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Fermentation
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Enzymes in Biorefinery
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Enzymes in Biorefinery

A special issue of Fermentation (ISSN 2311-5637). This special issue belongs to the section "Industrial Fermentation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2023) | Viewed by 8201

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Muhammad Sohail

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Interests: bacteriology; microbiology; fermentation; microbial biotechnology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant and renewable resource of chemicals and energy. Biorefinery approaches render the complete utilization of lignocellulosic biomass with a zero-waste approach. The biomass is pretreated and then processed through physical, physicochemical, chemical or biological methods to obtain a variety of chemicals and metabolites. The role of enzymes in biorefinery processes cannot be ignored. The enzymes used in biorefinery processes include laccase, Mn peroxidase, cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, amylases and others. The enzymes are either produced through different fermentative approaches or these are applied to saccharify the biomass. The enzymes with desirable properties are usually obtained from microbial strains. This special issue will focus to compile research paper, reports and review articles describing.

* Production of biomass degrading enzymes
* Characterization of biomass degrading enzyme
* Data mining to obtain desirable enzymes
* Biomass saccharification
* Immobilization of industrially important enzymes
* Statistical apporaches to understand biorefinery process
* Green approaches in biorefinery processes

Dr. Muhammad Sohail
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fermentation is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomass
  • cellulase
  • green chemistry
  • laccase
  • lignocellulose
  • xylanase
  • zero-waste

