Editorial

3 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by Marina Paolucci

Fishes 2023, 8(3), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030146 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1975

This Special Issue was designed to address advances in feeding and feed technology and challenges in aquaculture in order to achieve a greater understanding of its management and improve the sector [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Replacement of Dietary Fishmeal by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Tench (Tinca tinca)

by Jose M. Carral and María Sáez-Royuela

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060390 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1885

Abstract

The development of specific diets for the juvenile stage is a main target for culture intensification of tench (Tinca tinca). Aquafeeds still rely heavily on the use of fishmeal (FM) but concerns about economic and ecological sustainability make the use of [...] Read more.

The development of specific diets for the juvenile stage is a main target for culture intensification of tench (Tinca tinca). Aquafeeds still rely heavily on the use of fishmeal (FM) but concerns about economic and ecological sustainability make the use of alternative protein sources necessary. Insect meals are considered a promising substitute to replace FM. In a 90-day experiment, 6 diets with different replacement levels of FM by partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM): 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75%, were tested on juvenile tench. Survival rates were high (95.8–100%) without differences between treatments. Diet with 45% FM replacement allowed for best growth performance in terms of total length (TL = 66.4 mm) and weight (W = 4.19 g), without differences with 60% and 75% of replacement. A cubic relationship was evidenced between the level of FM replacement and growth. From the regression equations, the estimated optimal level of FM replacement was 47% (356 g BSFLM kg⁻¹ diet). Externally visible deformities were always under 0.05%. The whole-body lipid content of the fish had a significantly negative linear regression with BSFLM (r² = 0.80). The content of the essential amino acids (EAA) arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, and threonine in diets decreased with dietary BSFLM inclusion. However, it did not have a negative effect on growth performance, suggesting that EAA requirements were covered. The amount of essential amino acids in whole-body juveniles was similar independently of the diet provided. The results allow considering BSFLM as a sustainable protein source for juvenile tench feeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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11 pages, 3082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Diet of Phragmites australis instead of Triticum aestivum L. on Immune Performance and Liver Tissue Structure of Ctenopharyngodon idellus

by Ronghua Wang, Chaobo Lei, Zhenyu Li, Yanju Lei, Congqiang Luo, Liye Shao, Chunhong Huang and Pinhong Yang

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060378 - 08 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1400

Abstract

This experiment aimed to study the effects on liver tissue structure and immune performance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus when the common reed Phragmites australis is in its diet, instead of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Seventy-two healthy grass carps (145.52 ± 2.56 g) [...] Read more.

This experiment aimed to study the effects on liver tissue structure and immune performance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus when the common reed Phragmites australis is in its diet, instead of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Seventy-two healthy grass carps (145.52 ± 2.56 g) were randomly divided into three groups according to their body weight. Fishes in each group were fed an essential diet with 0% (control group), 50% and 100% (test group) common reed, instead of wheat, respectively. After feeding for 41 days, the changes of serum biochemical indices, liver tissue structure and immune related indices of grass carp were detected. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the activities of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the substitution groups were significantly increased (p < 0.05), but still at a normal level. The contents of total protein, albumin and globulin did not change significantly (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, the liver cells of grass carp in the substitution groups had clear boundaries, tight arrangement and less vacuolation. The contents of serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) and complement 3 (C3) in the 100% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the contents of liver IL-1 and total complement (CH50) in the 100% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The contents of IL-1, C3 in serum and IL-1, CH50 in liver in the 50% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression levels of C3, IL-1, MHC-I and interferon (IFN) in the head-kidney, kidney, liver and spleen of grass carp were significantly affected by feeding the grass carp with different common reed substitution ratios (p < 0.05). In summary, common reed, instead of wheat, in feed can improve the liver tissue structure, and increase the non-specific immune response level, of grass carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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12 pages, 1420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Diets with Varying Astaxanthin from Yarrowia lipolytica Levels on the Growth, Feed Utilization, Metabolic Enzymes Activities, Antioxidative Status and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei

by Yuechong Liu, Lu Zheng, Bingying Xu, Gladstone Sagada, Jinzhi Zhang and Qingjun Shao

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060352 - 27 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

Litopenaeus vannamei was divided into seven groups (defined as diets A0–A6) and fed with diets respectively containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/kg Yarrowia lipolytica (astaxanthin content: 1.5%) and 3 g/kg Haematococcus pluvialis (astaxanthin content: 2%). After an eight-week feeding trial, [...] Read more.

