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11 pages, 2919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Frozen Storage Time, Thawing Treatments, and Their Interaction on the Rheological Properties of Non-Fermented Wheat Dough

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Foods 2023, 12(23), 4369; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234369 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 229

Abstract

In this study, the effects of frozen storage time, thawing treatments, and their interaction on the rheological properties of non-fermented dough were evaluated. Texture profile analysis (TPA), rheological measurements, including strain/frequency sweep, and creep-recovery measurement were applied to the dough. Compared with unfrozen [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of frozen storage time, thawing treatments, and their interaction on the rheological properties of non-fermented dough were evaluated. Texture profile analysis (TPA), rheological measurements, including strain/frequency sweep, and creep-recovery measurement were applied to the dough. Compared with unfrozen fresh dough, the frozen storage time (S) and thawing treatment (T) influenced almost all indicators significantly, and their mutual effects (S × T) mainly affected the hardness and springiness. Frozen time was the main factor resulting in the destruction of non-fermented dough during the thawing treatments. Moreover, refrigerator thawing (4 °C) produced a dough with minimal changes in the rheological properties, regardless of the frozen storage time. Meanwhile, microwave thawing resulted in lower G′ and lower zero shear viscosity (η₀) values, as well as higher maximum creep compliance (J_max) and hardness values. Moreover, the difference between the three thawing treatments was exacerbated after 30 days of frozen storage. SEM images also showed that long-term frozen storage combined with microwave thawing seriously destroyed the rheological properties, structural stability, and inner microstructure of the dough. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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17 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Rheology and Textural Properties of Bakery Products Upcycling Brewers’ Spent Grain

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Abirami Ramu Ganesan

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Philipp Hoellrigl

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Hannah Mayr

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Demian Martini Loesch

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Noemi Tocci

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Elena Venir

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Lorenza Conterno

Foods 2023, 12(19), 3524; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193524 - 22 Sep 2023

Viewed by 732

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the rheological properties of doughs with 50% brewers’ spent grain (BSG) derived from a rye-based (RBSG) and barley-based (BBSG) beer added, and the textural profile of the related baked products. Simple model systems using BSG flour mixed with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the rheological properties of doughs with 50% brewers’ spent grain (BSG) derived from a rye-based (RBSG) and barley-based (BBSG) beer added, and the textural profile of the related baked products. Simple model systems using BSG flour mixed with water were studied. Two bakery products, focaccia and cookies, were made as food systems using BSG in a 1:1 ratio with wheat flour (WF). Their rheological properties and texture after baking were characterized. BSG-added dough exhibited viscoelastic properties with a solid gel-like behavior. The addition of BSG increased G′ > G″ and decreased the dough flexibility. BSG addition in baked RBSG focaccia increased the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness by 10%, 9%, and 12%, respectively. BBSG cookies had a 20% increase in fracturability. A positive correlation was found between the rheological metrics of the dough and the textural parameters of BBSG-added cookies. PCA analysis revealed that complex viscosity, G′, G″, and cohesiveness separated BBSG focaccia from RBSG focaccia and the control. Therefore, the rheological properties of BSG dough will have industrial relevance for 3D-printed customized food products with fiber. Adding RBSG and BBSG to selected foods will increase the up-cycling potential by combining techno-functional properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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12 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Encoded by Glu-A3 on Gluten and Chinese Fresh Noodle Quality

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Foods 2023, 12(16), 3124; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163124 - 20 Aug 2023

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) account for 40% of the total wheat grain gluten protein fraction, which plays a significant role in the formation of noodle processing quality. The goal of this study was to clarify the effects of the major LMW-GS encoded by [...] Read more.

