Research

Open AccessArticle

Early Growth Characterization and Antioxidant Responses of Phellodendron chinense Seedling in Response to Four Soil Types at Three Growth Stages

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Forests 2023, 14(9), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091746 - 29 Aug 2023

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Abstract

Soil type is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and development, especially during the early growth stage. In this study, P. chinense (Phellodendron chinense) seedlings were cultivated on red soil (RS), yellow soil (YS), acidic purple soil (ACPS), and [...] Read more.

Soil type is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and development, especially during the early growth stage. In this study, P. chinense (Phellodendron chinense) seedlings were cultivated on red soil (RS), yellow soil (YS), acidic purple soil (ACPS), and alkaline purple soil (ALPS), and the influence of soil types on the growth parameters and physiological responses at three growth stages were investigated. The results show that soil types and growth stages can significantly influence seedling height, base diameter, and biomass in P. chinense seedlings. Moreover, the significant variations in chlorophyll, total polyphenols, soluble protein, soluble sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, were recorded at three growth stages among four soil types. These results show that P. chinense seedlings can grow normally in four soil types, and ACPS may be more beneficial for the artificial cultivation of P. chinense seedlings than those of RS, ALPS, and YS. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals a strong correlation and clear differences in the test parameters between growth stage and organs in four soil types, and the cumulative contribution percentages of the total biplot range from 74.44% to 81.97%. This present information will be helpful for farmers in selecting soil type for the large-scale cultivation of P. chinense seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of the AREB/ABF/ABI5 Gene Family in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) and Its Potential Role in Drought Stress and ABA Treatment

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Forests 2023, 14(8), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081691 - 21 Aug 2023

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Abstract

AREB/ABF/ABI5 (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ABRE binding factors and ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription factors are involved in regulating the expression of ABA (abscisic acid)-related genes and improving plant adaptability to environmental stress. To explore the influence of AREB/ABF transcription factors on santalol synthesis, we conducted [...] Read more.

AREB/ABF/ABI5 (ABA-responsive element-binding protein/ABRE binding factors and ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription factors are involved in regulating the expression of ABA (abscisic acid)-related genes and improving plant adaptability to environmental stress. To explore the influence of AREB/ABF transcription factors on santalol synthesis, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the AREB gene family in sandalwood, identified 10 SaAREB genes, and divided them into five subfamilies. We found that all SaAREB genes encoded unstable hydrophilic proteins and the subcellular localization prediction of SaAREBs was that they are located in the nucleus. AREB/ABF genes belong to the bZIP-A subfamily and we found that the 10 AREB proteins all contained bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) and four potential phosphorylation sites (RXXS/T). According to the collinearity analysis results, four of the SaAREB genes were involved in two fragment duplication events. Through qRT-PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR), we explored the expression profile of SaAREB in different tissues; the effects of ABA treatment and drought treatment on AREB transcription factors were predicted. From the expression of different tissues, we found that SaAREB1 not only responded to prolonged drought but also was highly expressed in stems. Moreover, SaAREB3, SaAREB7, and SaAREB8 specifically respond to ABA treatment. Based on RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data, we found that SaAREB6 and SaAREB8 were highly expressed in the sapwood and transition regions. Regarding SaCYP736A167, as a key gene in santalol synthesis, its promoter contains the most ABRE cis-reactive elements. These results provide a basis for further analysis of the role of the Santalum album L. (S. album) ABRE/ABF/ABI5 genes in the formation of santalols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

The Most Suitable Calcium Concentration for Growth Varies among Different Tree Species—Taking Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Populus, and Morus alba as Examples

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Forests 2023, 14(7), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071437 - 13 Jul 2023

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Abstract

Ca²⁺ is a crucial second messenger in plant cells that plays a vital role in various physiological and biochemical processes, including plant growth and development, photosynthesis, and enzyme regulation. Exogenous calcium concentrations can have different effects on plant growth. The purpose of [...] Read more.