Litopenaeus vannamei was divided into seven groups (defined as diets A0–A6) and fed with diets respectively containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/kg Yarrowia lipolytica (astaxanthin content: 1.5%) and 3 g/kg Haematococcus pluvialis (astaxanthin content: 2%). After an eight-week feeding trial, the results reflected that different levels of Y. lipolytica and H. pluvialis could significantly increase the weight gain rate of L. vannamei (p < 0.05). The condition factor and weight gain rate of group A4 were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05); the HSI significantly decreased with the increase of Y. lipolytica (p < 0.05). The addition of Y. lipolytica to the diet had significant effects on total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malonaldehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05). The total protein and albumin of the A5 and A6 groups were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). The GSH-Px activity of the A5 group was the highest and the T-AOC of the A0 group was the lowest. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (I-NOS) increased with the addition of Y. lipolytica (p < 0.05). Y. lipolytica inclusion had no negative effect on physiological and biochemical parameters and some serum immune and antioxidant indexes (p > 0.05). Astaxanthin in Y. lipolytica had an obvious effect on body color. After cooking, the body color of the shrimp deepened with increasing Y. lipolytica content. The red body color of L. vannamei was significantly improved by adding yeasts hydrolysate 2~8 g/kg to the diet. According to the regression analysis between the level of Y. lipolytica added to the diets and the weight gain rates, the optimal level of Y. lipolytica is 4.64 g/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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11 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of Meat Meal as a Replacer for Fish Meal in Diet on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Chemical Composition, Hematology, and Innate Immune Responses of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

by Md. Farid Uz Zaman, Ran Li and Sung Hwoan Cho

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060343 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1983

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the dietary replacement effect of various levels of fish meal (FM) with meat meal (MM) on the growth, feed utilization, chemical composition, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses of olive flounder. A total of 360 juvenile fish (initial [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the dietary replacement effect of various levels of fish meal (FM) with meat meal (MM) on the growth, feed utilization, chemical composition, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses of olive flounder. A total of 360 juvenile fish (initial weight of 14.7 g) were randomly assigned to 18 flow-through containers. The control (MM0) diet included 65% FM. Then, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% FM in the MM0 diet were replaced with MM, referred to as the MM10, MM20, MM30, MM40, and MM50 diets, respectively. The fish were hand-fed to satiation daily for 56 days. Weight gain, the specific growth rate, the feed efficiency ratio, and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MM0 diet were statistically greater than those of fish fed the MM30, MM40, and MM50 diets, but not statistically different from those of fish fed the MM10 and MM20 diets. To incite the maximum values of weight gain and the specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish, an estimated 7.0% of FM substitution with MM in diets was required according to regression analysis. However, the feed consumption, protein retention, hematological parameters, and innate immune (superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities) responses of the fish were not statistically impacted by the dietary replacement levels of MM for FM. In conclusion, the feed ingredient grade of MM can substitute FM by up to 20% in the diet without causing any negative impact on the growth, feed consumption, feed utilization, or innate immune responses of olive flounder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

18 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Astragalus membranaceus Extract (AME) Enhances Growth, Digestive Enzymes, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Juveniles

by Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif, Hamada A. Ahmed, Mustafa Shukry, Md Reaz Chaklader, Rasha M. Saleh and Mohamed A. Khallaf

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060319 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