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2718 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Laccase Activity in Co-Culture of Panus lecomtei and Sporidiobolus pararoseus and Its Application as an Enzymatic Additive in Biomass Hydrolysis and Dye Decolorization
by Rubén Darío Romero Peláez, Luana Assis Serra, Daiana Wischral, Joice Raísa Barbosa Cunha, Thais Demarchi Mendes, Thályta Fraga Pacheco, Felix Gonçalves de Siqueira and João Ricardo Moreira de Almeida
Fermentation 2023, 9(11), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9110945 - 31 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1113
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of the co-culture between the filamentous fungus Panus lecomtei and the yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus in the production of laccases. The variations of time interval and inoculum volume of S. pararoseus in co-cultures with P. lecomtei stimulated laccase production, [...] Read more.
This work investigates the effects of the co-culture between the filamentous fungus Panus lecomtei and the yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus in the production of laccases. The variations of time interval and inoculum volume of S. pararoseus in co-cultures with P. lecomtei stimulated laccase production, reaching its highest activity at nearly 2960.7 ± 244 U/mL with a maximum time point of 120 h and 2.0% (v/v), respectively. Further application in the pretreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis was performed, using P. lecomtei and S. pararoseus extract added to an enzyme mixture from the co-culture of P. lecomtei and Trichoderma reesei that positively favored the hydrolysis efficiency by 66.87%. Furthermore, the addition of P. lecomtei and S. pararoseus extract increased the degradation of industrial anthraquinone Remazol Brilliant Blue R by 78.98%. As a result, the extract derived from the co-culture of P. lecomtei and S. pararoseus rich in laccases presents potential in biotechnological applications, being suitable in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and the degradation of unwanted dyes released in the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Biorefinery)
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15 pages, 6633 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Trctf1 Gene Knockout by CRISPR–Cas9 on Cellulase Synthesis by Trichoderma reesei with Various Soluble Inducers
by Yudian Chen, Yushan Gao, Zancheng Wang, Nian Peng, Xiaoqin Ran, Tingting Chen, Lulu Liu and Yonghao Li
Fermentation 2023, 9(8), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080746 - 10 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1114
Abstract
Knockout of the transcriptional repressor Trctf1 is known to enhance the yield of cellulose-induced cellulase synthesis in Trichoderma reesei. However, different inducers possess distinct induction mechanisms, and the effect of Trctf1 on cellulase synthesis with soluble inducers remains unknown. To evaluate the [...] Read more.
Knockout of the transcriptional repressor Trctf1 is known to enhance the yield of cellulose-induced cellulase synthesis in Trichoderma reesei. However, different inducers possess distinct induction mechanisms, and the effect of Trctf1 on cellulase synthesis with soluble inducers remains unknown. To evaluate the effect of the Trctf1 gene on cellulase synthesis and develop a high-yielding cellulase strain, we established a CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing system in T. reesei Rut C30 using codon-optimized Cas9 protein and in vitro transcribed RNA. This study demonstrated that T. reesei ΔTrctf1 with the Trctf1 gene knocked out showed no statistically significant differences in cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, and β−glucosidase production when induced with MGD (the mixture of glucose and sophorose). However, when induced with lactose, the activities of these enzymes increased by 20.2%, 12.4%, and 12.9%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences in β−glucosidase activity. The hydrolysis efficiency on corn stover of cellulases produced by T. reesei ΔTrctf1 under different inducers was not significantly different from that of wild-type cellulases, indicating that Trctf1 gene deletion has little effect on the cellulase cocktail. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of T. reesei cellulase synthesis by different soluble inducers, as well as the construction of high-yield cellulase gene−engineered strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Biorefinery)
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15 pages, 4948 KiB  
Article
Enzymatic One-Pot Hydrolysis of Extracted Sugar Beet Press Pulp after Solid-State Fermentation with an Engineered Aspergillus niger Strain
by Melanie Knesebeck, Dominik Schäfer, Kevin Schmitz, Marcel Rüllke, J. Philipp Benz and Dirk Weuster-Botz
Fermentation 2023, 9(7), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070582 - 21 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
Extracted sugar beet press pulp (SBPP) is a promising agricultural residue for saccharification and further bioconversion. Combining solid-state fermentation of SBPP with engineered Aspergillus niger for enzyme production followed by hydrolysis of additionally added SBPP in the same bioreactor was studied to produce a [...] Read more.
Extracted sugar beet press pulp (SBPP) is a promising agricultural residue for saccharification and further bioconversion. Combining solid-state fermentation of SBPP with engineered Aspergillus niger for enzyme production followed by hydrolysis of additionally added SBPP in the same bioreactor was studied to produce a sugar solution (hydrolysate) in a one-pot process. The initial aerobic solid-state fermentations were carried out in duplicate on non-milled, wet SBPP (moisture content of 72% (w/v)) with an A. niger strain engineered for constitutive pectinase production for 96 h, and this resulted in polygalacturonase activities of up to 256 U mL−1 in the wet media. Afterwards, water was added to the bioreactor, and the remaining solids were suspended by stirring to dissolve the hydrolytic enzymes. Metabolic activities of A. niger were inactivated by a N2-atmosphere and by increasing the temperature to 50 °C. High solid loads of milled SBPP were added to the stirred-tank reactor with a delay of 24 h to enable sugar yield calculations based on the compositional analysis of the SBPP used. The resulting final sugar concentrations of the hydrolysate after 166 h were 17 g L−1 d-glucose, 18.8 g L−1 l-arabinose, and 12.5 g L−1 d-galacturonic acid, corresponding to sugar yields of 98% d-glucose, 86% l-arabinose, and 50% d-galacturonic acid, respectively. Including the other sugars released during enzymatic hydrolysis in the one-pot process (d-xylose, d-mannose, d-galactose), a total sugar concentration of 54.8 g L−1 was achieved in the hydrolysate. The one-pot process combining hydrolytic enzyme production in solid-state fermentation with high solid loads during enzymatic hydrolysis of the milled SBPP reduces hydrolytic process costs by replacing chemical pre-treatments, enabling the in situ production of SBPP-adapted hydrolytic enzymes, as well as avoiding intermediate enzyme extraction and preparation steps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Biorefinery)
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14 pages, 1487 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Bacteria from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill for Identification of Potential Hydrolytic Enzyme
by Ogechukwu Bose Chukwuma, Mohd Rafatullah, Riti Thapar Kapoor, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, Norli Ismail, Masoom Raza Siddiqui and Mahboob Alam
Fermentation 2023, 9(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030298 - 18 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2634
Abstract
The utilization of lignocellulose biomass as an alternative source of renewable energy production via green technology is becoming important, and is in line with sustainable development goal initiatives. Lignocellulolytic bacteria, such as Bacillus spp., can break down biomass by producing hydrolytic enzymes, which [...] Read more.
The utilization of lignocellulose biomass as an alternative source of renewable energy production via green technology is becoming important, and is in line with sustainable development goal initiatives. Lignocellulolytic bacteria, such as Bacillus spp., can break down biomass by producing hydrolytic enzymes, which are crucial in the successful conversion of biomass or lignocellulosic material into renewable energy. This information gave rise to this study, where municipal solid waste sediments of a sanitary municipal solid waste landfill were sampled and screened, and lignocellulolytic bacteria were isolated and characterized. Samples were taken from four different locations at the Pulau Burung landfill site in Malaysia. Lignin and starch were used as sources of carbon to identify potential bacteria that exhibit multi-enzymatic activity. The growth rate and doubling time of bacterial isolates in lignin and starch were taken as the criteria for selection. Eleven bacterial isolates were screened for cellulase activity using iodine and Congo red dyes. The cellulase activity of these isolates ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 U/mL. We carried out 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the phyla of the selected bacterial isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was also conducted based on the 16S rRNA sequences of the bacterial isolates and related Bacillus species, and a tree was generated using the Neighbor-Joining method. In this study, Bacillus proteolyticus, Bacillus Sanguinis, Bacillus spizizenii, Bacillus paramycoides, Bacillus paranthracis and Neobacillus fumarioli were identified as promising bacteria capable of expressing lignocellulolytic enzymes and degrading the lignocellulosic biomass present in municipal solid waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Biorefinery)
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13 pages, 8071 KiB  
Article
Preparation of a Pectinase-Enriched Multienzyme under Solid State Fermentation of Sugarcane Bagasse
by Othman M. Alzahrani, Muhammad Sohail, Samy F. Mahmoud, Amal S. Alswat and Yasser El-Halmouch
Fermentation 2023, 9(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020141 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
Enzyme mediated degradation of lignocellulosic biomass is an important step in waste-biorefineries. Multienzyme preparations can effectively degrade complex materials and, hence, can be applied in biorefineries. Here, an agro-industrial waste, sugarcane bagasse, was used to produce a bacterial multienzyme. The bacterial strains including [...] Read more.
Enzyme mediated degradation of lignocellulosic biomass is an important step in waste-biorefineries. Multienzyme preparations can effectively degrade complex materials and, hence, can be applied in biorefineries. Here, an agro-industrial waste, sugarcane bagasse, was used to produce a bacterial multienzyme. The bacterial strains including B. thuringiensis B45, B. velezensis BF3 and B. amyloliquefaciens B987 exhibited their growth at temperatures from 30–50 °C in the presence of 2% salt. The isolates B45, BF3 and B987 were able to produce endoglucanase, xylanase and pectinase, respectively. Therefore, it was aimed to obtain a multienzyme preparation by cultivating the bacterial consortium under a solid-state fermentation of untreated and chemically treated sugarcane bagasse. The results showed that the titres of cellulase and xylanase were generally higher when the strain B45 cultivated at the start of the fermentation. Interestingly, the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose present in sugarcane bagasse by the strains B45 and BF3 rendered the mere pectin component available to the pectinolytic strain B987. The degradation of SB by the consortium was confirmed by gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The study showed that the bacterial strains can be cultivated under solid-state fermentation to obtain industrially important enzymes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Biorefinery)
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