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3 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications

by Yacine Amara

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5737; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155737 - 01 Aug 2023

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Abstract

The automotive industry is one of the main employers in industrialized countries [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

Research

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19 pages, 10475 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Control Strategy of Dual-Winding Motor for Vehicle Electro-Hydraulic Braking Systems

by Taeho Jo, Kyoungjin Joo and Ju Lee

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5090; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145090 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1757

Abstract

The electro-hydraulic brake (EHB) system of a vehicle should operate normally under all circumstances to ensure automotive safety. This redundant system guarantees the minimum required performance in the event of a critical failure of the brake system. In this study, we propose a [...] Read more.

The electro-hydraulic brake (EHB) system of a vehicle should operate normally under all circumstances to ensure automotive safety. This redundant system guarantees the minimum required performance in the event of a critical failure of the brake system. In this study, we propose a redundant motor control strategy for the EHB to fully realize a functional safety design. The EHB system is composed of two identical electronic control units (ECUs), a dual three-phase dual-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (DW-PMSM), and hydraulic components to generate brake pressure through the movement of an actuator. First, we propose a method to acquire the necessary motor current for generating brake pressure. Second, we present an initial driving method for the DW-PMSM for achieving stability before generating the braking pressure that involves setting the actuator’s origin position without a position sensor. Lastly, we describe a redundant motor control strategy for continuous brake operation depending on whether each ECU experiences system failure. The experimental results showed the effectiveness and feasibility of the control strategy of the dual-winding motor for a functional safety design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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21 pages, 42656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Optimization of Multi-Layer Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Koua Malick Cisse, Sami Hlioui, Mhamed Belhadi, Guillaume Mermaz Rollet, Mohamed Gabsi and Yuan Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7116; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217116 - 01 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison between two design methodologies applied to permanent magnet synchronous machines for hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs and EVs). Both methodologies are based on 2D finite element models and coupled to a genetic algorithm to optimize complex non-linear geometries [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comparison between two design methodologies applied to permanent magnet synchronous machines for hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs and EVs). Both methodologies are based on 2D finite element models and coupled to a genetic algorithm to optimize complex non-linear geometries such as multi-layer permanent magnet machines. To reduce the computation duration to evaluate Induced Voltage and Iron Losses for a given electrical machine configuration, a new methodology based on geometrical symmetries and magnetic symmetries are used and is detailed. Two electromagnetic models have been developed and used in the design stage. The first model was the stepped rotor position finite element analysis called abc model which considered the spatial harmonics without any approximation of the waveform of flux linkage inside the stator, and the second model was based on a fixed rotor position called dq model, with the approximation that the waveform of flux linkage inside the stator was sinuous. These two methodologies are applied to the design of a synchronous machine for HEVs and EVs applications. Design results and performances are analyzed, and the advantages and drawbacks of each methodology are presented. It was found that the dq model is at least 5 times faster than the abc model with high precision for both the torque and induce voltage evaluation in most cases. However, it is not the case for the iron losses computation. The iron loss model based on dq model is less accurate than the abc model with a relative deviation from the abc model greater than 70% at high control angle. The choice of the electromagnetic model during the optimization process will therefore influence the geometry and the performances of the obtained electrical machine after the optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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33 pages, 129927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Advanced Nonoverlapping Winding Induction Machines for EV/HEV Applications

by Tayfun Gundogdu, Zi-Qiang Zhu and Jean-Claude Mipo

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6849; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206849 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3574

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed analysis and design guidelines for advanced nonoverlapping winding induction machines (AIMs) with coil-pitch of two slot-pitches by considering some vital empirical rules and flux-weakening characteristics. The aim of the study is to develop a type of new winding [...] Read more.

This paper presents a detailed analysis and design guidelines for advanced nonoverlapping winding induction machines (AIMs) with coil-pitch of two slot-pitches by considering some vital empirical rules and flux-weakening characteristics. The aim of the study is to develop a type of new winding and stator topology for induction machines (IMs) that will lead to a decrease in total axial length without sacrificing torque, power, and efficiency. The key performance characteristics of the improved AIMs are investigated by 2D time-stepping finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with those of IMs having fractional and conventional overlapping and nonoverlapping windings. Compared with the conventional overlapping winding counterpart of the AIM, a ~25% shorter axial length without sacrificing torque, output power, and efficiency is achieved. In addition, the influences of major design parameters, such as stator slot, rotor slot and pole numbers, stack length, number of turns per phase, machine geometric parameters, etc., on the flux-weakening characteristics are investigated. It has been concluded that the major design parameters have a considerable effect on the electromagnetic performance. However, among those parameters, the influences of pole number and stack length together with the number of turns on flux-weakening characteristics are significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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35 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of High-Speed Electric Machines Supplied by PWM Inverters Based on the Harmonic Modeling Method

by Marko Merdžan

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2606; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092606 - 02 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1902

Abstract

This paper presents a method for the performance analysis of high-speed electric machines supplied with pulse-width modulated voltage source inverters by utilizing a fast analytical model. By applying a strict mathematical procedure, effective expressions for the calculation of rotor eddy current losses and [...] Read more.