The present study evaluated the impacts of powdered Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) on the growth, physiological responses, and serum immunity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles. Four test diets were formulated to include varying AME levels as 0.0 (control), 1.5 (AME1.5), 3.0 (AME3.0), and 4.5 [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the impacts of powdered Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) on the growth, physiological responses, and serum immunity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles. Four test diets were formulated to include varying AME levels as 0.0 (control), 1.5 (AME1.5), 3.0 (AME3.0), and 4.5 (AME4.5) g/kg. Fish weighing approximately 11.50 g were stocked into four triplicate groups and hand-fed on the test diets three times daily for two months. At 60 days post-feeding, the growth performance, including weight gain and the specific growth rate, was increased quadratically (R² > 0.90) with increasing AME inclusion levels. An improvement in the feed intake and feed conversion ratio were also noticed in groups fed at different AME levels. The whole-body and amino acid composition were unaffected by the test diets. A significant quadratic trend in the digestive enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, and protease) was found along with increasing AME inclusion levels. Liver enzymes associated with liver functions were improved by AME dietary inclusion levels. Meanwhile, the blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine values were unaffected by AME dietary inclusion. On the other hand, serum immunity (lysozyme and total Igs) was elevated with a significant quadratic trend along with increasing AME dietary inclusion levels. Liver MDA levels decreased with increasing AME levels. Liver CAT, GPx, and SOD enzyme activities demonstrated a significant increasing trend along with dietary AME inclusion. The aforementioned effects of dietary AME on P. hypophthalmus health underpinned the potentiality of AME to be used as a phyto-additive to improve the functionality of aquafeed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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19 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Three Artificial Diets for the Larviculture of Giant Kōkopu (Galaxias argenteus)

by William McKay and Andrew Jeffs

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060310 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1376

Abstract

The selection of artificial feed is critical to the success of larviculture of fin fish and requires knowledge of the varied species-specific dietary and nutritional requirements. With the emergence of commercial aquaculture of giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus, there is a need to [...] Read more.

The selection of artificial feed is critical to the success of larviculture of fin fish and requires knowledge of the varied species-specific dietary and nutritional requirements. With the emergence of commercial aquaculture of giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus, there is a need to understand the species-specific needs for artificial feeds in larviculture. Consequently, this study compares three commercial artificial dry feeds; Otohime, Artemac and O.range on the growth of recently weaned giant kōkopu. Larvae fed with Otohime outperformed both Artemac and O.range treatments by achieving the highest wet weight after 67 days, greater by at least 47% on average than both Artemac and O.range. These differences in larval performance are likely to be due to the higher protein:energy ratio and EPA content of Otohime. High DHA and ARA in the diets in absolute terms or in relation to EPA did not result in added benefit for growth performance. This study provides an important first step in identifying the nutritional needs of larval giant kōkopu which can assist in improving their commercial aquaculture production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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12 pages, 1387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Growth, Digestive and Antioxidant Enzymes and Immune Response of Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by Using Dietary Spirulina platensis

by Mehwish Faheem, Rafia Jamal, Nadia Nazeer, Saba Khaliq, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Hien Van Doan and Marina Paolucci

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050237 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) supplemented diets on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidants and innate immunity biomarkers in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Two hundred and forty grass carp juveniles (average [...] Read more.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) supplemented diets on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidants and innate immunity biomarkers in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Two hundred and forty grass carp juveniles (average weight 4.81 ± 0.13 g) were divided into four treatment groups in triplicates (20 fish/replicate) and fed with diets containing 0, 1, 5, and 10% Spirulina for 90 days. A significant increase in growth (p < 0.05) was observed in fish fed with diets having 1 and 5% Spirulina. Intestinal protease and lipase activities increased significantly (p < 0.01) in fish fed with a diet having 5% Spirulina while intestinal amylase activity increased significantly (p < 0.01) in fish fed with diets having 1, 5, and 10% Spirulina. Hepatic lipid peroxidation decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish fed with a 1 and 5% Spirulina supplemented diet. The activity of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the livers of fish fed with 1% Spirulina supplemented diets while no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for hepatic superoxide dismutase levels when compared to the control. Significant increases in the skin mucus protease (p < 0.05), antiprotease (p < 0.01), lysozyme (p < 0.001), and peroxidase (p < 0.05) activities were observed in fish fed with 5% Spirulina-supplemented diets. Gene expression analysis of head kidney showed that fish fed with a 1% Spirulina diet had significantly (p < 0.01) higher expression of tnf-α, il-8, and inf-γ. In conclusion, the present study suggested that the inclusion of 5% Spirulina platensis in the diet of grass carp has positive effects on growth, digestive enzymes, antioxidants, and innate immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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13 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) Peel Powder Stimulates the Immune and Antioxidant Defense System in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Cultivated in a Biofloc System

by Piyatida Outama, Nguyen Vu Linh, Chinh Le Xuan, Supreya Wannavijit, Sudaporn Tongsiri, Chanagun Chitmanat, Napatsorn Montha and Hien Van Doan

