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Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 14999

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cheng-I Chen

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
Interests: energy information and communication technology; instrumentation and measurement; digital signal processing; power system power electronics; intelligent sensing, control and related applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Yeong-Chin Chen

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Guest Editor

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
Interests: measurement and instrumentation; nonlinear modeling; intelligent control; power measurement; power applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With ideas for energy saving and for the protection of power system, many smart technologies have been proposed in the field of power and energy. Recently, the concept of smart grids and microgrids have been proposed to meet these new requirements through integrated communications, advanced components, advanced control methods, sensing and measurement, and improved interfaces and decision support. Since the technology of advanced metering infrastructure is one of the fundamental early steps towards grid modernization, the accurate and efficient monitoring of power quality and system states becomes a crucial task. The wide-area measurement is, then, the conceptual extension of remote monitoring through numerous integrated communication technologies. Power quality at the grid interface is one of the important parts in power purchase contracts between utilities and distributed generations. With the widespread use of rectifier/inverter for power conversion and related power electronic devices for operation control, many power quality problems are present. Since the modern equipment is sensitive to these power quality disturbances, power utilities and their consumers have started to pay much more attention to the improvement of power quality in recent years.

Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis is a Special Issue of Energies for those who would like to publish their original papers about the advanced regulation and analysis approaches for power quality. This Special Issue aims at presenting important results of work related to power quality in the smart grid, microgrid, renewable energy, power electronics, and control techniques, modernization of power system, energy storage, and their various applications. The works can be applied to research, the development of new algorithms or components, original applications of existing knowledge, or new facilities applied to power systems. Prospective authors are invited to submit original papers to this Special Issue. The topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to

Analysis and Modeling (Networks, Devices, Loads, etc.) of Power Grid;
Measuring and Monitoring Techniques;
Sources of Disturbances (Converters, Traction Systems, Network Harmonics, etc.);
Power Conditioning (Active and Passive Filters, Var Compensation, UPS, Surge Protection Devices, Phase Balancing, etc.);
Standards and Recommended Practices;
Diagnostic Systems and Expert System Applications;
Power Quality in Distribution System;
Power Quality, Economics, and Liability;
Impact of Distributed Generation on Power Quality;
Quality Aspects of Industrial, Commercial and Residential Consumers;
Power Definitions and Measurements under Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions;
Power Quality in a Deregulated Electricity Market;
Strategy of Energy Management and System Regulation.

Dr. Cheng-I Chen
Prof. Dr. Yeong-Chin Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power quality monitoring
compensation
optimization
modeling
diagnosis
renewable energy
energy storage
power electronics
smart grid
micro- and nanogrids
stability
energy management

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 6920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Accuracy and Frequency Response of Medium-Voltage Instrument Transformers under the Combined Influence Factors of Temperature and Vibration

by Mohamed Agazar, Daniela Istrate and Patrice Pradayrol

Energies 2023, 16(13), 5012; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135012 - 28 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 893

Abstract

Instrument transformers are largely used to measure voltages and currents in public electricity networks. Their performance is essential for Power Quality measurements. Tests and procedures to estimate the effect of single influence factors are performed according to current standards. However, the instrument transformers are exposed simultaneously to more than one factor. The standardized procedures for their characterization with combined influence factors are under construction in Europe. The work in this paper is focused on the development of a new set-up for the determination of the accuracy and frequency response of medium-voltage transformers within the combined influence factors of temperatures and vibrations. The test set-up includes a platform for the combination of temperature and vibrations, a generating system for harmonics up to 9 kHz superposed with 35 kV, 50 Hz voltage and a reference measuring system. The results of several tests carried out on a 35 kV/100 V/50 Hz voltage transformer in the presence of these influence factors are discussed in this paper. They show that the accuracy and frequency response of the voltage transformers are more influenced by temperature than by vibrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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14 pages, 6912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Overcurrent Protection under Corrupted Sampled Value Frames: A Hardware-in-the-Loop Approach

by Ângelo Felipe Sartori, Adriano Peres de Morais, Ulisses Chemin Netto, Diomar Adonis Copetti Lima, Daniel Pinheiro Bernardon and Wagner Seizo Hokama

