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Fermentation
Special Issues
Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production
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Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Fermentation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 6402

Special Issue Editors

Dr. José Pablo López-Gómez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
Interests: fermentation; solid state fermentation; lactic acid; bacillus coagulans; yeast; filamentous fungi; continuous fermentation; lactic acid bacteria
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Apilak Salakkam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Interests: fermentation; biochemical engineering; bioprocess engineering and fermentation technology; biofuels; chemical engineering; industrial biotechnology; fermentation biotechnology; biotechnology; biofuel production; environmental biotechnology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue explores the current state-of-the-art bioprocesses for enzyme production using agro-industrial wastes. Enzymes are biocatalysts with applications in a wide range of industries. The large enzymes market, valued at USD 9.9 billion in 2019, is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% from 2020 to 2027. However, enzyme production costs are extremely high. This is the result of several factors including complex production processes based on expensive simple sugars. Thus, the replacement of these sugars with cheaper carbohydrates is an attractive alternative to reduce costs while valorising organic residues. This valuable biomass is typically disposed of by burning and landfilling, leading to air and land pollution. In fact, these residues represent a commercially attractive, renewable, and abundant resource rich in carbon, nitrogen, and minerals that can boost bioprocess economics for enzyme production under submerged liquid fermentation (SmF) or solid-state fermentation (SSF).

This Special Issue aims to comprehensively cover various aspects of enzyme production, including the stages of biomass pre-treatment, fermentation optimization, and enzyme purification using agro-industrial wastes as feedstock. This Special Issue is focused on investigations into the production of enzymes involving:

  • New unexplored substrates;
  • Novel methods for the pretreatment of biomass;
  • Application of new strains (including genetically modified strains);
  • Optimization of fermentation parameters, including modelling of the processes;
  • Innovative studies in the downstream and purification;
  • Scale-up of production processes;
  • Incorporation of processes in integrated biorefineries.

Dr. José Pablo López-Gómez
Dr. Apilak Salakkam
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • agro-industrial residues
  • bioeconomy
  • fermentation optimization
  • enzymes
  • bioconversion
  • food wastes
  • solid state fermentation
  • filamentous fungi
  • yeast
  • bacteria

