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Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology
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Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 8975

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chilou Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Interests: hydrogen energy safety and technologies; hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
Dr. Wenhu Han

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: hydrogen explosion safety
Dr. Xiang Li

E-Mail
Co-Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Safety of Hydrogen Energy Storage and Transportation Equipment for State Market Regulation, China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: inspection & testing technology for hydrogen containers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen energy is considered one of the most promising fuels, especially in fuel cell vehicles (FCV), provides immediate solutions to problems associated with current fossil fuel-based vehicle technologies, for example, a reduction in greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. The use of hydrogen greatly helps to achieve ‘emission peak’ & ‘carbon neutrality’. However, the potential risk of hydrogen damage, leakage, flammability, and explosion makes the hydrogen storage system in FCV face several challenges. To be effective, and competitive for daily use, it still needs a highly reliable hydrogen energy system, which is highly dependent on technological improvements. This Special Issue on “Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology” aims to bring together the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the field of hydrogen energy safety. Original research articles and reviews are welcome in this Special Issue. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Hydrogen compatibility of materials, Effect of hydrogen on materials
  • Hydrogen sealing technology
  • Performance, durability and reliability of hydrogen storage tanks
  • Liquid/gas hydrogen leakage, fire and explosion
  • Hydrogen safety in manufacture, storage and transportation etc.
  • Hydrogen risk analysis and management
  • Hydrogen standards and codes
  • Other hydrogen related theory, technology and applications

Dr. Chilou Zhou
Dr. Wenhu Han
Dr. Xiang Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Hydrogen Distribution and Diffusion in Pre-Strained SUS316L through Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
by Shuanghe Chi, Jinxing Guo, Zhengli Hua, Juan Shang and Baihui Xing
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7126; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207126 - 17 Oct 2023
Viewed by 696
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels (γ-SS) play an important role in the storage of high-pressure hydrogen. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) can significantly degrade the mechanical properties of γ-SS. Measuring the distribution of hydrogen in γ-SS is a vital way to learn about HE. In this [...] Read more.
Austenitic stainless steels (γ-SS) play an important role in the storage of high-pressure hydrogen. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) can significantly degrade the mechanical properties of γ-SS. Measuring the distribution of hydrogen in γ-SS is a vital way to learn about HE. In this paper, scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) have been utilized to analyze the distribution and diffusion of hydrogen in pre-strained SUS316L. Additionally, the McNabb–Foster model is employed to calculate hydrogen in the lattice and phase boundaries along the sample’s thickness direction. The results demonstrate that the combination of SKPFM and TDS is an effective approach for studying hydrogen distribution and diffusion in metals. It was observed that hydrogen segregation occurs at the boundary between the martensitic (α′) and austenite (γ) phases. The inhibitory effect of the oxide film on hydrogen diffusion is more significant at lower temperatures. However, it should be noted that the McNabb–Foster model exhibits relatively high accuracy in predicting hydrogen desorption at higher temperatures while disregarding the influence of the native oxide film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology)
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18 pages, 5545 KiB  
Article
Development of Model-Based PEM Water Electrolysis HILS (Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation) System for State Evaluation and Fault Detection
by Taehyung Koo, Rockkil Ko, Dongwoo Ha and Jaeyoung Han
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083379 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2528
Abstract
Hydrogen is attracting attention as a good energy-storage medium for renewable energy. Among hydrogen production technologies using renewable energy, water electrolysis is drawing attention as a key technology for green hydrogen production using renewable energy. In particular, polymeric electrolyte membrane water electrolysis systems [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is attracting attention as a good energy-storage medium for renewable energy. Among hydrogen production technologies using renewable energy, water electrolysis is drawing attention as a key technology for green hydrogen production using renewable energy. In particular, polymeric electrolyte membrane water electrolysis systems have several advantages compared to other types of water electrolysis technologies, such as small size and mass, high efficiency, low operating temperature, and low power consumption. However, until now, proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis systems have not been reliable. In this study, system failure diagnosis techniques were presented among the various methods for improving reliability. We developed PEM water electrolysis stack models and system models to predict the performance of the system and analyze the dynamic properties using MATLAB/Simulink® 2018a, which have been validated under various conditions. The developed dynamic characteristic simulation model applies hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) technology to configure experimental devices to interact in real-time. The developed PEMWE HILS system accepts signals that control the system, operates the experimental setup and simulation model in real-time, and diagnoses the system’s failure based on the results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology)
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17 pages, 9969 KiB  
Article
Effect of Eccentric Tension on the Response of Wrinkle Defects in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates
by Li Ma, Kaidi Ying, Ange Wen, Jing Guo and Jinyang Zheng
Energies 2023, 16(1), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010209 - 25 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1137
Abstract
Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) have become the main equipment for hydrogen storage; however, the effect of defect in the laminates of CPVs is difficult to detect. In this paper, composite specimens containing wrinkle defects were investigated, and a heterogeneity model of a wrinkle [...] Read more.
Composite pressure vessels (CPVs) have become the main equipment for hydrogen storage; however, the effect of defect in the laminates of CPVs is difficult to detect. In this paper, composite specimens containing wrinkle defects were investigated, and a heterogeneity model of a wrinkle defect is proposed. A three-dimensional finite element code was developed to predict the behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates with wrinkle defects. The effect of the geometric asymmetry of clamping was distinguished from the whole response. It was found that wrinkle defects are sensitive to tension but completely insensitive to torsion and that the distortion of out-of-plane displacement is strongly dependent upon wrinkle defects. An optical–mechanical method based on fringe projection was presented to measure the response of wrinkle defects, which shows an outstanding performance on wrinkle location and deformation visualization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology)
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18 pages, 8831 KiB  
Article
A Novel Generic Diagnosis Algorithm in the Time Domain Representation
by Etienne Dijoux, Cédric Damour, Michel Benne and Alexandre Aubier
Energies 2023, 16(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010108 - 22 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1127
Abstract
The health monitoring of a system remains a major issue for its lifetime preservation. In this paper, a novel fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed. The proposed diagnosis approach is based on a unique variable measurement in the time domain and manages to extract [...] Read more.
The health monitoring of a system remains a major issue for its lifetime preservation. In this paper, a novel fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed. The proposed diagnosis approach is based on a unique variable measurement in the time domain and manages to extract the system behavior evolution. The developed tool aims to be generic to several physical systems with low or high dynamic behavior. The algorithm is depicted in the present paper and two different applications are considered. The performance of the novel proposed approach is experimentally evaluated on a fan considering two different faulty conditions and on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The experimental results demonstrated the high efficiency of the proposed diagnosis tool. Indeed, the algorithm can discriminate the two faulty operation modes of the fan from a normal condition and also manages to identify the current system state of health. Regarding the fuel cell state of health, only two conditions are tested and the algorithm is able to detect the fault occurrence from a normal operating mode. Moreover, the very low computational cost of the proposed diagnosis tool makes it especially suitable to be implemented on a microcontroller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology)
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Review