Ca²⁺ is a crucial second messenger in plant cells that plays a vital role in various physiological and biochemical processes, including plant growth and development, photosynthesis, and enzyme regulation. Exogenous calcium concentrations can have different effects on plant growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate calcium concentration for the growth of four tree seedlings, namely Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Populus, and Morus alba seedlings, and whether this optimal calcium concentration varies among different tree species. This study utilized five calcium concentration gradients (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg·kg⁻¹) for each species with three repeated treatments. To determine each species’ calcium concentration needs, several growth indices, photosynthetic metrics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, water usage efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that exogenous calcium significantly affected the growth and development of each seedling. The growth, biomass, photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic products, photosynthetic pigments, water use efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activity all increased initially and then decreased with the increasing calcium concentration. The exogenous calcium supply increased the concentration of calcium in the leaves. Thus, there was an optimal calcium concentration for plant growth, and a high or low calcium concentration was not conducive to plant growth. Furthermore, this study found that the optimum calcium concentration of different tree species was different. The optimal calcium concentration for Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Populus, and Morus alba seedlings was 100, 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively, with broadleaf seedlings requiring higher calcium concentrations than coniferous seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Hormone Signalling Coexpression Pathways Involved in Adventitious Root Formation in Populus

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Forests 2023, 14(7), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071436 - 13 Jul 2023

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Abstract

Adventitious roots (ARs) occur naturally in many species and are important for plants to absorb nutrients and water. AR formation can also be induced from explants of trees, whose clonal propagation is needed. AR formation is gridlock for many woody plant mass propagations. [...] Read more.

Adventitious roots (ARs) occur naturally in many species and are important for plants to absorb nutrients and water. AR formation can also be induced from explants of trees, whose clonal propagation is needed. AR formation is gridlock for many woody plant mass propagations. Plant hormones have been regarded as playing a key role in AR formation, and the molecular regulatory mechanisms need to be elucidated. In this study, RNA-Seq was performed to reveal the molecular mechanisms in the different periods of AR formation from hybrid poplar clone 84K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) and AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (PagFBL1-OE). To understand the importance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found that many genes involved in signal transduction mechanisms were induced at 12, 24 and 48 h in 84K and PagFBL1-OE cells by NOG classification. We also found that many DEGs were enriched in hormone signal transduction only for the first 12 h in 84K and PagFBL1-OE by KEGG pathway enrichment. Notably, more DEGs appeared in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinolide (BR), cytokinin (CTK) and gibberellin (GA) signal transduction for the first 12 h in PagFBL1-OE than in 84K. Moreover, ARF (Pop_G01G075686), IAA14 (Pop_A10G047257), SAURs (Pop_A03G019756, Pop_A12G067965, Pop_G03G055849 and Pop_G12G008821), JAR1s (Pop_A14G000375 and Pop_G14G044264), CTR1 (Pop_A17G052594 and Pop_G09G030293), CRE1s (Pop_G07G086605 and Pop_G07G086618), GID1 (Pop_A04G026477), BKI1 (Pop_A02G066155), PYR/PYLs (Pop_A03G050217 and Pop_G01G089222), and TGAs (Pop_A04G059310, Pop_G04G060065 and Pop_G05G008153) were only specifically expressed in PagFBL1-OE and could play an important role in AR formation, especially in the first 12 h under plant hormone signal transduction. These results show that the complex biological process of AR formation is primarily influenced by the hormone signalling pathway in Populus. This study reveals the initial regulation of AR formation in woody plant cuttings and thus contributes to further elucidating the molecular mechanism by which hormones interact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Phosphate-Sensitive Behaviors in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.

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Forests 2023, 14(6), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061203 - 10 Jun 2023

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Abstract

Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) is one of the most important wood-producing species, supplying ~20% of commercial timber by plantations in China. However, the genetic potential of the bred variety is limited by soil degrading in the long term and requiring continuous [...] Read more.

Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) is one of the most important wood-producing species, supplying ~20% of commercial timber by plantations in China. However, the genetic potential of the bred variety is limited by soil degrading in the long term and requiring continuous replanting, and especially the shortage and supply of active and efficient phosphorus. Recently, great attention has been paid to the genotypic variation in phosphorus conversion and utilization efficiency by tree breeders. In this study, the morphological characteristics were used to evaluate the Chinese fir clonal Pi-efficiency stress. A Pi-tolerant clone and a Pi-sensitive clone were selected for RNA sequencing, respectively. In addition, gene function annotation and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were performed. A total of 60 hub genes were selected, combining phosphate accumulation under Pi-deficiency stress. We also used RNA-seq data to analyze the differences in the response of Pi-sensitive clones and Pi-tolerant clones to Pi-deficiency stress, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses were used to test the validity of transcriptome data. The present study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Pi-efficient utilization in Chinese fir clones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 Alleviate Salt Stress in Cinnamomum camphora by Regulating Oxidative Metabolism and Ion Homeostasis

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Xiao-Qin Wu

Forests 2023, 14(6), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061110 - 26 May 2023

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Abstract

Salt stress is an environmental stress that severely limits plant growth, development and productivity. The use of symbiotic relationships with beneficial microorganisms provides an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly preventative method. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 is a moderately salinophilic [...] Read more.

Salt stress is an environmental stress that severely limits plant growth, development and productivity. The use of symbiotic relationships with beneficial microorganisms provides an efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly preventative method. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 is a moderately salinophilic strain with good probiotic properties, although its ability to improve woody plant salt tolerance has not been reported. In this study, the effect of JZ-GX1 on Cinnamomum camphora under different salt concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) was investigated to reveal the mechanism by which JZ-GX1 improves salt tolerance in C. camphora. The results showed that JZ-GX1 promoted plant growth and root development. The relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production of inoculated C. camphora plants were reduced by 37.38% and 21.90%, respectively, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves was enhanced by 321.57% under a 100 mM NaCl treatment. It was observed by transmission electron microscopy that under 100 mM salt concentration conditions, the inoculated C. camphora leaf cells showed a significant reduction in plasma membrane–cell wall separation and intact chloroplast structures, with tightly packed thylakoids. Importantly, inoculation reduced Na⁺ accumulation and promoted K⁺ accumulation in the seedlings, and these changes were consistent with the upregulated expression of the K⁺ channel SKOR and the vesicular membrane (Na⁺, K⁺)/H⁺ reverse cotransporter NHX1 in the plant roots. This study revealed the mechanism of the Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 enhancing salt tolerance of C. camphora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the Argonaute Protein Family and Its Expression Analysis under PEG6000, ABA and Heat Treatments in Populus alba × P. glandulosa

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Forests 2023, 14(5), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14051015 - 15 May 2023

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Abstract

The argonaute (AGO) protein, as an important member of the small RNA (sRNA) regulatory pathway gene-silencing complex (RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC), is a key protein that mediates gene silencing and plays a key role in the recruitment of sRNAs. In this study, bioinformatics [...] Read more.

The argonaute (AGO) protein, as an important member of the small RNA (sRNA) regulatory pathway gene-silencing complex (RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC), is a key protein that mediates gene silencing and plays a key role in the recruitment of sRNAs. In this study, bioinformatics was used to identify the AGO gene family in poplar and study its expression in various tissues and in response to abiotic stress treatments. A total of 15 PtAGO genes were identified in poplar, which were unevenly distributed in 9 chromosomes. Most proteins were predicted to be located in the nucleus and chloroplast. The PtAGOs had similar motif structures and conserved motifs, except for PtAGO3. All the PtAGO genes could be clustered into 3 groups, and Group II, including PtAGO2/3/7, had the smallest number of exons, while the others had more than 20 exons. Cis-regulatory elements involved in light response, growth and development, abiotic stress and hormone-induced responses were found in the promoters of PtAGO members. Further expression analysis found that the PtAGO genes had tissue-specific expression patterns. For example, PtAGO7 and PtAGO10b were mainly expressed in the xylem and might be involved in secondary xylem development. Furthermore, abiotic stress tests, including heat, ABA and PEG treatments, showed that most PtAGO genes could respond quickly to ABA treatment, and multiple PtAGO genes were constantly regulated under heat-shock stress. These results provide a basis for the elucidation mechanism of PtAGO genes and further molecular breeding in poplar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Dual Ozone and Drought Stresses on the Photosynthetic Properties of Acer rubrum and A. pictum

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Forests 2023, 14(5), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050998 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 905

Abstract

Ozone (O₃) pollution is accompanied by drought stress, especially at high temperatures. Tree species in cities often face dual stresses from O₃ and drought. In this study, Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Blaze’ and A. pictum were used as test plants in [...] Read more.

