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Fermentation
Special Issues
Biorefinery of Lignin
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Biorefinery of Lignin

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Fermentation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 8892

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Adarsh Kumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bioproducts, Sciences & Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland, WA, USA
Interests: catalysis; biomass valorization; lignin valorization; biochar and applications
Dr. Bijoy Biswas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
Interests: biomass; thermochemical process; biofuel/chemical; bio-char; catalysis; adsorption; wastewater treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jeff Czajka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Interests: metabolic flux analysis; fermentation; metabolomics; flux balance analysis; machine learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lignin is a plentiful, renewable, and under-utilized component of the lignocellulosic biomass and has gained considerable attention in recent years for producing fuel, chemicals, and materials. The global annual production of lignin of plant origin is estimated to be approximately 150 billion tons. In addition, the pulp and paper industries generate between 50 and 70 million tons of lignin per year. Lignin availability is projected to increase by 225 million tons per year by 2030.

About 95% of the global lignin output is combusted to create energy, and less than 5% is used for value-added applications. Lignin is an aromatic rich biopolymeric molecule with a variety of functional groups, including phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, and methoxy groups, which makes it versatile and fascinating to use in different industries. Significant researchers have contributed toward lignin valorization, with a central goal being the production of chemicals, polymers, composites, adsorbents, supercapacitors, and fuel-grade hydrocarbons.

The goal of this Special Issue is to publish current innovative research and recent and advanced summaries of research in the form of reviews in the field of lignin biorefinery. The Special Issue will cover fascinating biological, thermochemical, and biochemical approaches addressing the climate, environmental, and future fuel/chemical challenges. Review and research articles on the development of lignin-based materials with targeted applications for catalysts, capacitors, adsorption, composites, and polymers are also welcome. If you would like to contribute a review paper, please contact one of the editors to discuss the topic’s relevance before submitting your manuscript.

Dr. Adarsh Kumar
Dr. Bijoy Biswas
Dr. Jeff Czajka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lignin isolation
  • bioplastic and composites
  • hydrodeoxygenation
  • hydrogenolysis
  • jet fuel
  • biomaterials
  • biochemicals
  • fuel-grade hydrocarbon
  • pyrolysis
  • liquefaction
  • gasification
  • enzyme application

