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Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (11 December 2023) | Viewed by 12170

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A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: boiling; two-phase flow; spray cooling; heat and mass transfer enhancement; thermal management; surface modification techniques
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: flow boiling; wettability; two-phase flow; heat transfer; microchannels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Boiling is one of the most effective heat removal regimes, and is thus widely used in various industries and technologies, including, but not limited to: heat and nuclear energies, thermal desalination, heat pipes, heat exchangers, etc. Moreover, boiling is generally recognized as the best method for the thermal management of high-heat-flux devices, such as high-power electronics. Efforts to understand pool and flow boiling mechanisms and discover and develop methods to improve boiling efficiency are ongoing.

This Special Issue aims to bring together state-of-the-art experimental and numerical research contributions exploring the mechanisms of heat transfer and fluid dynamics during boiling phenomena. Special attention will be given to recent results regarding heat transfer enhancement during boiling under various conditions, especially from studies using novel and promising methods of heating surface modification. Papers devoted to the development of novel two-phase heat transfer devices utilizing boiling are also highly encouraged.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • Heat transfer during pool and flow boiling;
  • Flow boiling in micro- and macro-channels;
  • Fluid dynamics during boiling;
  • Boiling improvement;
  • Surface modification techniques for boiling improvement;
  • Two-phase heat transfer devices;
  • Novel two-phase measurement and visualization techniques;
  • Numerical simulation and modelling of boiling.

Accepted papers will be published on a rolling basis. We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Vladimir Serdyukov
Dr. Fedor Ronshin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pool boiling
  • flow boiling
  • boiling improvement
  • boiling in practical applications
  • two-phase flow
  • mini- and microchannels
  • fluid dynamics
  • numerical simulation

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5945 KiB  
Article
Nucleation of a Vapor Phase and Vapor Front Dynamics Due to Boiling-Up on a Solid Surface
by Artem N. Kotov, Aleksandr L. Gurashkin, Aleksandr A. Starostin, Kirill V. Lukianov and Pavel V. Skripov
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6966; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196966 - 06 Oct 2023
Viewed by 604
Abstract
The effect of temperature and pressure on the nucleation of the vapor phase and the velocity of the vapor front in the initial stage of activated boiling-up of n-pentane on the surface of a quartz fiber was studied. Using a developed approach [...] Read more.
The effect of temperature and pressure on the nucleation of the vapor phase and the velocity of the vapor front in the initial stage of activated boiling-up of n-pentane on the surface of a quartz fiber was studied. Using a developed approach combining the “pump-probe” and laser Doppler velocimetry methods, this velocity was tracked in the course of sequential change in the degree of superheating with respect to the liquid–vapor equilibrium line. The studied interval according to the degree of superheating was 40–100 °C (at atmospheric pressure). In order to spatiotemporally localize the process, the activation of boiling-up at the end of the light guide was applied using a short nanosecond laser pulse. A spatial locality of measurements was achieved in units of micrometers, along with a time localization at the level of nanoseconds. An increase in temperature at a given pressure was found to lead to an increase in the speed of the transition process with a coefficient of about 0.2 m/s per degree, while an increase in pressure at a given temperature leads to a decrease in the transition process speed with a coefficient of 25.8 m/s per megapascal. The advancement of the vapor front velocity measurements to sub-microsecond intervals from the first signs of boiling-up did not confirm the existence of a Rayleigh expansion stage with a constant velocity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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18 pages, 4897 KiB  
Article
Effect of Monodisperse Coal Particles on the Maximum Drop Spreading after Impact on a Solid Wall
by Alexander Ashikhmin, Nikita Khomutov, Roman Volkov, Maxim Piskunov and Pavel Strizhak
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5291; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145291 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 910
Abstract
The effect of coal hydrophilic particles in water-glycerol drops on the maximum diameter of spreading along a hydrophobic solid surface is experimentally studied by analyzing the velocity of internal flows by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The grinding fineness of coal particles was 45–80 [...] Read more.