Ozone (O₃) pollution is accompanied by drought stress, especially at high temperatures. Tree species in cities often face dual stresses from O₃ and drought. In this study, Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Blaze’ and A. pictum were used as test plants in open-top-chambers (OTCs) to investigate the trees most tolerant to increasing O₃ and drought stresses in urban gardens. The results showed that the dual stresses induced a change in A. rubrum’s leaf coloration from green to red. The leaf representation in A. rubrum was more variable than that of A. pictum. The leaf pigment content affected the plant leaf color difference, and the Chl and Car contents of both species were negatively correlated with L*. Under the dual stresses of O₃ and drought, the changes in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) were less variable in A. rubrum than A. pictum. The stomatal conductance (Gs) was more sensitive to higher O₃ stress, the effect of which was enhanced by moderate drought (MD) conditions on Gs. The Tr decreased more significantly under drought stress, which mitigated the effect of O₃ stress on the stomatal limit value (Ls). A. rubrum displayed differential color changes, resulting in greater structural heterogeneity within the garden landscape. The saplings adjusted their photosynthetic parameters under the dual stresses, whereas the dual stresses played an antagonistic role in protecting A. rubrum, suggesting that A. rubrum can resist O₃ and drought. Our study suggests that A. rubrum is an alternative tree species for inclusion in urban gardens exposed to increasing O₃ and drought stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Study on the Origin and Classification of Two Poplar Species on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

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Forests 2023, 14(5), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14051003 - 12 May 2023

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Abstract

Poplar not only has important ecological and economic value, but also is a model woody plant in scientific research. However, due to the rich morphological variation and extensive interspecific hybridization, the taxonomy of the genus Populus is very confused, especially in the Sect. [...] Read more.

Poplar not only has important ecological and economic value, but also is a model woody plant in scientific research. However, due to the rich morphological variation and extensive interspecific hybridization, the taxonomy of the genus Populus is very confused, especially in the Sect. Tacamahaca. Based on the extensive investigation of Populus on the Plateau and its surrounding areas, two taxa (Populus kangdingensis and Populus schneideri var. tibetica) that are very similar in morphology and habitat and are in doubt in taxonomy were found. First of all, we set up 14 sample sites, carried out morphological investigation and statistics, and found that there were a few morphological traits that could be distinguished between the two taxa. Further phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome resequencing data showed that the two taxa were hybrid progenies of P. xiangchengensis and P. simonii. Through gene flow detection and genetic differentiation analysis, it was found that there was still strong gene flow from P. xiangchengensis to the two taxa, and there was almost no differentiation between the two taxa. Therefore, P. schneideri var. tibetica should be classified into P. kangdingensis as same taxa. Finally, the population history was reconstructed by PSMC and ABC models, and it was found that they all belonged to a hybrid origin, and the change in population size was closely related to the Quaternary ice age. In addition, the hybrid population has better adaptability, and the suitable distribution area may expand in the future. This study provided a novel and comprehensive method for the phylogeny of Populus and laid a foundation for the development and utilization of poplar resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

Identification and Expression Pattern of the Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase Gene Family in Lycium Suggest CCOs Respond to Abiotic Stress and Promote Carotenoids Degradation

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Forests 2023, 14(5), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050983 - 10 May 2023

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Abstract

Carotenoids are key metabolites in goji (Lycium), a traditional Chinese medicine plant; however, the carotenoid content varies in fruits of different goji species, and the mechanism of this variation is not clear. Carotenoids participate in signal transduction and photosynthesis, and function as [...] Read more.