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083386 - 12 Apr 2023

Viewed by 922

Abstract

The IEC 61850 standard aims at digitization substations and provides interoperability between various Intelligent Electronic Device vendors. The digitization process is accompanied by several challenges related to data transmission on the ethernet network and the protection behavior under these conditions. Among the challenges, we can mention packet loss, delay, and duplicate frame, which occurs when the merging units (publisher) transmit the sampled values and, for some reason, these packets do not reach the subscriber or are duplicated. Nowadays, most Intelligent Electronic Device manufacturers block the protection function when some sampled value packets are corrupted. The effects of blocking protection when packet loss occurs under normal operating conditions do not cause significant problems. However, when a fault occurs, the corrupted packets can cause a delay in fault clearance, causing even more damage to the grid. The purpose of this article is to present the effects of corrupted sampled values on the performance of overcurrent protection. All the evaluations were performed in real time using the hardware-in-loop simulation approach with a commercial Intelligent Electronic Device. The OP5700 hardware platform from OPAL-RT, with the library “IEC 61850 Data Integrity Manipulation”, was used. The results show that corrupted sampled value frames affect the functioning of the protections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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20 pages, 1445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clustering Electrical Customers with Source Power and Aggregation Constraints: A Reliability-Based Approach in Power Distribution Systems

by Thiago Eliandro de Oliveira Gomes, André Ross Borniatti, Vinícius Jacques Garcia, Laura Lisiane Callai dos Santos, Nelson Knak Neto and Rui Anderson Ferrarezi Garcia

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2485; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052485 - 05 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

Reliability is an important issue in electricity distribution systems, with strict regulatory policies and investments needed to improve it. This paper presents a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for clustering electrical customers, maximizing system reliability and minimizing outage costs. However, the evaluation of reliability and its corresponding nonlinear function represent a significant challenge, making the use of mathematical programming models difficult. The proposed heuristic procedure overcomes this challenge by using a linear formulation of reliability indicators and incorporating them into the MILP model for clustering electrical customers. The model is mainly defined on a density-based heuristic that constrains the set of possible medians, thus dealing with the combinatorial complexity associated with the problem of empowered p-medians. The proposed model proved to be effective in improving the reliability of real electrical distribution systems and reducing compensation costs. Three substation cluster scenarios were explored, in which the total utility compensations were reduced by approximately USD 86,000 (1.80%), USD 67,400 (1.41%), and USD 64,000 (1.3%). The solutions suggest a direct relationship between the reduction in the compensation costs and the system reliability. In addition, the alternative modeling approach to the problem served to match the performance between the distribution system reliability indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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22 pages, 5961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Approach for Low-Voltage AC Series Arc Fault Detection

by Yu-Jen Liu, Cheng-I Chen, Wei-Chung Fu, Yih-Der Lee, Chin-Chan Cheng and Yen-Fu Chen

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031256 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

In a low-voltage electric distribution network, arc fault presents a high energy density electricity-discharging phenomenon between conductors, which is often caused by aging of electric facilities, loose contacts and terminals, or insulation failure due to internal and external destructions. A large amount of heat may be created during this discharging, which will further cause the risk of fire hazards to mitigate in the residential environment. Currently, many utility grid operators and electricity users are still devoted to seeking effective detection technology for arc fault protection. This paper proposes a hybrid approach that combines discrete wavelet transform (DWT), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and dynamic time warping (DTW) methods for low-voltage AC series arc fault detection. In DWT, it uses time–frequency domain characteristics of the arc current signal to extract the occurrence of arc fault. In EMD, it decomposes the complex arc fault current signal into a finite intrinsic mode (IMF) signal; then, instantaneous amplitude of IMF signal is obtained by Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) as a feature for arc fault identification. Firstly, the results of arc fault detections depend on the results from DWT and EMD. When both two methods detect different results, DTW method will be activated, using the similarity measurements between normal and arc fault current waveforms as an assistant measure to determine the occurrence of arc fault. The performance of the proposed approach is tested and validated using various electric appliances, and the results show that the proposed approach can effectively detect low-voltage AC series arc fault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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14 pages, 10714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Down-Scale Evaluation System for Capacitors Utilized in High-Power Three-Phase Inverters under Balanced and Unbalanced Load Conditions

by Yi-Hung Liao and Yen-Lun Lin

Energies 2022, 15(19), 6937; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196937 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 960