This paper presents a method for the performance analysis of high-speed electric machines supplied with pulse-width modulated voltage source inverters by utilizing a fast analytical model. By applying a strict mathematical procedure, effective expressions for the calculation of rotor eddy current losses and electromagnetic torque are derived. Results obtained by the approach suggested in this study are verified by the finite element model, and it is shown that the proposed method is superior in comparison to the finite element method in terms of computation time. The proposed method enables fast parameter variation analysis, which is demonstrated by changing the inverter switching frequency and electric conductivity of the rotor and analyzing the effects of these changes on rotor eddy current losses. The presented work separately models effects of the permanent magnet and pulse-width modulated stator currents, making it suitable for the analysis of both high-speed permanent magnet machines and high-speed induction machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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18 pages, 7575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Single-Phase Short-Stroke Tubular Permanent Magnet Oscillating Machines with Partitioned Stator

by Zi-Qiang Zhu, Ahlam Luaibi Shuraiji, Qinfen Lu, Yanxin Li and Huan Qu

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071863 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1935

Abstract

This paper presents three novel configurations of single-phase (SP) short-stroke (SS) tubular permanent magnet oscillating machines (TPMOMs) with partitioned stator (PS), termed PS-SPSS-TPMOMs. The machine structures are described and the influence of permanent magnet pole alignment with either stator slot or stator tooth [...] Read more.

This paper presents three novel configurations of single-phase (SP) short-stroke (SS) tubular permanent magnet oscillating machines (TPMOMs) with partitioned stator (PS), termed PS-SPSS-TPMOMs. The machine structures are described and the influence of permanent magnet pole alignment with either stator slot or stator tooth is investigated. It is found that the PM poles should be aligned with the stator slots in order to ease the oscillation. The electromagnetic performance of these proposed machines is analyzed and compared. The results show that such machines have the advantages of low mover mass and low magnet eddy current loss, compared with a conventional surface-mounted SPSS-TPMOM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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13 pages, 2670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Choice Based on Thermal Model and Performance Testing for Direct Cooled Electric Drive

by Robert Lehmann, Arthur Petuchow, Matthias Moullion, Moritz Künzler, Christian Windel and Frank Gauterin

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5867; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225867 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

In this publication, the cooling fluid for direct oil-cooled electric traction drive is investigated. A dedicated thermal resistance model was developed in order to show the influence of the fluid properties on the continuous performance. For this purpose, the heat transfer parameters are [...] Read more.

In this publication, the cooling fluid for direct oil-cooled electric traction drive is investigated. A dedicated thermal resistance model was developed in order to show the influence of the fluid properties on the continuous performance. For this purpose, the heat transfer parameters are adjusted in the simulation using an exponential approach in order to evaluate the cooling fluid. In a sensitivity study, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are investigated. Because viscosity, within the range investigated, shows the largest percentage deviation from the reference fluid, the greatest effect on performance can be seen here. In order to check the plausibility of the calculated results of the thermal simulation, two fluids were chosen for performance testing on a dedicated electro motor cooling (EMC) test. Beyond the investigation of heat transfer, aging of the defined fluid at maximum heat input over several hours is also evaluated. Only slight changes of the fluid properties are detected. This publication presents a thermal model for direct oil-cooled drive trains, which consider fluid properties. Furthermore, the model was tested for plausibility on real hardware. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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17 pages, 8443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zero-Airgap Induction Motor Used to Drive a Transmission Oil Pump

by Dan-Cristian Popa, Nicolae-Florin Jurca, Razvan Alexandru Inte, Nicholas Hrusch, Jeff Hemphill and Codrin G. Cantemir

Energies 2020, 13(17), 4286; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174286 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2360

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel study concerning the future use of a zero-airgap induction motor in applications related to transmission oil pumps. The name of the machine comes from the fact that the rotor touches the stator as it spins. The [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a novel study concerning the future use of a zero-airgap induction motor in applications related to transmission oil pumps. The name of the machine comes from the fact that the rotor touches the stator as it spins. The use of such an eccentric motor provides the possibility to remove the mechanical part that is typically found in the transmission oil pump, increasing its efficiency in this way. We focused on determining the optimum variant of a zero-airgap small power induction motor from the point of view of the electrical and mechanical performance. As such, 18 topologies of induction motors with various numbers of pole pairs and rotor bars were designed and numerically analyzed. For the best variant from each category, different eccentricities were considered to evaluate this effect over the performances of the motors. For the best candidate, various analyses were performed in order to demonstrate the validity of this solution for the proposed application. Elements regarding the thermal analysis of this structure are also presented here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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Review

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46 pages, 22858 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Dual-Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines and Control Techniques

by Ziqiang Zhu, Shensheng Wang, Bo Shao, Luocheng Yan, Peilin Xu and Yuan Ren

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7508; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227508 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6753

Abstract

Multiphase electrical machines are advantageous for many industrial applications that require a high power rating, smooth torque, power/torque sharing capability, and fault-tolerant capability, compared with conventional single three-phase electrical machines. Consequently, a significant number of studies of multiphase machines has been published in [...] Read more.

Multiphase electrical machines are advantageous for many industrial applications that require a high power rating, smooth torque, power/torque sharing capability, and fault-tolerant capability, compared with conventional single three-phase electrical machines. Consequently, a significant number of studies of multiphase machines has been published in recent years. This paper presents an overview of the recent advances in multiphase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) and drive control techniques, with a focus on dual-three-phase PMSMs. It includes an extensive overview of the machine topologies, as well as their modelling methods, pulse-width-modulation techniques, field-oriented control, direct torque control, model predictive control, sensorless control, and fault-tolerant control, together with the newest control strategies for suppressing current harmonics and torque ripples, as well as carrier phase shift techniques, all with worked examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Modeling, and Control of Rotating and Linear Electric Machines for Automotive Applications)

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