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) account for 40% of the total wheat grain gluten protein fraction, which plays a significant role in the formation of noodle processing quality. The goal of this study was to clarify the effects of the major LMW-GS encoded by Glu-A3 on gluten and Chinese fresh noodle (CFN) quality. Four near-isogenic lines (NILs) were used as materials in this study, respectively carrying alleles Glu-A3a, Glu-A3b, Glu-A3c, and Glu-A3e, against the background of wheat variety Xiaoyan 22. The grain protein and its component contents and the gluten content, gluten index, farinograph properties, cooking quality, and textural quality of CFN were investigated. The results show that the ratios of glutenin to gliadin (Glu/Gli) in the NILs ranked them as Glu-A3b > Glu-A3c/Glu-A3a > Glu-A3e, and the unextractable polymeric protein content (UPP%), gluten index (GI), and farinograph quality in the NILs ranked them as Glu-A3b > Glu-A3c > Glu-A3a/Glu-A3e. Compared to Glu-A3b and Glu-A3a, the NILs carrying alleles Glu-A3c and Glu-A3e had better cooking and texture properties in CFN. All these findings suggest that the introduction of alleles Glu-A3c or Glu-A3e is an efficient method for quality improvement in CFN, which provides an excellent subunit selection for improving CFN quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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15 pages, 4414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effects of Particle Size and Dough Improvers on Improving the Quality of Purple-Colored Whole Wheat Bread

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Enkhtungalag Avarzed

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Meera Kweon

Foods 2023, 12(13), 2591; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132591 - 03 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 784

Abstract

Consumers’ interest in healthy products is increasing. However, the production of excellent-quality whole wheat bread (WWB) faces challenges due to the reduced gluten functionality and varied particle sizes of whole wheat flour (WWF). This study aimed to explore the enhancement of purple-colored WWB [...] Read more.

Consumers’ interest in healthy products is increasing. However, the production of excellent-quality whole wheat bread (WWB) faces challenges due to the reduced gluten functionality and varied particle sizes of whole wheat flour (WWF). This study aimed to explore the enhancement of purple-colored WWB quality by controlling the particle size of WWF and using dough improvers. Six purple-colored WWFs were obtained using an ultra-centrifugal mill with different sieve openings (0.5 and 1.0 mm) and rotor speeds (6000, 10,000, and 14,000 rpm). The average particle diameter (d50) of the smaller particle size group (S) and the larger particle size group (L) based on the sieve opening ranged from 115 to 258 μm and 294 to 492 μm, respectively. Group S demonstrated higher water absorption, damaged starch, and gluten strength compared to group L. Additionally, group S exhibited a greater bread volume and height compared to group L. Among the tested dough improvers (vital wheat gluten, vitamin C, enzymes, and emulsifiers), vital wheat gluten was the most effective in improving the quality of purple-colored WWB. The improvement effect was significantly greater in group S than in group L. These findings suggest that controlling the particle size of purple-colored WWFs and utilizing dough improvers can result in superior-quality WWB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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20 pages, 2206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sorghum Flour Features Related to Dry Heat Treatment and Milling

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Ana Batariuc

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Ionica Coțovanu

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Silvia Mironeasa

Foods 2023, 12(11), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112248 - 02 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1175

Abstract

Heat treatment of sorghum kernels has the potential to improve their nutritional properties. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of dry heat treatment at two temperatures (121 and 140 °C) and grain fractionation, on the chemical and functional properties [...] Read more.

Heat treatment of sorghum kernels has the potential to improve their nutritional properties. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of dry heat treatment at two temperatures (121 and 140 °C) and grain fractionation, on the chemical and functional properties of red sorghum flour with three different particle sizes (small, medium, and large), for process optimization. The results showed that the treatment temperature had a positive effect on the water absorption capacity, as well as the fat, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content, whereas the opposite tendency was obtained for oil absorption capacity, swelling power, emulsion activity and protein and fiber content. Sorghum flour particle size had a positive impact on water absorption capacity, emulsion activity and protein, carbohydrate and fiber content, while oil absorption capacity, swelling power and fat, ash and moisture content were adversely affected. The optimization process showed that at the treatment temperature at 133 °C, an increase in fat, ash, fiber and carbohydrate content was experienced in the optimal fraction dimension of red sorghum grains. Moreover, the antioxidant performance showed that this fraction produced the best reducing capability when water was used as an extraction solvent. Starch digestibility revealed a 22.81% rise in resistant starch, while the thermal properties showed that gelatinization enthalpy was 1.90 times higher compared to the control sample. These findings may be helpful for researchers and the food industry in developing various functional foods or gluten-free bakery products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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14 pages, 1268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Contribution of Blending on the Dough Rheology of Roller-Milled Hard Red Wheat

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Foods 2023, 12(10), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12102078 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1300

Abstract

The flour functionality and particle size distribution of wheat flour obtained on roller milling are dependent on the type of wheat, tempering conditions, and milling conditions. In this study, the impact of the tempering conditions (moisture and time) on the chemical and rheological [...] Read more.