Abstract

The DC-link capacitors in an electronic power system are the main constraint of the power density and lifespan of the power converters. Evaluating the load life of capacitors working in severely adverse circumstances plays an important role in the design stages of the next-generation power converters. In this article, an improved evaluation system for the capacitors utilized in high-power three-phase voltage source inverters is proposed. The purpose of this article is to reproduce the same encountered stresses when a DC-link capacitor is used in a high-power inverter with pulse-width modulation. Hence, an improved down-scale evaluation system for the DC-link capacitors used in high-power three-phase inverter systems under balanced and unbalanced load conditions is proposed. Moreover, AC and DC analyses in the proposed evaluation system are conducted. The equivalent circuit and transfer functions are derived to verify the proposed evaluation system. Finally, a prototype system is constructed to facilitate the theoretical results as the verification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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18 pages, 6884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Contribution Assessment Based on the Random Sample Consensus and Recursive Least Square Methods

by Jong-Il Park and Chang-Hyun Park

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6448; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176448 - 03 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1149

Abstract

This paper deals with a method of quantifying the harmonic contribution of each harmonic source to system voltage distortion. Assessing the harmonic contribution of individual harmonic sources is essential for mitigating and managing system harmonic levels. Harmonic contributions can be evaluated using the principle of voltage superposition with equivalent voltage models for harmonic sources. In general, the parameters of equivalent voltage models are estimated numerically because it is difficult to measure them directly. In this paper, we present an effective method for estimating equivalent model parameters based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) and recursive least square (RLS) with a variable forgetting factor. The procedure for quantifying harmonic contributions using equivalent models is also introduced. Additionally, we propose a network diagram of harmonic contributions that makes it easy to understand the harmonic distortion contributions of all harmonic sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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19 pages, 8122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Controlled DSTATCOM for Power Quality Enhancement

by Jun-Hao Chen, Kuang-Hsiung Tan and Yih-Der Lee

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4017; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114017 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

In this study, a three-phase four-wire distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is proposed to improve power quality, including the compensation of the three-phase unbalanced grid currents, the total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction of the grid current, and the power factor (PF) correction. Moreover, when different types of loads vary in the power system, the instantaneous power follows into or out of the DC-link capacitor in the DSTATCOM and results in poor transient responses of the grid current and DC-link voltage and performance deterioration. Hence, the DC-link voltage control plays a significant part in the DSTATCOM under load variation. For the purpose of mending the transient responses of the grid currents and DC-link voltage control and the performance of the DSTATCOM, the conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller is substituted with a novel online trained wavelet Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy neural network (WTSKFNN) controller in this study. Furthermore, the network structure and the online learning method of the proposed WTSKFNN controller are described in detail. Finally, the experimental results are given to certify the feasibility and effectiveness of the DSTATCOM using the proposed WTSKFNN controller for the power quality enhancement and the DC-link control improvement under load variation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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16 pages, 15942 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regulated Two-Dimensional Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Power Quality Classifier for Microgrid

by Cheng-I Chen, Sunneng Sandino Berutu, Yeong-Chin Chen, Hao-Cheng Yang and Chung-Hsien Chen

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072532 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Due to the penetration of renewable energy and load variation in the microgrid, the diagnosis of power quality disturbances (PQD) is important to the operation stability and safety of the microgrid system. Once the power imbalance is present between the generation and the load demand, the fundamental frequency would deviate from the nominal value. As a result, the performance of the power quality classifier based on the neural network would be deteriorated since the deviation of fundamental frequency is not taken into account. In this paper, the regulated two-dimensional (2D) deep convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach for PQD classification is proposed. In the data preprocessing stage, the IEC-based synchronizer is introduced to detect the deviation of fundamental frequency. In this way, the 2D grayscale image serving as the input of the deep CNN classifier can be accurately regulated. The obtained 2D image can effectively preserve information and waveform characteristics of the PQD signal. The experiment is implemented with datasets containing 14 different categories of PQD. According to this result, it is revealed that the regulated 2D deep CNN can improve the effectiveness of PQD classification in a real-time manner. Furthermore, the proposed method outperforms the methods in previous studies according to the field verification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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Review