Carotenoids are key metabolites in goji (Lycium), a traditional Chinese medicine plant; however, the carotenoid content varies in fruits of different goji species, and the mechanism of this variation is not clear. Carotenoids participate in signal transduction and photosynthesis, and function as colorants and photoprotectors. Members of the carotenoid cleavage oxygenase (CCO) gene family are involved in the regulation of phytohormones, pigments, and aromatic substances, such as abscisic acid (ABA), β-carotenoid, and α-ionone, by degrading carotenoids. Some CCO genes are also related to an abiotic stress response. Here, a total of 12 LbCCO genes were identified and analyzed from the L. barbarum genome. CCO genes were divided into six subfamilies based on the constructed phylogenetic tree, including LbNCEDs, LbCCD1, LbCCD3, LbCCD4, LbCCD7, and LbCCD8. Among them, CCD3 was reported for the first time. The gene structure and motif analysis revealed the conservation of CCO subfamilies. Pseudogene generation and the importance of each subfamily in CCOs were revealed by collinearity analysis. The spatiotemporal transcriptomes of L. barbarum and L. ruthenicum were compared, suggesting that CCD4-1 may dominate carotenoid degradation in goji fruits. Cis-acting elements prediction and environment responsive gene expression analyses indicated that salt-alkali stress and photothermal conditions might influence the expression of CCOs in goji. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the carotenoid degradation pathway, and the functions and responses of CCOs in goji species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessArticle

PIP2;10 Enhances Drought Tolerance via Promoting Water-Retaining Capacity in Populus

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Forests 2023, 14(4), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14040696 - 28 Mar 2023

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Abstract

Drought is an adverse environmental factor for plant growth and development. Aquaporins play an influential role in water uptake and transport in plants. However, the function of PagPIP2;10 in response to drought stress remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the plasma membrane [...] Read more.

Drought is an adverse environmental factor for plant growth and development. Aquaporins play an influential role in water uptake and transport in plants. However, the function of PagPIP2;10 in response to drought stress remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the plasma membrane intrinsic protein PagPIP2;10 was in the cell membrane and induced by dehydration in the poplar 84K hybrids. The overexpression of PagPIP2;10 in poplars enhanced drought tolerance. The PagPIP2;10ox lines maintained a higher water retention content, photosynthetic rate, and proline content. Meanwhile, a lower content of MDA and transpiration and stomatal conductance were observed under drought stress than in that of the WT plants. A further analysis found that the PagPIP2;10ox lines decreased the stomatal aperture and accumulated more ROS in guard cells compared with WT after ABA treatment with the exception that the root hydraulic conductance of the PagPIP2;10ox lines was higher than that of the WT plants. These results imply that PagPIP2;10 played a positive role in enhancing drought stress via enhancing water-retaining capacity under drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Growth Parameters of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Selected Clones under In Vitro Conditions

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Forests 2022, 13(12), 1979; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13121979 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 813

Abstract

Rapid screening methods for drought-resistant genotypes are urgently needed in tree improvement programs in the face of current climate change. We used a plant tissue culture technique to assess the phenotypic response of three highly productive genotypes of Robinia pseudoacacia to water deficit [...] Read more.

Rapid screening methods for drought-resistant genotypes are urgently needed in tree improvement programs in the face of current climate change. We used a plant tissue culture technique to assess the phenotypic response of three highly productive genotypes of Robinia pseudoacacia to water deficit induced by mannitol and sucrose in a range of water potentials from 0 MPa to −1.5 MPa in an eight-week experiment. Our study showed genotype-specific responses to induced drought stress, indicating the potential for tree improvement in productivity and stress tolerance. Considering that all plantlets were constantly supplied with carbon, from the medium during the drought-induced experiment, our results suggest that hydraulic failure rather than carbon starvation may be the main cause of drought-induced mortality. Furthermore, our results showed different metabolic pathways of sucrose depending on the concentration of sucrose in the medium and different responses to osmoticum (mannitol vs. sucrose) and its concentration among the clones tested. We believe, that for large-scale breeding programs wanting to select for drought-tolerant genotypes, the use of culture media containing 90 gL⁻¹ mannitol or 90 gL⁻¹ sucrose at an early selection stage should provide satisfactory screening results. However, lab-based screening should be supported by further field trials, preferably at multiple sites, to assess the long-term impact and phenotypic stability of the early selection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)

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