The effect of coal hydrophilic particles in water-glycerol drops on the maximum diameter of spreading along a hydrophobic solid surface is experimentally studied by analyzing the velocity of internal flows by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The grinding fineness of coal particles was 45–80 μm and 120–140 μm. Their concentration was 0.06 wt.% and 1 wt.%. The impact of particle-laden drops on a solid surface occurred at Weber numbers (We) from 30 to 120. It revealed the interrelated influence of We and the concentration of coal particles on changes in the maximum absolute velocity of internal flows in a drop within the kinetic and spreading phases of the drop-wall impact. It is explored the behavior of internal convective flows in the longitudinal section of a drop parallel to the plane of the solid wall. The kinetic energy of the translational motion of coal particles in a spreading drop compensates for the energy expended by the drop on sliding friction along the wall. At We = 120, the inertia-driven spreading of the particle-laden drop is mainly determined by the dynamics of the deformable Taylor rim. An increase in We contributes to more noticeable differences in the convection velocities in spreading drops. When the drop spreading diameter rises at the maximum velocity of internal flows, a growth of the maximum spreading diameter occurs. The presence of coal particles causes a general tendency to reduce drop spreading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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13 pages, 4968 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Mass Transfer in a Plug Regime of Immiscible Liquid–Liquid Flow in a T-Shaped Microchannel
by Semyon Vostretsov, Anna Yagodnitsyna, Alexander Kovalev and Artur Bilsky
Energies 2023, 16(10), 4059; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104059 - 12 May 2023
Viewed by 785
Abstract
In the presented work, the influence of parameters such as the total flow rate of phases, the ratio of flow rates, and residence time on mass transfer during the two-phase flow of immiscible liquids in a T-shaped microchannel was investigated using the micro-LIF [...] Read more.
In the presented work, the influence of parameters such as the total flow rate of phases, the ratio of flow rates, and residence time on mass transfer during the two-phase flow of immiscible liquids in a T-shaped microchannel was investigated using the micro-LIF technique. The study focused on the plug flow regime, where a 70% water–glycerol solution was used as the dispersed phase, and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was used as the carrier phase. We determined the transition boundary between the dispersed and parallel flow patterns and calculated the plug length and velocities to develop a mass transfer model. Furthermore, we measured the partition coefficient for the set of liquids used in the experiments and analyzed the concentration fields inside the slugs of the continuous phase at various distances downstream of the T-junction. Using the obtained data, we determined the extraction efficiency and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient and established dependencies demonstrating the effect of the flow-rate ratio, total flow rate, and the residence time on mass transfer rate and extraction efficiency. Finally, we developed a model for the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient corresponding to the set of liquids used with an R-squared value of 0.966. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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14 pages, 4937 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Pressure on Local Heat Transfer Rate under the Vapor Bubbles during Pool Boiling
by Vladimir Serdyukov, Ivan Malakhov and Anton Surtaev
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093918 - 05 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1142
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the evolution of a nonstationary temperature field during ethanol pool boiling in a pressure range of 12–101.2 kPa. Experimental data were obtained using infrared thermography with high temporal and spatial resolutions, which made [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the evolution of a nonstationary temperature field during ethanol pool boiling in a pressure range of 12–101.2 kPa. Experimental data were obtained using infrared thermography with high temporal and spatial resolutions, which made it possible to reconstruct the distribution of the heat flux density and to study the influence of pressure reduction on the local heat transfer rate in the vicinity of the triple contact line under vapor bubbles for the first time. It is shown that, for all studied pressures, a significant heat flux density is removed from the heating surface due to microlayer evaporation, which exceeds the input heat power by a factor of 3.3–27.7, depending on the pressure. Meanwhile, the heat transfer rate in the area of the microlayer evaporation significantly decreases with the pressure reduction. In particular, the local heat flux density averaged over the microlayer area decreases by four times as the pressure decreases from 101.3 kPa to 12 kPa. Estimates of the microlayer profile based on the heat conduction equation were made, which showed the significant increase in the microlayer thickness with the pressure reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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13 pages, 7929 KiB  
Article
Thermal Performance Analysis of Micro Pin Fin Heat Sinks under Different Flow Conditions
by Jéssica Martha Nunes, Jeferson Diehl de Oliveira, Jacqueline Biancon Copetti, Sameer Sheshrao Gajghate, Utsab Banerjee, Sushanta K. Mitra and Elaine Maria Cardoso
Energies 2023, 16(7), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073175 - 31 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
Due to microscale effects, the segmented microchannels or micro pin fin heat sinks emerged as a high thermal management solution. In this context, the present work analyzes the influence of different heights of square micro pin fins with an aligned array and investigates [...] Read more.