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5378 KiB  
Article
Cellulase and Xylanase Production by a Newly Isolated Penicillium crustosum Strain under Solid-State Fermentation, Using Water Hyacinth Biomass as Support, Substrate, and Inducer
by César Espinoza-Abundis, Carlos Soltero-Sánchez, Evelyn Romero-Borbón and Jesús Córdova
Fermentation 2023, 9(7), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070660 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Cellulase and xylanase have been widely studied for bioconversion processes and applied in various industries. The high cost of these enzymes remains to be the major bottleneck for large-scale commercial application of lignocellulosic biorefinery. The use of agroindustrial residues and weeds as fermentation [...] Read more.
Cellulase and xylanase have been widely studied for bioconversion processes and applied in various industries. The high cost of these enzymes remains to be the major bottleneck for large-scale commercial application of lignocellulosic biorefinery. The use of agroindustrial residues and weeds as fermentation substrates is an important strategy to increase cellulolytic enzymes production and reduce costs. Penicillium crustosum was newly isolated and selected to study its enzyme production during solid-state fermentation (SSF). Natural and pretreated water hyacinth (WH) biomass was used as support, substrate and inducer of cellulases and xylanases. Thermochemical pretreatments of WH biomass at 121 °C and sulfuric acid at three concentrations (0.2, 0.6 and 1 M) were assayed. The pretreatments of WH biomass released mono- and oligo-saccharides that favored fungal growth and enzymes production on SSF. WH is a cost-effective substrate-support and inducer, which to be used as a solid medium, was impregnated with a saline solution, containing only (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4 y MgCl2. Maximum cellulases (carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase)) and xylanases productions of P. crustosum cultured on SSF were reached using the WH pretreated biomass with H2SO4 0.6 M and 121 °C. The simultaneous CMCase and xylanases production reached (647.51 and 4257.35 U/g dry WH, respectively) are among the highest values ever reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production)
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21 pages, 2495 KiB  
Article
Production of the Cellulase Enzyme System by Locally Isolated Trichoderma and Aspergillus Species Cultivated on Banana Pseudostem during Solid-State Fermentation
by Lesetja Moraba Legodi, Danie C. La Grange and Elbert L. Jansen van Rensburg
Fermentation 2023, 9(5), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050412 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2798
Abstract
The production cost of cellulases is regarded as a limiting factor in the cellulosic ethanol production chain. Trichoderma and Aspergillus species were used to produce cellulases through solid-state fermentation (SSF) utilizing banana pseudostem (BPS) as a carbon source. The production of cellulases was [...] Read more.
The production cost of cellulases is regarded as a limiting factor in the cellulosic ethanol production chain. Trichoderma and Aspergillus species were used to produce cellulases through solid-state fermentation (SSF) utilizing banana pseudostem (BPS) as a carbon source. The production of cellulases was investigated at various substrate moisture contents (65–80%), incubation temperatures (30–40 °C), substrate pre-treatment methods (3% w/v NaOH, 5% v/v H2SO4, and water), and with different co-culturing of microorganisms. Trichoderma longibrachiatum LMLSAUL 14-1 produced the maximum total cellulase (75 FPU/g d.s), endoglucanase (11.35 U/g d.s), and β-glucosidase (235.83 U/g d.s) activities at a 75% moisture content of the untreated BPS at 30 °C in static culture. Pre-treatment of BPS improved the production of specific enzymes. Aspergillus fumigatus LMLPS 13-4 produced more β-glucosidase (259.8 U/g d.s) when grown on acid-pre-treated BPS, whereas T. harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 produced the highest β-glucosidase activity (319.5 U/g d.s) on alkali-pre-treated BPS. Co-culturing of T. harzianum LMLBP07 13-5 and A. fumigatus LMLPS 13-4 improved the production of endoglucanase. These results suggest that banana pseudostem, a waste product of the banana industry, could be a potentially cheaper and abundant substrate for the production of the cellulase enzymes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production)
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15 pages, 37906 KiB  
Article
Keratinases from Streptomyces netropsis and Bacillus subtilis and Their Potential Use in the Chicken Feather Degrading
by Ali Abdelmoteleb, Daniel Gonzalez-Mendoza, Olivia Tzintzun-Camacho, Onecimo Grimaldo-Juárez, Vianey Mendez-Trujillo, Carlos Moreno-Cruz, Carlos Ceceña-Duran and Ahmed F. Roumia
Fermentation 2023, 9(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020096 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
Feathers are the most prevalent agricultural waste generated by chicken farms, polluting the environment and wasting protein resources as a result of the accumulation of large amounts of feathers. Therefore, keratinase-producing microorganisms represent a promising potential technique for the degradation of feather waste. [...] Read more.
Feathers are the most prevalent agricultural waste generated by chicken farms, polluting the environment and wasting protein resources as a result of the accumulation of large amounts of feathers. Therefore, keratinase-producing microorganisms represent a promising potential technique for the degradation of feather waste. Streptomyces netropsis A-ICA and Bacillus subtilis ALICA, previously isolated from the rhizosphere of desert plants (Larrea tridentata and Prosopis juliflora) respectively, were assessed for their feather-degradation ability. Keratinase activity was optimized using various parameters, including incubation time, pH, temperature, and feather concentration. The maximum keratinase activity of S. netropsis A-ICA and B. subtilis ALICA (113.6 ± 5.1 and 135.6 ± 4.1 U/mL) was obtained at the 5th and 3rd day of incubation with initial pH of 7.0 and 7.5 at 25 and 30 °C, and 1% (w/v) of chicken feather, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the concentration of soluble protein in the feather hydrolysate reached 423.3 ± 25 and 565.3 ± 7.7 µg/mL, with feathers weight loss of 84 ± 2 and 86± 1.5% by S. netropsis A-ICA and B. subtilis ALICA, respectively. The highest disulphide bond reductase activity reached 10.7 ± 0.4 and 10.96 ± 1.1 U/mL, after five and three days of inoculation with S. netropsis A-ICA and B. subtilis ALICA, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of feather protein hydrolysate obtained by S. netropsis A-ICA and B. subtilis ALICA was evaluated using DPPH radical-scavenging activity, which exhibited a significant antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 0.8 and 0.6 mg/mL. The 3D models of detected keratinases in both strains showed high similarity with subtilisin family. Further, the docking results clarified the importance of GSG and VVVFTP domains in B. subtilis and beta-keratin, respectively. The present study revealed the keratinolytic potential of S. netropsis A-ICA and B. subtilis ALICA in chicken feather degradation, which have potential application value and may be exploited as supplementary protein and antioxidant in animal feed formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agro-Industrial Wastes as Feedstock for Enzyme Production)
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