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050233 - 02 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impacts of dietary supplementation with passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) peel powder (PSPP) on the growth, immune response, and expression of immune and antioxidant-related genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) maintained in a biofloc system. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the impacts of dietary supplementation with passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) peel powder (PSPP) on the growth, immune response, and expression of immune and antioxidant-related genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) maintained in a biofloc system. Fish were fed basal diets supplemented with different doses of PSPP at 10 g kg⁻¹ (PSPP10), 20 g kg⁻¹ (PSPP20), 40 g kg⁻¹ (PSPP40), and 80 g kg⁻¹ (PSPP80). The basal diet, without PSPP-supplementation, was used as a control at 0 g kg⁻¹ (PSPP0). We observed that the dietary supplementation groups fed different levels of PSPP exhibited no substantial difference or only slight increases in growth performance and immunological response in Nile tilapia (p > 0.05), whereas fish fed diets supplemented with PSPP at concentrations of 10 g kg⁻¹, 20 g kg⁻¹, and 40 g kg⁻¹ had significantly higher mRNA transcripts (approximately 1.5–4.5 fold) of immune (il-1, il-8, and lbp) and antioxidant (gst-α, gpx, and gsr) gene expressions than fish in the control treatment group (0 g kg⁻¹). These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with PSPP may effectively stimulate the immune and antioxidant defense system and may function as feed additives in Nile tilapia cultured in a biofloc system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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12 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Macleaya cordata Extract on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Intestinal Health of Juvenile American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

by Runan Chen, Linxin Huang and Shaowei Zhai

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050229 - 01 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1768

Abstract

The present trial was conducted to evaluate the supplementation effects of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal health of the juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata). The 480 juvenile American eels (10.93 ± 0.06 g) were [...] Read more.

The present trial was conducted to evaluate the supplementation effects of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal health of the juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata). The 480 juvenile American eels (10.93 ± 0.06 g) were randomly divided into four groups. They were fed on diets supplemented with MCE levels of 0, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg for ten weeks, respectively. The 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg MCE could significantly improve growth performance, and increase the activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, as well as the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These levels of MCE also decreased the levels of D-lactate acid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and diamine oxidase. The antioxidant ability, muscular thickness, and fold height of the intestine were enhanced by 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg MCE. There was no significant difference in the above parameters of groups fed with 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of MCE. The beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiota were demonstrated in the group fed with 50 mg/kg MCE. In conclusion, the 50 mg/kg MCE could be used in the diet to improve the growth performance and health status of the juvenile American eels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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17 pages, 3703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Protein Modifies Hepatic Glycolipid Metabolism, Intestinal Immune Response, and Resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT: Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to High Temperature

by Dongyu Huang, Hualiang Liang, Jian Zhu, Mingchun Ren and Xianping Ge

Fishes 2022, 7(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040202 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

The present study investigates the effects of dietary protein levels on glucolipid metabolism, immune function, and resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) exposed to high temperature. Six practical diets were prepared to feed 360 fish (initial weight 43.78 ± [...] Read more.

The present study investigates the effects of dietary protein levels on glucolipid metabolism, immune function, and resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) exposed to high temperature. Six practical diets were prepared to feed 360 fish (initial weight 43.78 ± 0.12 g) with graded protein levels (26.45%, 29.28%, 31.69%, 33.68%, 36.18%, and 38.75% dry matter). The results showed that 26.45% dietary protein significantly improved glycolysis by increasing PK mRNA levels, while the 29.28% and 31.69% dietary protein levels promoted gluconeogenesis by increasing PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels. For lipid metabolism, 26.45% dietary protein enhanced lipid synthesis by increasing PPAR-γ, SREBP1c, and FAS mRNA levels, while 31.69% dietary protein enhanced the level of lipolysis by increasing the PPAR-α and CPT1 mRNA levels. The highest plasma TG and TC contents were observed in the 29.28% and 31.69% dietary protein groups, respectively. In terms of antioxidants and immunity, the 31.69% dietary protein level activated the expression levels of HSP90 mRNA, thus increasing the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx), and upregulating the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 mRNA levels. In addition, regarding the antioxidant enzymes, the highest GSH content was found in the 29.28% dietary protein group, while the 31.69% dietary protein group had the maximum GSH-Px activity. The lowest plasma ALT and AST activities were observed in the 31.69% dietary protein group. Ultimately, the survival rate of juvenile GIFT fed 31.69% dietary protein was highest after a Streptococcus agalactiae challenge. Overall, 29.28–31.69% dietary protein was recommended in the diet of GIFT in a high-temperature environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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15 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Non-Heated and Heat Processed Krill and Squid Meal-Based Diet on Growth Performance and Biochemical Composition in Juvenile Pacific Bluefin Tuna Thunnus orientalis

