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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 April 2023) | Viewed by 17261

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Dr. Ioana Pisica

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Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
Interests: smart grids; power system analysis and control; dynamic electricity tariffs; smart metering and ICT infrastructures for future power networks
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Prof. Dr. Sumit Paudyal

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Interests: power system optimization; distribution grid modeling; power system protection; dynamic simulation

Dr. Oguzhan Ceylan

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Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
Interests: power systems; smart grids; numerical computing; parallel computing; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite research papers that seek to achieve optimal grid services and solutions, looking at the integral system of generation, transmission, distribution, and consumers. Detailed analyses of transmission and distribution systems with uncertainty both in distributed energy resources and in future demand characteristics are welcome.

Voltage support services enabled by different types of providers (storage including electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, conventional power plants) and which can accommodate a variety of technologies (including power electronics-based inverters) are of high priority.

Coordination of the capacity and technical ability of providers to achieve operational requirements under constrained networks and stochastic usage patterns from households and electric vehicles is of the utmost importance in the ever-changing landscape of power grids.

Novel research to integrate transmission, distribution, generation, and consumers to achieve system-wide benefits in an energy-exchanging society, developing a novel energy-as-a-service model and peer-to-peer energy transactions is highly relevant as part of power system analysis and control. Topics to be covered in this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

Transmission systems modeling and integration in distribution systems
Coordinated control approaches both at the transmission and distribution system levels
Novel control approaches, integrating several smart grid components.
Novel transmission and distribution level grid services from the aggregation of distributed energy resources and flexible loads, including transactive energy.

Dr. Ioana Pisica
Prof. Dr. Sumit Paudyal
Dr. Oguzhan Ceylan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Smart grids
Optimization
Control approaches in power grids
Smart inverters
Renewable energy
Flexible loads
Transactive energy

Related Special Issue

Challenges and Progress in Power System Analysis and Control in Energies (1 article)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Steady-State Load Flow Model of DFIG Wind Turbine Based on Generator Power Loss Calculation

by Rudy Gianto, Purwoharjono, Fitri Imansyah, Rudi Kurnianto and Danial

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3640; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093640 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Penetration of wind power plants (WPPs) in the electric power system will complicate the system load flow analysis. Consequently, the traditional load flow algorithm can no longer be used to find the solution to the load flow problem of such a system. This paper proposes a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WPP model for a load flow analysis of the electric power system. The proposed model is derived based on the power formulations of the WPP—namely, DFIG power, DFIG power loss, and WPP power output formulas. The model can be applied to various DFIG power factor operating modes. In the present paper, applications of the proposed methods in two representative electric power systems (i.e., IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus systems) have been investigated. The investigation results verify the proposed method’s capability to solve the load flow problem of the system embedded with DFIG-based variable-speed WPPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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31 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Influence of Nodal Reactive Powers on Voltages in a Power System

by Tomasz Okon and Kazimierz Wilkosz

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041567 - 04 Feb 2023

Viewed by 853

Abstract

The paper deals with finding power system nodes where reactive powers have the greatest influence on system voltages. The problem to be solved is important in reactive power planning. Its proper solution indicates in which nodes new sources of reactive power should be installed in order to achieve the assumed goals in the aforementioned planning. So far, the problem formulated earlier has not been satisfactorily resolved. The paper presents an original method, which, based on the entire history of the system operation states, allows a solution to the problem mentioned above to be found. The proposed method assumes the use of measurement data of nodal-voltage magnitudes and nodal reactive power. Correlational relationships between the above-mentioned quantities are investigated. The paper shows that the considered correlational relationships are not linear. In this situation, Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient is used to evaluate the strength of these correlational relationships. Analysis of the strongest relationships allows us to identify those nodal reactive powers that have the greatest influence on the voltages in the power system. The results of the analysis are the basis for determining the location of additional reactive power sources in the power system, which is very essential in reactive power planning. The proposed method is relatively easy to implement and does not require complicated calculations. The paper additionally shows that failure to use the entire spectrum of representative system states when solving the problem under consideration can adversely affect the result. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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19 pages, 5744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model of an Air Transformer for Analyses of Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Kalina Detka, Krzysztof Górecki and Przemysław Ptak

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031391 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