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22 pages, 3627 KiB  
Review
A Bibliometric and Visualized Overview of Hydrogen Embrittlement from 1997 to 2022
by Chilou Zhou, Yingjie Ren, Xinrui Yan, Yiran Zheng and Baoqing Liu
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9218; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239218 - 05 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1984
Abstract
The mechanical properties of materials deteriorate when hydrogen embrittlement (HE) occurs, seriously threatening the reliability and durability of the hydrogen system. Therefore, it is important to summarize the status and development trends of research on HE. This study reviewed 6676 publications concerned with [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of materials deteriorate when hydrogen embrittlement (HE) occurs, seriously threatening the reliability and durability of the hydrogen system. Therefore, it is important to summarize the status and development trends of research on HE. This study reviewed 6676 publications concerned with HE from 1997 to 2022 based on the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer was used to conduct the bibliometric analysis and produce visualizations of the publications. The results showed that the number of publications on HE increased after 2007, especially between 2017 and 2019. Japan was the country with the highest numbers of productive authors and citations of publications, and the total number of citations of Japanese publications was 24,589. Kyushu University was the most influential university, and the total number of citations of Kyushu University publications was 7999. Akiyama was the most prolific and influential author, publishing 88 publications with a total of 2565 citations. The USA, South Korea and some European countries are also leading in HE research; these countries have published more than 200 publications. It was also found that the HE publications generally covered five topics: “Hydrogen embrittlement in different materials”, “Effect of hydrogen on mechanical properties of materials”, “Effect of alloying elements or microstructure on hydrogen embrittlement”, “Hydrogen transport”, and “Characteristics and mechanisms of hydrogen related failures”. Research hotspots included “Fracture failure behavior and analysis”, “Microstructure”, “Hydrogen diffusion and transport”, “Mechanical properties”, “Hydrogen resistance”, and so on. These covered the basic methods and purposes of HE research. Finally, the distribution of the main subject categories of the publications was determined, and these categories covered various topics and disciplines. This study establishes valuable reference information for the application and development of HE research and provides a convenient resource to help researchers and scholars understand the development trends and research directions in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy Safety Technology)
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