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Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2023) | Viewed by 10726

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chao Zheng

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Guest Editor

China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
Interests: power system stability and control; AC and DC power systems

Dr. Junru Chen

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Guest Editor

Engineering Research Center of Renewable Energy Power Generation and Grid-connected Control, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
Interests: power system modelling; control and operation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Xiqiang Chang

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Guest Editor Assistant

State Grid Xinjiang Electric Power CO. LTD., Urumqi 830004, China
Interests: power system analysis and control; power system engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Current power systems are transitioning towards the high integration of power electronics-interfaced renewables. In the development of modern power systems, power electronics-interfaced renewable energy has become one of most dominant resources; consequently, the sharing of conventional synchronous generators has been reduced. In this context, the performances of modern and future electricity grids are affected and even determined by power converter-interfaced resources. Compared to conventional synchronous generators, interfaced power converters have different terminal characteristics in terms of their output impedance, equivalent circuit model, power-frequency/voltage characteristics and dynamic response principles. Such a transition results in the power system suffering from frequency-related inertia and stability issues as well as voltage-related problems. Thus, interfaced power converters cannot be simply and passively connected to the main grid as a pure current source, but must be responsible for traditional power generation in terms of forming and supporting grids, especially during the situation where faults or contingencies occur. For the purpose of the stability and safety of modern power systems with a high integration of renewables, the control and operation of the interfaced converters and power systems is essential.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the control and operation of modern power systems to improve their safety, reliability, resilience and stability. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Advanced control techniques of interfaced power converters;
Advanced modelling of power electronics-dominated grids;
Advanced simulation techniques of power electronics-dominated grids;
Inertia estimation and support of modern power systems;
Primary and secondary frequency control of modern electricity grids;
Voltage profile control of modern electricity grids;
Oscillation and resonant damping control of modern power systems;
Protection and post-fault management of modern power systems;
Physical and cyber safety of modern electricity grids;
Coordination and management of integrated energy systems.

Dr. Chao Zheng
Dr. Junru Chen
Guest Editors
Xiqiang Chang
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 12042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Control Strategy for Hydraulic Turbines to Consider Both Primary Frequency Regulation and Ultra-Low Frequency Oscillation Suppression

by Yong Jia, Bangwei Tan, Wentao Zhang, Dongrong Jiang, Chao Yang and Yunhao Wen

Energies 2024, 17(5), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051067 - 23 Feb 2024

Viewed by 338

Abstract

In response to the requirements of mitigating ultra-low frequency oscillation (ULFO) and enhancing primary frequency regulation (PFR) performance in hydropower-dominated systems, a novel control strategy, namely the center-frequency-structured governor-side power system stabilizer (CFS_GPSS) is proposed. In this study, the transfer function model of the hydropower system with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID)-type governor is established. Through analysis of damping torque and amplitude-frequency characteristics, the dominant links and key characteristics of ULFO are revealed. Based on these findings, a CFS_GPSS strategy is proposed to compensate for the phase and increase system damping. Finally, the effectiveness of the CFS_GPSS is verified under normal operating conditions of 0.04 Hz, strong network and low hydropower output conditions of 0.034 Hz, and weak grid-connected conditions of 0.054 Hz based on the 3-machine, 9-bus system. Compared to the conventional structured governor-side power system stabilizer (CS_GPSS) control strategy and PID parameter optimization method, the CFS_GPSS demonstrates efficient ULFO suppression across a wide frequency range while significantly enhancing PFR performance. The proposed control strategy exhibited the expected performance under various operating conditions, providing effective technical means to enhance the reliability of hydraulic turbines and guide the safe and stable operation of hydropower-dominated systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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15 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Dispatch Optimization between the Main Grid and Virtual Power Plants Based on Multi-Parametric Quadratic Programming

by Guixing Yang, Mingze Xu, Weiqing Wang and Shunbo Lei

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155593 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 733

Abstract

Virtual power plants (VPPs) are a critical technology for distribution systems that can integrate various renewable energy resourcescontrollable loads and energy storage systems into one specific power plant through a distributed energy management system. This paper proposes a coordinated dispatch optimization model between the main grid and VPPs aiming to minimize both the power generation cost and total system active loss. When the time of the equivalent dispatching model is not divisible due to the existence of a time coupling constraint inside the VPPs, this model can obtain the global optimal solution through iteration between the main grid and the VPPs. By employing multi-parametric quadratic programming to obtain accurate critical domains and optimal cost functions, the convergence speed and stability are significantly improved. Additionally, a reactive power and voltage optimization technique leveraging the generalized Benders decomposition is presented for the coordination of the main grid and the VPPs. Moreover, the impact of distributed energy resource (DER) clusters on the main grid was studied, from which we proved that the proposed approach can expeditiously abate energy production expenditure and system active dissipation whilst enhancing the system equilibrium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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15 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Optimal Coordination of a Virtual Power Plant with Residential Regenerative Electric Heating Systems

by Guixing Yang, Haoran Liu, Weiqing Wang, Junru Chen and Shunbo Lei

Energies 2023, 16(11), 4314; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114314 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 939