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55 pages, 5648 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harmonic Mitigation Using Meta-Heuristic Optimization for Shunt Adaptive Power Filters: A Review

by Minh Ly Duc, Lukas Hlavaty, Petr Bilik and Radek Martinek

Energies 2023, 16(10), 3998; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16103998 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Shunt Adaptive Power Filter (SAPF) is widely used in the performance of power quality improvement activities in the power supply industry for processing industries or civil power sources in the world today based on its simplicity, transparency, high reliability, efficiency, and reliability, and their powerful compensating current-providing nature. The PI controller integrated into the SAPF operation mechanism works with extra high efficiency in selecting the current to compensate for the lost current generated in the power supply due to harmonics generated by the

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter values. The system operates by the PWM method for bridge rectifier circuits that perform the function of selecting the appropriate compensating current, providing correct compensation for the amount of current loss in the power supply. Adjusting the

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter to reach the optimal value by different methods is a promising and popular research direction at present. The

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter serves the right purpose for the PI controller to generate enough PWM pulses to excite the bridge rectifiers to generate just the right amount of compensating current and enough current to be compensated on the power supply. The commonly used

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter adjustment methods include the Ziegler Nichols closed-loop vibration method, the P-Q theoretical method, and several other methods. This study conducts a comprehensive review of the literature on modern strategies for adjusting the

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameters in the PI controller in the SAPF suite by using the meta-heuristic optimization method. This study performs classification according to the operation mode of meta-heuristic optimization methods to adjust the

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter to control the PI to select the correct PWM frequency to activate bridge rectifiers to select the most optimal compensation current to compensate for the loss of current on the power supply to meet the goal of improving power quality in accordance with IEEE 519-2022 standard, leading to the total harmonic distortion (THD) value is below 5%. The study presents in detail some meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, including applications, mathematical equations, and implementation of flow charts for SAPF and provides some open problems for future research. The main objective of this study is to provide an overview of applying meta-heuristic optimization algorithms to the

K_{p}, K_{i}

parameter tuning of PI controllers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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23 pages, 3244 KiB

Open AccessReview

Estimation of Electric Arc Incident Energy in Electric Power Distribution Grids

by Marina Camponogara, Daniel Pinheiro Bernardon, Tiago Bandeira Marchesan, Vitor Cristiano Bender, Fernando Cesar Pepe, Gilnei José Gama dos Santos, Lucas Melo de Chiara and Martin Wolter

Energies 2023, 16(7), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073202 - 02 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1556

Abstract

The occurrence of an electric arc is an inherent possibility when working in a live line. Thermal risk is considered one of the most relevant risks associated with this type of event, so every worker who performs daily activities in the electricity distribution sector is subject to this risk to a lesser or greater degree. The quantification of the thermal risk is based on estimating the energy generated by the electric arc, and focuses on a surface called incident energy. Therefore, the incident energy estimate is used to define thermal protection strategies applicable to workers who carry out activities in the distribution sector. In light of this, the present work proposes a review of incident energy estimation methods for electric arcs in electric power distribution grids, highlighting the applicability of each of these methods in terms of voltage, short circuit type, and environment. Finally, five case studies are presented in which adequate methods are used to estimate the incident energy. Their results concerning incident energy and selected protective equipment (PPE) are compared. From the review of existing incident energy estimation methods in the literature and the case studies presented, the importance of selecting a suitable method for the type of system analyzed, considering electric, spatial, and intervention aspects, is observed. Finally, considering that the primary objective of incident energy estimation is to determine the need and selection of arc-rated PPE, the selected estimation method must be aligned and integrated with the clothing selection procedures and applicable PPE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Smart Grids: Advanced Technology for System Regulation and Analysis)

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