This article presents a new model of a dedicated air transformer for computer analyses of wireless power transfer systems. This model includes a form of subcircuit for SPICE. It takes into account the electric, magnetic and thermal properties of the modeled device. The form of the elaborated model is presented and the results of its experimental verification are shown. Some results from measurements and computations of an air transformer and a wireless power transfer system containing this transformer are shown and discussed. The structure of the tested system and the measuring setup used are also described. The results of measurements and computations illustrating the influence of the distance between the windings of the air transformer and the displacement between its windings on the output voltage of the power transfer system are presented and discussed. The influence of load resistance on the properties of the considered system is analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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16 pages, 9769 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improving Transient Stability of a Synchronous Generator Using UIPC with a Unified Control Scheme

by Saeed Ghafouri, Mohammad Ali Hajiahmadi, Mehdi Firouzi, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Saleh Mobayen and Paweł Skruch

Energies 2022, 15(16), 6072; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166072 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

In this paper, the Unified Interphase Power Controller (UIPC) is utilized to protect the synchronous generator in case of faults occurring in the transmission system. The UIPC not only maintains the generator’s stability by keeping its load angle within safe operational limits but also prevents high-amplitude currents from flowing through the stator windings. This also allows for more loading on the generator without compromising the system’s stability. Moreover, utilization of the UIPC improves the LVRT capability of the generator by injecting reactive power at the faulted location. Additionally, a novel unified control scheme is proposed for the UIPC that enhances its performance by omitting the necessity of fault detection algorithms. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller and the efficacy of the UIPC in protecting the synchronous generator under the faults, simulations have been conducted in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. A test grid was developed comprising a synchronous generator, transmission line model, UIPC, and an infinite grid representing the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), and three fault scenarios have been implemented in the transmission system. The comparative analysis of simulation results demonstrates the capability and efficacy of UIPC in isolating the synchronous generator from the faulted location, which in turn not only enhances transient stability of the generator, but also protects generator windings from detrimental faults currents. Moreover, according to the results, UIPC also contributes to recovering the voltage dip of the fault location via injecting reactive power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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16 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heuristic Optimization Approaches for Capacitor Sizing and Placement: A Case Study in Kazakhstan

by Olzhas Baimakhanov, Hande Şenyüz, Almaz Saukhimov and Oğuzhan Ceylan

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093148 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1528

Abstract

Two methods for estimating the near-optimal positions and sizes of capacitors in radial distribution networks are presented. The first model assumes fixed-size capacitors, while the second model assumes controllable variable-size capacitors by changing the tap positions. In the second model, we limit the number of changes in capacitor size. In both approaches, the models consider many load scenarios and aim to obtain better voltage profiles by minimizing voltage deviations and active power losses. We use two recently developed heuristic algorithms called Salp Swarm Optimization algorithm (SSA) and Dragonfly algorithm (DA) to solve the proposed optimization models. We performed numerical simulations using data by modifying an actual distribution network in Almaty, Kazakhstan. To mimic various load scenarios, we start with the baseline load values and produce random variations. For the first model, the optimization algorithms identify the near-optimal positioning and sizes of fixed-size capacitors. Since the second model assumes variable-size capacitors, the algorithms also decide the tap positions for this case. Comparative analysis of the heuristic algorithms shows that the DA and SSA algorithms give similar results in solving the two optimization models: the former gives a slightly better voltage profile and lower active power losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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33 pages, 12403 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modeling of Double Stage Photovoltaic Inverter System with Fast Delayed Signal Cancellation for Fault Ride-Through Control Application in Microgrids

by Elutunji Buraimoh and Innocent E. Davidson

Energies 2022, 15(3), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030701 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

This research presents a secondary control for a grid-supporting microgrid with photovoltaics sources to guarantee grid code compliance and ancillary services. The secondary control accomplishes the fault ride-through, which implements a delayed signal cancellation (DSC) algorithm for negative sequence detection. Without mode switching, the proposed control strategy meets grid code requirements and ensures voltage regulation at the secondary level, which is active and more salient throughout the transient period of host grid disturbances. This control also ensures a constant supply of the microgrid’s sensitive local load while adhering to grid code requirements. Similarly, active power injection into the main grid is limited by progressively altering the MPPT operating point dependent on the depth of voltage sag to optimize reactive power injection to sustain grid voltage sag. The recommended secondary control is triggered by utilizing the DSC process’s detection algorithm to identify the occurrence of a fault in a tiny fraction of a half-cycle in a grid fault. Consequently, while satisfying microgrid load needs, the devised technique guaranteed that increases in DC-link voltage and AC grid current were controlled. MATLAB Simscape ElectricalTM and OPAL-RT Lab are used to do time-domain simulations of the model using the recommended secondary control systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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23 pages, 6007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Various Aspects of Network Losses in Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading

by SungJoong Kim, YeonOuk Chu, HyunJoong Kim, HyungTae Kim, HeeSeung Moon, JinHo Sung, YongTae Yoon and YoungGyu Jin