Abstract

Renewable energy sources play a key role in the transition towards clean and affordable energy. However, grid integration of renewable energy sources faces many challenges due to its intermittent nature. The controllability of aggregated regenerative electric heating load provides a method for the consumption of renewable energy sources. Based on the concept of a virtual power plant (VPP), this paper considers the cooperative energy management of aggregated residential regenerative electric heating systems. First, considering physical constraints, network constraints, and user comfort, comprehensive modeling of a VPP is given to maximize its social benefits. In addition, this VPP is investigated as a participant in day-ahead energy and reserve markets. Then, to solve this problem, a distributed coordination approach based on an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed, which can respect the independence of users and preserve their privacy. Finally, the simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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15 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Concept and Understanding of Synchronous Stability in Power Electronic-Based Power Systems

by Yayao Zhang, Miao Han and Meng Zhan

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062923 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Synchronous stability in power systems is of essential importance for system safety and operation. For the phase-locked loop (PLL)-based synchronous stability in power electronic-based power systems, which has recently stimulated interest in researchers in the field of electrical power engineering, but is still controversial, this paper divides the topic into two aspects, including the PLL device stability and the system stability. It is found that the PLL device is always stable and the error between the PLL output angle

θ_{p l l}

and the terminal voltage angle

θ_{t}

is always finite. Therefore, the synchronization of power electronic-based power systems should be understood as the output synchronization between the electrical rotation vectors (

θ_{t}

θ_{p l l}

) from each item of grid-tied equipment, rather than the synchronization of the PLL device itself. In addition, it is found that

θ_{p l l}

plays an active role in the system synchronization dynamics not only in electromagnetic timescales but also electromechanical timescales and it could be selected as a dominant observable. In this paper, the concept of synchronous stability is well clarified. These findings are well supported by theoretical analyses and MATLAB/Simulink simulations, and thus could provide insights on the synchronous stability mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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24 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Load Flow Based Scheme for Optimum Placing and Quantifying of Distributed Generation for Alleviation of Congestion in Interconnected Power Systems

by Joseph P. Varghese, Kumaravel Sundaramoorthy and Ashok Sankaran

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2536; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062536 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

The energy supply entities widely adopt distributed generators (DG) to meet the additional power requirement due to scheduled or unscheduled interruptions. The expansion of transmission and distribution systems via the inclusion of loads and generators and the occurrence of line interruptions are significant causes of congestion of transmission lines in interconnected systems. The management and alleviation of congested lines is a primary requirement for a power system network’s reliable and efficient operation. The researchers investigated the potential scope of distributed generation (DG) to alleviate the congested branches in interconnected transmission systems. The development of a reliable scheme to arrive at the best location and size of local generators for alleviating congestion deserves considerable importance. This paper attempted to develop a simple and reliable strategy for the optimum placement and sizing of DGs to be integrated with a transmission line system of DGs for congestion relief in transmission lines by analyzing power flow solutions. This research work considered the 14-bus system of IEEE for the preliminary analysis to identify the parameters employed for assessing the severity of line congestion and the best placement and sizing of DGs for congestion relief. This work analyzed power flows by load flow algorithms using ETAP software in the 14-bus IEEE system for different line outage cases. The analysis of power flow solutions of the 14-bus system of IEEE revealed that the percentage violation of the system can be regarded as an essential parameter to assess the extent of congestion in an interconnected system. A detailed power flow analysis of the system with various capacities of DG integration at several buses in the system revealed the application of two indices, namely the index of severity (SI) and sensitivity factor (SF), for optimum placement with the best capacity of DGs for congestion alleviation in the system. This work proposed a reliable algorithm for the best siting and sizing of DGs for congestion relief by using the identified indices. The proposed methodology is system indices allied load flow-based algorithm. This work produced a fast simulation solution without any mismatch through this developed scheme. The approximations linked with the algorithm were very minute, resulting in comprehensive bests instead of inexact limited bests with less simulation time and more convergence probability and availing the benefits of the mathematical approach. The work investigated the feasibility of the proposed methodology for optimum placing and quantifying DGs for congestion solutions for a practical interconnected bus system in the supply entity of the Kerala grid with many buses. Any transmission system operator can adopt this method in similar connected systems anywhere. The proposed algorithm determined the most severe cases of congestion and the optimum site and size of DGs for managing congested feeders in the grid system. The analysis of the losses in the system for different cases of DG penetration by load flow analysis validated the suitability of the obtained results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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13 pages, 1842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Quantitative Evaluation Index of Power System Frequency Response Capability

by Cheng Chi, Hai Zhao and Jiahang Han

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9423; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249423 - 13 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1185