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2221 KiB  
Article
Techno-Economic Analysis of the Production of Lactic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass
by Ashish Manandhar and Ajay Shah
Fermentation 2023, 9(7), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070641 - 08 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
This study reports the results of an evaluation of the techno-economic feasibility of a biorefinery with an annual lactic acid production capacity of 100,000 metric tons using lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover and miscanthus were considered as model feedstocks, and three different fermentation pathways [...] Read more.
This study reports the results of an evaluation of the techno-economic feasibility of a biorefinery with an annual lactic acid production capacity of 100,000 metric tons using lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover and miscanthus were considered as model feedstocks, and three different fermentation pathways involving bacteria, fungi, and yeast were compared with respect to their ability to convert biomass feedstocks to lactic acid. Equipment, raw materials, utilities and labor requirements, and lactic acid production costs were estimated. The minimum selling price (at a 10% internal rate of return) per metric ton of lactic acid produced from different feedstocks for lactic acid bacteria, fungi, and yeast-based pathways were in the range of USD 1243–1390, USD 1250–1392, and USD 993–1123, respectively, with lower costs for miscanthus. Lactic acid production using genetically engineered yeast strains can eliminate the need for the simultaneous neutralization and recovery of lactic acid, resulting in lower equipment, chemical, and utility requirements and lower lactic acid production costs. Lactic acid production costs were highly sensitive to the conversion rates of sugars into lactic acid, feedstock cost, production plant size, operation hours, and acid hydrolysis reactor costs. Improvements in process conditions and efficiencies and lower costs of equipment and consumables are necessary to utilize lignocellulosic biomass for lactic acid production at lower costs while remaining cost-competitive with respect to first-generation and petroleum-based feedstocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biorefinery of Lignin)
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15 pages, 2135 KiB  
Article
Semi-Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Improved by Lignin and Extractives Removal from Sugarcane Bagasse
by Alison Andrei Schmatz, João Paulo Candido, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis and Michel Brienzo
Fermentation 2023, 9(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050405 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass and agro-industrial residues are a source of fermentable sugars; however, pretreatments are needed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and fermentation in response to dilute acid pretreatment. In natura bagasse, extractive-free bagasse, partially delignified [...] Read more.
Lignocellulosic biomass and agro-industrial residues are a source of fermentable sugars; however, pretreatments are needed to overcome biomass recalcitrance. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis and fermentation in response to dilute acid pretreatment. In natura bagasse, extractive-free bagasse, partially delignified bagasse, and bagasse with added butylated hydroxytoluene antioxidant were pretreated with diluted acid and investigated in semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF). The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in lower yields of inhibitors in the liquid fraction of the acid pretreatment (0.01 g L−1 of furfural, 0.01 g L−1 of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 0.68 g L−1 of acetic acid). Partially delignified material and material with BHT resulted in biomass with low hemicellulose and lignin contents, indicating that BHT influenced lignin removal. Extractives removal showed benefits for the acid pretreatment, decreasing the dioxane-soluble material, and a higher yield of glucose and ethanol via S-SSF for the partially delignified material. Enzymatic saccharification of partially delignified material showed 87% of cellulose conversion (24 h with 15 FPU/g), and after 48 h of S-SSF (25 FPU/g), residual 7.06 g L−1 of glucose and production of 15.17 g L−1 of ethanol were observed. The low content of extractives, lignin, and dioxane soluble material resulted in better cellulose accessibility and ethanol yield. Chemical compounds can help remove lignin from biomass favoring ethanol production by S-SSF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biorefinery of Lignin)
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19 pages, 1122 KiB  
Article
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Strategies for Cellulosic Sugars Production to Obtain Bioethanol from Eucalyptus globulus Bark
by Mariana S. T. Amândio, Jorge M. S. Rocha and Ana M. R. B. Xavier
Fermentation 2023, 9(3), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030241 - 02 Mar 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4114
Abstract
Cellulosic sugars production for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass residues in an industrial site has economic benefits and is promising if integrated into a biorefinery. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of pretreated Eucalyptus globulus bark, an industrial residue of low-economic value widely available in Portuguese [...] Read more.
Cellulosic sugars production for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass residues in an industrial site has economic benefits and is promising if integrated into a biorefinery. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of pretreated Eucalyptus globulus bark, an industrial residue of low-economic value widely available in Portuguese pulp and paper mills, could be an excellent approach to attain resource circularity and pulp mill profitability. This work evaluated the potential for improving cellulosic sugars concentrations by operating with high solids loading and introducing the additives Triton X-100, PEG 4000 and Tween 80 using a commercial enzymatic consortium with a dosage of 25 FPU gcarbohydrates−1. Additives did not improve enzymatic hydrolysis performance, but the effect of increasing solids loading to 14% (w/v) in batch operation was accomplished. The fed-batch operation strategy was investigated and, when starting with 11% (w/v) solids loading, allowed the feeding of 3% (w/v) fresh feedstock sequentially at 2, 4 and 6 h, attaining 20% (w/v) total solids loading. After 24 h of operation, the concentration of cellulosic sugars reached 161 g L−1, corresponding to an EH conversion efficiency of 76%. Finally, the fermentability of the fed-batch hydrolysate using the Ethanol Red® strain was evaluated in a 5 L bioreactor scale. The present results demonstrate that Eucalyptus globulus bark, previously pretreated by kraft pulping, is a promising feedstock for cellulosic sugars production, allowing it to become the raw material for feeding a wide range of bioprocesses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biorefinery of Lignin)
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