by Jeong-Hyeon Cho, Takayuki Kurimoto, Yutaka Haga, Yuji Kamimura, Akira Itoh and Shuichi Satoh

Fishes 2022, 7(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020083 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2362

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of krill and squid meal and their heat processing on the growth performance and biochemical composition of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) Thunnus orientalis. An experiment using a 2 × 2 factorial design examined the effects of [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of krill and squid meal and their heat processing on the growth performance and biochemical composition of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) Thunnus orientalis. An experiment using a 2 × 2 factorial design examined the effects of two dietary protein sources (squid and krill meal) and heat treatment (heated and non-heated). Prey fish were provided to a reference group. Fish with an initial mean weight of 74.1 mg were fed one of the five diets. After six days of the feeding trial, the fish fed with krill meal and non-heated diets showed improved growth compared to those fed with the squid meal and heated diets. Fish fed the non-heated diets showed significantly higher whole-body crude protein and crude lipid contents than fish fed the heated diets. These results suggest that nutrient availability could be improved by using krill meal and the non-heated treatment to improve the growth performance of juvenile PBT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

34 pages, 1690 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Success of Aquaculture Industry with New Insights of Using Insects as Feed: A Review

by Amna Hameed, Waqar Majeed, Muhammad Naveed, Uzma Ramzan, Matteo Bordiga, Maryam Hameed, Saud Ur Rehman and Naureen Rana

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060395 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4571

Abstract

Most of world’s fish and seafood are produced by aquaculture, which is one of the biggest contributors to the world’s food security. The substantial increase in prices of conventional feed ingredients and the over-exploitation of natural resources are some of the biggest constraints [...] Read more.

Most of world’s fish and seafood are produced by aquaculture, which is one of the biggest contributors to the world’s food security. The substantial increase in prices of conventional feed ingredients and the over-exploitation of natural resources are some of the biggest constraints to aquaculture production. To overcome this stress, different approaches and techniques are used, among which the use of non-conventional feed ingredients in the aquaculture sector is the most recent approach. Different non-conventional feed ingredients such as plant-based products, algae (both micro and macroalgae), single-cell protein (bacteria and yeast), and insect meal are currently used in aquaculture for sustainable food production. Amongst all these novel ingredients, insects have greater potential to replace fishmeal. The existence of about 1.3 billion tons of food and agriculture waste from the food chain supply poses a serious environmental threat. Insects are tiny creatures that can thrive on organic waste and thus can convert the waste to wealth by the bioconversion and nutritional upcycling of organic waste. Insects have the potential to recover nutrients from waste aquaculture products, and many fish species feed on insects naturally. Therefore, employing insects in the aquaculture sector to replace fishmeal is an eco-friendly approach. The present review briefly highlights emerging non-conventional feed ingredients, with special attention given to insects. The current review also focuses on the nutritional value of insects, factors affecting the nutritional value of insects, potential insects that can be employed in the aquaculture sector, the physiological response of fish when fed with insect meal, techno-functional properties of insect meal, and emerging approaches for addressing possible downsides of employing insect meal in fish diets. Finally, it suggests avenues for further research into these inventive fishmeal replacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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24 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Lamiaceae as Feed Additives in Fish Aquaculture

by Graziella Orso, Roberta Imperatore, Elena Coccia, Ghasem Ashouri and Marina Paolucci

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060349 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2993

Abstract

The growing demand for high-quality food has induced a rapid expansion of the aquaculture sector. On the other hand, this sector has to overcome numerous challenges and problems triggered by the adoption of intensive farming systems, such as stress and high susceptibility to [...] Read more.