Abstract

Frequency stability is an important factor for the safety and stability of the power system operation. In a traditional power system, the operation stability is ensured by the inertia response, primary frequency modulation, and secondary frequency modulation. In recent years, in order to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization and carbon peaking, China has made great efforts in new energy development. With large-scale new energy connected to the power grid, the proportion of traditional conventional synchronous units has gradually declined. At the same time, a large number of power electronic devices have been used in the power grid, which led to the capability decline of the inertia response and primary frequency modulation. For example, the East China Power Grid has experienced a sharp frequency drop in such an environment. In order to solve the above problems, the operation principle and control mode of various new energy resources are analyzed in this paper. Moreover, the process and principle of power grid frequency response are studied and the evaluation index of frequency response capability is proposed. The research results can quantitatively evaluate the system inertia response and primary frequency modulation level and provides a judgment tool for dispatching operators and system planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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13 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capacity Allocation Strategy Using Virtual Synchronous Compensator for Renewable Energy Stations Based on Fuzzy Chance Constraints

by Zhi Xu, Pengfei Song, Chunya Yin, Pengpeng Kang and Baoyu Zhai

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9306; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249306 - 08 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 852

Abstract

The uncertainty of high penetration of renewable energy brings challenges to the safe and stable operation of a power system; the virtual synchronous compensation (VSCOM) can shift the demand and compensate real-time discrepancy between generation and demand, and can improve the active support ability for the power system. This paper proposes a novel capacity allocation strategy using VSCOM for renewable energy stations based on fuzzy constraints. Firstly, the basic framework of the VSCOM is constructed with energy storage and reactive power generator (SVG) unit. Secondly, the inertia and standby capacity requirements of high penetration of renewable energy system are modeled; on this basis, a capacity allocation model of each sub unit of the VSCOM is developed, and the investment economy and stable support needs are considered. Thirdly, the uncertainty set of wind power output is defined based on the historical data to find a decision that minimizes the worst-case expected where the worst case should be taken. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed optimal sizing strategy can effectively take advantage of stability and economy, and the VSCOM can meet the inertia support demand of 98.6% of a high proportion of renewable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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13 pages, 2562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Model Predictive Control with Improved Frequency Stability

by Xuhong Yang, Hui Li, Wei Jia, Zhongxin Liu, Yu Pan and Fengwei Qian

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228385 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1166

Abstract

With the massive integration of renewable energy into the grid, grid inertia and its stability continue to decrease. To improve inertia and facilitate grid restoration, a control strategy for radial basis function virtual synchronous generators based on model predictive control (MPC-VSG-RBF) is proposed in this paper. In this method, virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy is introduced into the model predictive control (MPC), so that the reference value of the inner loop current can vary with the grid voltage and frequency. Using the radial basis function (RBF) neural network to adjust the VSG virtual inertia online can solve the large fluctuation of frequency and power caused by excessive load fluctuation. The simulation model was built based on MATLAB and compared and analyzed with the MPC control method. The simulation results show that: when the output power of the inverter changes, the model predictive control of the adaptive virtual synchronous generator can increase the inertia and stability of the power grid; by adjusting the moment of inertia, the system damping ratio is improved to effectively suppress the transient process overshoot and oscillation in medium power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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19 pages, 6592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Power Generation System Considering the Power System Analysis in Multi-Timescales

by Chenchen Ge, Muyang Liu and Junru Chen

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7471; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207471 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1596

Abstract

The dynamics of wind power generation cannot be neglected in the modern power system and could have a great impact on the system dynamics, even raising the risk of a blackout. Because of this, power system simulation has to include the model of wind power generation. However, due to the high order of the full model of the wind power generator, it is impossible to model them in detail in the use of the power system dynamic simulation considering the thousands of wind generators in the grid. In this context, a simplified model is normally used with the trade-off in lower accuracy. As a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power generation system (D-PMSG) would take up a certain occupation in the modern power system, a proper D-PMSG simplified model is needed in the power system simulation. For a different research purpose in a different timescale, a different complexity of the model can be used to maximize the accuracy, in the meantime speeding up the simulation. This paper proposes a set of simplified models of the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind power generation system (D-PMSG) and classifies them according to the timescale of the dynamics and the use cases, i.e., faults (transient stability analysis), system contingencies (voltage and frequency stability analysis) and wind speed variations (energy transformation). The accuracy of the proposed simplified models is verified by comparing them with the detailed D-PMSG electromagnetic transient mode in Matlab/Simulink, and their use case of the power system simulation is validated based on the case study of the IEEE 39-bus system considering the above scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Operation of the Modern Power System with High Penetration of Renewables)

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