jānis Lāceklis-Bertmanis, Aivars Kaķītis and Aleksandra Krystyna Giedrowicz
Forests 2021, 12(10), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101308 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1520
Abstract
An analysis was undertaken of the Brinell hardness of silver birch wood and its dependence on stand location, tree age, tree thickness and forest habitat type, and the interactions between these factors. Wood was obtained from 12 forest districts throughout Poland, from trees [...] Read more.
An analysis was undertaken of the Brinell hardness of silver birch wood and its dependence on stand location, tree age, tree thickness and forest habitat type, and the interactions between these factors. Wood was obtained from 12 forest districts throughout Poland, from trees aged approximately 30, 50, and 70 years. A total of 51 study plots was established, from which 306 trees were taken. Hardness was measured on three surfaces (transverse, radial, and tangential sections) for 4777 samples, giving a total of 14,331 measurements. It was shown that the hardness of silver birch wood in Poland is significantly influenced by location, tree age, tree thickness, and habitat type, and by interactions between those factors. Habitat type was not shown to affect radial hardness, except in the case of Giżycko forest district. For the whole of the analysed material, the mean hardness on a transverse section was calculated as 66.26 MPa, corresponding to a very hard wood on Mörath’s scale, whereas the values for the longitudinal sections (radial 44.06 MPa, tangential 44.02 MPa) correspond to a soft wood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Biomechanical Structure)
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21 pages, 9977 KiB  
Article
Energy Distribution in Dowel-Type Joints in Timber Structures When Using Expansive Kits
by Jose G. Fueyo, Jose A. Cabezas, Manuel Domínguez, Natividad Antón and Alberto Villarino
Forests 2021, 12(9), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091200 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1901
Abstract
This paper provides a study of the mechanical energy distribution in dowel-type joints in timber structures when using expansive kits. The compression caused by the expansive kit increases the friction between the dowel and the timber’s hole, opposing the longitudinal sliding that occurs [...] Read more.
This paper provides a study of the mechanical energy distribution in dowel-type joints in timber structures when using expansive kits. The compression caused by the expansive kit increases the friction between the dowel and the timber’s hole, opposing the longitudinal sliding that occurs during the bending of the dowel. The ensuing rope effect increases the load capacity of the joint. The aim was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using this kind of reinforcement. For this purpose, an ad hoc finite element model of the joint was prepared taking the contact between the different components of the joint into account and appropriately simulating the radial expansion of the dowel and the behavior of the timber. The model was checked for accuracy by comparing the results with those coming from a set of experimental tests. After that, the model was used to verify that the use of the expansive kit reinforcement leads to a slight improvement in the load capacity of the joint. This improvement is related to the frictional forces, whose effect is especially significant at low levels of joint displacement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Biomechanical Structure)
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10 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
Pine Logs Sorting as a Function of Bark Thickness
by Radosław Mirski, Adrian Trociński, Jakub Kawalerczyk and Marek Wieruszewski
Forests 2021, 12(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070893 - 08 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
The process of sorting softwood raw materials is aimed at full automation. Techniques such as laser and optical scanning, used in measuring and sorting wood raw material with the layer of bark, are based on an analysis of the external shape of the [...] Read more.
The process of sorting softwood raw materials is aimed at full automation. Techniques such as laser and optical scanning, used in measuring and sorting wood raw material with the layer of bark, are based on an analysis of the external shape of the log. The consequence of this is the use of constant ranges of bark deductions, which are often affected by errors resulting from averaging the values. The thickness of the bark is influenced by many factors, such as the tree species and the quality of habitat in which the trees have grown. In the case of pine wood, the range of adopted diametral intervals for the processed raw material plays a significant role. The analysis of the automatic sorting results showed numerous cases of a log-size mismatch. In methods that assume the measurement of wood with the bark, deductions for bark should be made based on experiments that take into account the raw resources base. Despite the high correlation between the size of the deduction and the average thickness of the bark (r = 0.85), the mean value of an error of the adjustment to the maximum thickness of the bark in the automatic sorting was 45%. The maximum bark thickness for the analyzed sorting intervals was correlated. The level of the correlation coefficient value was r = 0.72. In order to increase the accuracy of the sorting process, the value of the deduction for bark should be adjusted to the maximum values in each sorting group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Biomechanical Structure)
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Review

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15 pages, 834 KiB  
Review
Cultivation Potential and Uses of Paulownia Wood: A Review
by Marcin Jakubowski
Forests 2022, 13(5), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050668 - 26 Apr 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8459
Abstract
This review aimed to determine the current state of research on the growth conditions and use pertaining to paulownia wood, mainly in European countries where paulownia has been introduced only relatively recently. Several studies carried out on Paulownia hybrids have shown significant differences [...] Read more.
This review aimed to determine the current state of research on the growth conditions and use pertaining to paulownia wood, mainly in European countries where paulownia has been introduced only relatively recently. Several studies carried out on Paulownia hybrids have shown significant differences in the growth dynamics of individual clones in their response to local environmental and climatic conditions. For example, dry biomass production yields in the second year of cultivation range from 1.5 t ha−1 to as much as 14 t ha−1. This diversity has manifested itself not only in growth characteristics but also in the properties of the wood and the possibilities for its use. Despite having clear similarities to the genus Paulownia, the cultivation of species and hybrids under different conditions has produced varying results. The best growing conditions for this wood (that make economic sense) are in the Middle East and Southern Europe. These regions have accumulated the most experience because of the earlier establishment of the crop. Today, paulownia cultivation is dominated by hybrids with selected traits that are propagated mainly in vitro. The most commonly planted hybrids include the clones in vitro 112, Cotevisa 2 and Shan Tong. The growth results and production capacity in central European countries are lower compared to Southern Europe. Experiments on paulownia cultivation are still relatively young, mainly consisting of replicating the cultivation of hybrids developed in Asia or Southern Europe. However, agronomic procedures are being developed and reactions to local climatic conditions are being studied. It is likely that, in the next few years, the profitability of growing paulownia in these regions will become apparent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Biomechanical Structure)
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