Due to microscale effects, the segmented microchannels or micro pin fin heat sinks emerged as a high thermal management solution. In this context, the present work analyzes the influence of different heights of square micro pin fins with an aligned array and investigates their influence on pressure drop and heat transfer behavior. The HFE-7100 is used as the working fluid, and the pressure drop and surface temperature behavior are analyzed for different mass fluxes and inlet subcooling. The single-phase flow was analyzed numerically using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT® for comparing the simulation results with the experimental data, showing that the highest micro pin fins configuration provides a more uniform and lowest wall temperature distribution compared to the lowest configuration. There is a good agreement between the experimental results and the numerical analysis, with a mean absolute error of 6% for all the considered parameters. For the two-phase flow condition, experimental tests were performed, and for the highest subcooling, an increase in mass flux causes an enhancement in the heat transfer for low heat flux; by increasing heat flux, there is a gradual predominance of boiling heat transfer over convection as the heat transfer mechanism. The pressure drop drastically increases with the vapor amount flowing into the system, regardless of the pin fin height; the boiling curves for the higher fin height show a much smaller slope and a smaller wall superheat than the fin with the smallest height, and consequently, a high heat transfer performance. A larger region of the heat sink is filled with vapor for lower inlet subcooling temperatures, degrading the heat transfer performance compared to higher inlet subcooling temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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21 pages, 5273 KiB  
Article
Nonisothermal Evaporation of Sessile Drops of Aqueous Solutions with Surfactant
by Sergey Misyura, Andrey Semenov, Yulia Peschenyuk, Ivan Vozhakov and Vladimir Morozov
Energies 2023, 16(2), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020843 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 853
Abstract
In recent decades, electronic devices have tended towards miniaturization, which necessitates the development of new cooling systems. Droplet cooling on a heated wall is effectively used in power devices with high heat flux densities. The use of a surfactant leads to an increase [...] Read more.
In recent decades, electronic devices have tended towards miniaturization, which necessitates the development of new cooling systems. Droplet cooling on a heated wall is effectively used in power devices with high heat flux densities. The use of a surfactant leads to an increase in the diameter of the wetted spot and the rate of droplet evaporation. Despite the wide interest and numerous works in this area, there are still unexplored questions regarding the influence of surfactant and wall temperature on convection, of nonisothermality, and of the decrease in the partial pressure of vapor with increasing surfactant concentration. This work experimentally studies the effect on the rate of droplet evaporation of wall temperature in the range 20–90 °C and of the concentration of surfactant in an aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) from 0 to 10,000 ppm. It is shown for the first time that an inversion of the evaporation rate related to the droplet diameter occurs with increasing wall temperature. The influence of key factors on the evaporation of a water droplet with SLS changes with temperature. Thus, at a slightly heated wall, the growth of the droplet diameter becomes predominant. At high heat flux, the role of nonisothermality is predominant. To determine the individual influence of the surfactant on the partial pressure of water vapor, experiments on the evaporation of a liquid layer were carried out. The obtained results and simplified estimates may be used to develop existing calculation models, as well as to optimize technologies for cooling highly heated surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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17 pages, 10543 KiB  
Article
Combining Microstructured Surface and Mesh Covering for Heat Transfer Enhancement in Falling Films of Refrigerant Mixture
by Oleg Volodin, Nikolay Pecherkin and Aleksandr Pavlenko
Energies 2023, 16(2), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020782 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1222
Abstract
The article presents the experimental results of combining a basic microstructure with partly closed pores and a mesh covering for heat transfer enhancement at the film flow of a refrigerant mixture. To reveal the effect of the combined structure, heat transfer on a [...] Read more.
The article presents the experimental results of combining a basic microstructure with partly closed pores and a mesh covering for heat transfer enhancement at the film flow of a refrigerant mixture. To reveal the effect of the combined structure, heat transfer on a microstructured surface without a covering as well as on a smooth surface with a mesh covering only has been studied. All experimental series were carried out using a binary mixture of R114 and R21 refrigerants. The mixture film flowed down the outer surface of a vertical cylinder in the undeveloped turbulence regime, when the film Reynolds number varied from 400 to 1300. It is shown that a microstructured surface with a fin pitch of 200 μm, fin height of 220 μm, and longitudinal knurling pitch of 160 μm, created by deformational cutting, demonstrates significant heat transfer enhancement: up to four times as compared to a smooth surface. However, adding a mesh covering with an aperture of 220 μm and a wire diameter of 100 μm reduces the intensification. The mesh covering overlaid on a smooth surface also does not provide heat transfer enhancement as compared to the smooth surface itself. The absence or even deterioration of heat transfer enhancement on surfaces with mesh covering can be primarily associated with the low thermal conductivity of the mesh material and shortcomings of the applied method of mesh mounting. The possibility of deteriorating vapor removal due to the incorrect selection of mesh covering parameters was also analyzed. The heat transfer coefficient values obtained for basic microstructured surfaces were compared with the dependencies available in the literature for predicting pool boiling heat transfer on microfinned surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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14 pages, 3010 KiB  
Article
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Optimal Biphilic Surface Configuration to Enhance Boiling Heat Transfer
by Alexander V. Fedoseev, Mikhail V. Salnikov, Anastasiya E. Ostapchenko and Anton S. Surtaev
Energies 2022, 15(21), 8204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218204 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1065
Abstract
To study the processes of boiling on a smooth surface with contrast wettability, a hybrid model was developed based on Lattice Boltzmann method and heat transfer equation. The model makes it possible to describe the phenomena of natural convection, nucleate boiling, and transition [...] Read more.