The flour functionality and particle size distribution of wheat flour obtained on roller milling are dependent on the type of wheat, tempering conditions, and milling conditions. In this study, the impact of the tempering conditions (moisture and time) on the chemical and rheological properties of flour from blends of hard red wheat were analyzed. The wheat blends B1-25:75 (hard red spring (HRS)/hard red winter (HRW)), B2-50:50, and B3-75:25, which were tempered to 14%, 16%, and 18% for 16, 20, and 24 h, respectively, were milled using a laboratory-scale roller mill (Buhler MLU-202). Protein, damaged starch, and particle characteristics were influenced by blending, tempering, and milling streams. For all the blends, the protein content varied significantly among the break flour streams; the damaged starch content varied greatly in the reduction streams. The increased damaged starch content of the reduction streams proportionally increased water absorption (WA). Higher proportions of HRS in the blends significantly decreased the pasting temperature of the dough, as measured using Mixolab. Principal component analysis proved that the protein content was the key determinant in particle characteristics, WA, and pasting properties of the flour, especially in blends with a higher proportion of HRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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15 pages, 1873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black Bean Hulls as a Byproduct of an Extraction Process to Enhance Nutraceutical and Glycemic-Related Properties of Nixtamalized Maize Tostadas

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Lesly Xiomara Machado-Velarde

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Juan Pablo Dávila-Vega

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Janet Gutiérrez-Uribe

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Johanan Espinosa-Ramírez

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Mariana Martínez-Ávila

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Daniel Guajardo-Flores

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Cristina Chuck-Hernández

Foods 2023, 12(9), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091915 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1690

Abstract

Black bean hulls (BBH) are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, which can be incorporated into common staple foods such as maize tostadas, enhancing the nutraceutical properties of these products. This study incorporates black bean hulls to produce nixtamalized maize tostadas with [...] Read more.

Black bean hulls (BBH) are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, which can be incorporated into common staple foods such as maize tostadas, enhancing the nutraceutical properties of these products. This study incorporates black bean hulls to produce nixtamalized maize tostadas with nutraceutical properties. Nixtamalized corn flour (NCF) and black bean hulls (BBH) were characterized in terms of protein, fat, crude and dietary fiber, anthocyanin concentration, and different starch fractions. NCF and BBH depicted 53.7 and 16.8% of total digestible starch (TDS), respectively, and 1.2 and 7.6% of resistant starch (RS), in the same order. BBH was incorporated into nixtamalized flour at 10, 15, and 20% w/w, and the resulting dough was thermo-mechanically characterized. Tostadas with BBH had higher protein, dietary fiber, and anthocyanin concentrations. Enriched tostadas did not show significant changes in texture or other sensory characteristics. However, a reduction in total digestible starch (61.97 up to 59.07%), an increase in resistant starch (0.46 to 2.3% from control tostadas to 20% BBH tostadas), and a reduction in the predicted glycemic index (52 to 49), among other parameters, indicated that BBH is a suitable alternative for developing nutraceutical food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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16 pages, 1807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discrepancy of Effective Water Diffusivities Determined from Dynamic Vapor Sorption Measurements with Different Relative Humidity Step Sizes: Observations from Cereal Materials

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Foods 2023, 12(7), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071470 - 30 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1072

Abstract

Water diffusivity, a critical parameter for cereal processing design and quality optimization, is usually concentration-dependent. dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) system provides an approach to establishing the relationship between water concentration and diffusivity. However, the usual relative humidity (RH) jump during practical sorption processes [...] Read more.