Energies 2022, 15(3), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030686 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1474

Abstract

In this study, we examined the impacts of peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading on the power losses in the network, which is one of the objectives optimized in the centralized approach. For this purpose, we reviewed the conventional loss management schemes and suggested the requirements to be considered in the design of P2P electricity trading. Then, we described a new loss management framework for P2P transactions and introduced the concept of the transaction guide. Based on the proposed framework, we simulated the P2P transactions with and without the transaction guide and examined the variation in the network losses. Three noteworthy remarks are derived from the simulation in this paper. First, the random characteristics of P2P trading itself do not guarantee favorable transaction ordering in terms of network losses, but when the new loss management framework is applied, the network losses can be effectively decreased. Second, through the new loss management framework, loss costs can be fairly allocated to individual prosumers. Third, to invigorate the P2P electricity trading, an incentive program should be considered to alleviate the burden of loss costs of the first trader in the P2P electricity trading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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21 pages, 7042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Operation of Multiple Energy System Based on Multi-Objective Theory and Grey Theory

by Bo Hu, Nan Wang, Zaiming Yu, Yunqing Cao, Dongsheng Yang and Li Sun

Energies 2022, 15(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010068 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1904

Abstract

The manufacturing industry consumes electricity and natural gas to provide the power and heat required for manufacturing. Additionally, large amounts of electric energy and heat energy are used, and the electricity cost, amount of environmental pollution, and equipment maintenance cost are high. Thus, optimizing the management of equipment with new energy is important to satisfy the load demand from the system. This paper formulates the scheduling problem of these multiple energy systems as a multi-objective linear regression model (MLRM), and an energy management system is designed focusing on the economy and on greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, a variety of optimization objectives and constraints are proposed to make the energy management scheme more practical. Then, grey theory is combined with the common MLRM to accurately represent the uncertainty in the system and to make the model better reflect the actual situation. This paper takes load fluctuation, total grid operation cost, and environmental pollution value as reference standards to measure the effect of the gray optimization algorithm. Lastly, the model is applied to optimize the energy supply plan and its performance is demonstrated using numerical examples. The verification results meet the optimized operating conditions of the multi-energy microgrid system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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15 pages, 23309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Droop Control Scheme of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Various Disturbances

by Yien Xu, Pei Chen, Xinsong Zhang and Dejian Yang

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7980; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237980 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1704

Abstract

Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) participate in the system frequency regulation using a fixed-coefficient droop control scheme. Nevertheless, the frequency-supporting capability of this control scheme with fixed gain is limited for different disturbances. This paper suggests an improved droop control scheme for a DFIG that can both alleviate the frequency nadir and maximum rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) during the frequency regulation. To achieve this, an adaptive droop control coefficient based on the ROCOF is suggested. The proposed droop control coefficient is a linear function of the ROCOF. Therefore, the proposed scheme can adjust the control coefficient according to the varying ROCOF. Simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed droop control scheme shows better effectiveness in improving the maximum ROCOF and frequency nadir under various sizes of disturbance, even in a varying wind speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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Review

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20 pages, 957 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Flexible Current Control Strategies Applied to LVRT Capability for Grid-Connected Inverters

by David J. Rincon, Maria A. Mantilla, Juan M. Rey, Miguel Garnica and Damien Guilbert

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031052 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

Distributed power generation plays a critical role in the stability and reliability of modern power systems. Due to the rapid growth of renewable energy generation, the requirements of the transmission and distribution system operators are becoming more stringent. Among these requirements, one of the most important is the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) capability, which demands that the inverters remain connected to the grid and provide support during voltage sags. For this purpose, flexible current control algorithms stand out because they can manage unbalanced voltages and simultaneously achieve other control objectives. With the aim of presenting a concrete document focused on describing fundamental principles and discussing common design guidelines, this paper presents an overview of flexible current control strategies applied to LVRT capability. The operation features and design aspects of experiences reported in the literature are reviewed. Moreover, the paper proposes a general methodology to design LVRT flexible current control algorithms. Finally, current and future trends are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Analysis and Control)

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