The growing demand for high-quality food has induced a rapid expansion of the aquaculture sector. On the other hand, this sector has to overcome numerous challenges and problems triggered by the adoption of intensive farming systems, such as stress and high susceptibility to diseases. The improper use of chemicals and antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in fish, with consequent health risks for consumers. Natural additives are increasingly used in aquaculture and, among these, medicinal plants are constantly under investigation as safe and environmentally friendly alternatives to chemicals. Great attention has been paid to Lamiaceae plants as feed additives capable of enhancing the growth performance, immune system, and antioxidant status of farmed fish. The aim of this review is to provide an updated picture of the employment of the Lamiaceae species (oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, and mint) to enhance farmed fish health. The benefits of oregano, rosemary, sage, thyme, and mint feed supplementation on growth performance, immune system, antioxidant status, hemato-biochemical parameters, and resistance to stress, parasites, and bacteria have been described, highlighting weaknesses and drawbacks and proposing possible implementations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

16 pages, 1129 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Pursuit of Fish-Free Feeds: A Multi-Species Evaluation

by Kelly B. Campbell, Ewen McLean and Frederic T. Barrows

Fishes 2022, 7(6), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060336 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

The future growth and sustainability of fed aquaculture, and especially that for carnivorous species, will be highly dependent upon the industry stepping away from its reliance upon forage fishes as major feed ingredients. With this goal in mind, the F3 Feed Innovation Network—a [...] Read more.

The future growth and sustainability of fed aquaculture, and especially that for carnivorous species, will be highly dependent upon the industry stepping away from its reliance upon forage fishes as major feed ingredients. With this goal in mind, the F3 Feed Innovation Network—a consortium of researchers; businesses, including feed manufacturers and ingredient providers; NGOs; and others—energizes industry to adopt novel and promising aquafeed ingredients and formulations. All evaluated formulae are open-source and freely available on the F3 website. Moreover, the F3 diets can be readily retailored to suit user demands and/or local conditions (i.e., ingredient availability/restrictions). This presentation summarizes completed F3 trials undertaken with five species of cultured and candidate fishes. With reference to eight studies, findings are compared against conventional fishmeal (FM)/fish oil (FO)-based feeds. The described research documents the response of test animals to aquafeeds containing traditional FM/FO alternatives (e.g., soybean meal and poultry by-product meal) as well as innovative ingredients (e.g., microalgae and single-cell proteins). Depending on the species examined, account is given to the overall growth performance, health aspects, and product quality. The F3 trials demonstrate the feasibility of the complete removal of FM/FO from the diets of the tested animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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18 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Value of Dry Fish in Bangladesh and Its Potential Contribution to Addressing Malnutrition: A Narrative Review

by Md. Hasan Al Banna, Abdullah Al Zaber, Nahidur Rahman, Md Abrar Mozahid Siddique, Muhammad Abu Bakr Siddique, John Elvis Hagan, Jr., M. A. Rifat, Christiana Naa Atsreh Nsiah-Asamoah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah and Md Shafiqul Islam Khan

Fishes 2022, 7(5), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050240 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 13146

Abstract

Understanding the linkage between the nutrient composition of foods and individuals’ recommended nutrient intake is important to address malnutrition. Despite it being a traditional and popular food item in Bangladesh, the nutrient composition of dry fish has not been reviewed yet. This study [...] Read more.

Understanding the linkage between the nutrient composition of foods and individuals’ recommended nutrient intake is important to address malnutrition. Despite it being a traditional and popular food item in Bangladesh, the nutrient composition of dry fish has not been reviewed yet. This study used a narrative review to assess the nutrient composition of dry fish and estimated its potential contribution to addressing some common nutritional deficiencies among children and pregnant and lactating women in Bangladesh. Records were collected from different databases, including the Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Banglajol, and ResearchGate. Data were extracted from 48 articles containing 1128 entries regarding nutrient composition. Most of the nutrient analyses estimated the proximate composition, whereas vitamin, mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid compositions were scarce in the literature. We found that dry fish has high protein and mineral content and could contribute highly to meeting the recommended nutrient intake of protein, iron, zinc, and calcium for children and pregnant and lactating women. The summarized nutrient composition data could be useful for further research to observe how dry fish could be best utilized to address malnutrition in Bangladesh. This narrative review recommends that further nutrient analysis, with emphasis on vitamin, mineral, and fatty acid compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology)

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