Water diffusivity, a critical parameter for cereal processing design and quality optimization, is usually concentration-dependent. dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) system provides an approach to establishing the relationship between water concentration and diffusivity. However, the usual relative humidity (RH) jump during practical sorption processes is usually greater than that adopted in DVS measurements. Water vapor sorption kinetics of glutinous rice grains, glutinous rice flour and wheat flour dough films were measured using the DVS system to verify if varying RH step sizes can obtain identical diffusivities within the same range. The effective diffusivities were determined according to Fick’s second law. The results revealed that increasing RH step size led to a higher estimated diffusivity, regardless of whether the water concentration gradient or potential chemical gradient was considered a driving force for water diffusion. This finding was further confirmed by a linear RH scanning DVS measurement. The water concentration-dependent diffusivity obtained from a multi-step DVS measurement, according to Fick’s second law, will overestimate the required time for practical cereal drying or adsorption. Thus, this paradoxical discrepancy needs a new mass transfer mechanism to be explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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11 pages, 1308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bread Wheat Biofortification for Grain Carotenoid Content by Inter-Specific Breeding

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María Dolores Requena-Ramírez

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Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez

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Carmen M. Ávila

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Carmen Palomino

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Dámaso Hornero-Méndez

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Sergio G. Atienza

Foods 2023, 12(7), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071365 - 23 Mar 2023

Viewed by 875

Abstract

Bread wheat has traditionally been selected for whitish derived flours. As a consequence, the current varieties carry carotenogenic alleles associated with low grain carotenoid. In contrast, high grain yellow pigment content (YPC) has been a major target in durum wheat programs since yellow [...] Read more.

Bread wheat has traditionally been selected for whitish derived flours. As a consequence, the current varieties carry carotenogenic alleles associated with low grain carotenoid. In contrast, high grain yellow pigment content (YPC) has been a major target in durum wheat programs since yellow colour is an important aesthetic factor for pasta production. Phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) genes have an important role in the determination of the carotenoid content in wheat. In this work, we have transferred the genes Psy1-A1 and Psy1-B1 from durum to bread wheat by inter-specific hybridization in order to evaluate the combined effect of these genes for the improvement of grain carotenoid content, as well as the development of carotenoid-enriched bread wheat lines. Inter-specific breeding coupled with a MAS approach based on Psy1-A1 and Psy1-B1 alleles has allowed the development of bread wheat pre-breeding lines with enhanced grain carotenoid content (16–23% mean). These biofortified lines have the potential to become new varieties or to be used as recurrent parents in bread wheat breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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12 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical, Structural Structural and Functional Properties of Non-Waxy and Waxy Proso Millet Protein

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Foods 2023, 12(5), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12051116 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1071

Abstract

The physicochemical, structural and functional properties of proso millet protein from waxy and non-waxy proso millet were investigated. The secondary structures of proso millet proteins consisted mainly of a β-sheet and ɑ-helix. The two diffraction peaks of proso millet protein appeared at around [...] Read more.

The physicochemical, structural and functional properties of proso millet protein from waxy and non-waxy proso millet were investigated. The secondary structures of proso millet proteins consisted mainly of a β-sheet and ɑ-helix. The two diffraction peaks of proso millet protein appeared at around 9° and 20°. The solubility of non-waxy proso millet protein was higher than that of waxy proso millet protein at different pH values. Non-waxy proso millet protein had a relatively better emulsion stability index (ESI), whereas waxy proso millet protein had a better emulsification activity index (EAI). Non-waxy proso millet protein showed a higher maximum denaturation temperature (T_d) and enthalpy change (ΔH) than its waxy counterpart, indicating a more ordered conformation. Waxy proso millet exhibited higher surface hydrophobicity and oil absorption capacity (OAC) than non-waxy proso millet, suggesting that the former may have potential applications as a functional ingredient in the food industry. There was no significant difference in the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of different waxy and non-waxy proso millet proteins at pH 7.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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13 pages, 10676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Particle Size and Addition Level on the Rheological Properties and Water Mobility of Purple Sweet Potato Dough

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Foods 2023, 12(2), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020398 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1379

Abstract

This paper investigated the effects of different particle sizes and addition levels of purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) on the rheological properties and moisture states of wheat dough. There was deterioration in the pasting and mixing properties of the dough, due to the [...] Read more.

This paper investigated the effects of different particle sizes and addition levels of purple sweet potato flour (PSPF) on the rheological properties and moisture states of wheat dough. There was deterioration in the pasting and mixing properties of the dough, due to the addition of PSPF (0~20% substitution), which was reduced by decreasing the particle size of the PSPF (260~59 μm). Dynamic rheology results showed that PSPF enhanced the elasticity of the dough, providing it solid-like processability. PSPF promoted the binding of gluten proteins and starch in the dough, resulting in a denser microstructure. Differential scanning calorimetry and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance showed that PSPF converted immobilized water and freezable water to bound water and non-freezable water in the dough, making the dough more stable, and that the reduction in PSPF particle size facilitated these processes. Our results provide evidence for the great application potential of purple sweet potatoes for use in flour-based products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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23 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Revealed the Influence of High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GSs) Deficiency on Expression of Storage Substances and the Potential Regulatory Mechanism of HMW-GSs

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Foods 2023, 12(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020361 - 12 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1385

Abstract

The processing quality of wheat is affected by seed storage substances, such as protein and starch. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are the major components of wheat seed storage proteins (SSPs); they are also key determinators of wheat end-use quality. However, the effects of [...] Read more.

The processing quality of wheat is affected by seed storage substances, such as protein and starch. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) are the major components of wheat seed storage proteins (SSPs); they are also key determinators of wheat end-use quality. However, the effects of HMW-GSs absence on the expression of other storage substances and the regulation mechanism of HMW-GSs are still limited. Previously, a wheat transgenic line LH-11 with complete deletions of HMW-GSs was obtained through introducing an exogenous gene Glu-1E^bx to the wild-type cultivar Bobwhite by transgenic approach. In this study, comparative seed transcriptomics and proteomics of transgenic and non-transgenic lines at different seed developmental stages were carried out to explore the changes in genes and proteins and the underlying regulatory mechanism. Results revealed that a number of genes, including genes related to SSPs, carbohydrates metabolism, amino acids metabolism, transcription, translation, and protein process were differentially enriched. Seed storage proteins displayed differential expression patterns between the transgenic and non-transgenic line, a major rise in the expression levels of gliadins were observed at 21 and 28 days post anthesis (DPA) in the transgenic line. Changes in expressions of low-molecular-weight glutenins (LMW-GSs), avenin-like proteins (ALPs), lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) were also observed. In addition, genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were differentially expressed, which probably leads to a difference in starch component and deposition. A list of gene categories participating in the accumulation of SSPs was proposed according to the transcriptome and proteome data. Six genes from the MYB and eight genes from the NAC transcription families are likely important regulators of HMW-GSs accumulation. This study will provide data support for understanding the regulatory network of wheat storage substances. The screened candidate genes can lay a foundation for further research on the regulation mechanism of HMW-GSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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Review

Jump to: Research

13 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessReview

Empirical and Theoretical Bases of Good Steamed Bread Production

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Foods 2023, 12(3), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030433 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is a main staple food in China, accounting for 40% of wheat flour usage in China. Due to its health benefits, CSB is gaining popularity across the world. In this review, the effects of gluten proteins (particularly glutenins and [...] Read more.

Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is a main staple food in China, accounting for 40% of wheat flour usage in China. Due to its health benefits, CSB is gaining popularity across the world. In this review, the effects of gluten proteins (particularly glutenins and gliadins) on the quality of CSB are summarized from the literature. Requirements of appropriate rheological parameters in different studies are compared and discussed. Along with the increasing demand for frozen storage food, there are obvious increases in the research on the dynamics of gluten proteins in frozen dough. This review also summarizes the factors influencing the deterioration of CSB dough quality during frozen storage as well as effective measures to mitigate the negative effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal: Storage, Processing, and Nutritional Attributes)

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