To study the processes of boiling on a smooth surface with contrast wettability, a hybrid model was developed based on Lattice Boltzmann method and heat transfer equation. The model makes it possible to describe the phenomena of natural convection, nucleate boiling, and transition to film boiling, and, thus, to study heat transfer and the development of crisis phenomena in a wide range of surface superheats and surface wetting characteristics. To find the optimal configuration of the biphilic surface, at the first stage a numerical simulation was carried out for a single lyophobic zone on a lyophilic surface. The dependences of the bubble departure frequency and the departure diameter of the bubble on the width of the lyophobic zone were obtained, and its optimal size was determined. At the next stage, the boiling process on an extended surface was studied in the presence of several lyophobic zones of a given size with different distances between them. It is shown that in the region of moderate surface superheat, the intensity of heat transfer on biphilic surfaces can be several times (more than 4) higher compared to surfaces with homogeneous wettability. Based on numerical calculations, an optimal configuration of the biphilic surface with the ratios of the lyophobic zones’ width of the order of 0.16 and the distance between the lyophobic zones in the range of 0.9–1.3 to the bubble departure diameter was found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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19 pages, 8652 KiB  
Article
Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement on Biphilic Surfaces
by Evgeny A. Chinnov, Sergey Ya. Khmel, Victor Yu. Vladimirov, Aleksey I. Safonov, Vitaliy V. Semionov, Kirill A. Emelyanenko, Alexandre M. Emelyanenko and Ludmila B. Boinovich
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7296; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197296 - 04 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1306
Abstract
Flat surfaces with different patterns of hydrophobic spots were employed for experimental investigation of boiling heat transfer. In one case, hydrophobic spots were created on a smooth copper surface and on a surface coated with arrays of micrococoons from silicon oxide nanowires by [...] Read more.
Flat surfaces with different patterns of hydrophobic spots were employed for experimental investigation of boiling heat transfer. In one case, hydrophobic spots were created on a smooth copper surface and on a surface coated with arrays of micrococoons from silicon oxide nanowires by vapor deposition of a fluoropolymer. In the second case, a hydrophobic coating was deposited on heater surfaces with cavity microstructures formed by laser ablation and chemisorption of fluorinated methoxysilane. Water under saturation conditions at atmospheric pressure was used as the working liquid. The temperature of the heating surface was varied from 100 to 125 °C, and the maximum value of the heat flux was 160 W/cm2. Boiling heat transfer on the test biphilic surfaces was significantly (up to 600%) higher than on non-biphilic surfaces. Surface texture, the shape of hydrophobic regions, and the method of their creation tested in this study did not show a significant effect on heat transfer. The boiling heat transfer rate was found to depend on the size of hydrophobic spots, the distance between them, and hence the number of spots. The highest heat transfer efficiency was detected for the surface with the largest number of hydrophobic spots. After long-term experiments (up to 3 years), the heat transfer coefficient on the obtained surfaces remained higher than on the smooth copper surface. Biphilic surfaces with arrays of cavities formed by laser ablation turned out to be the most stable during prolonged contact with boiling water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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12 pages, 2564 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Turbulent Heat-Transfer Augmentation in Gas-Droplet Non-Boiling Flow in Diverging and Converging Axisymmetric Ducts with Sudden Expansion
by Maksim A. Pakhomov and Viktor I. Terekhov
Energies 2022, 15(16), 5861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165861 - 12 Aug 2022
Viewed by 861
Abstract
The effect of positive (adverse) and negative (favorable) longitudinal pressure gradients on the structure and heat transfer of gas-droplet (air and water) flow in axisymmetric duct with sudden expansion are examined. The superimposed pressure gradient has a large influence on the flow structure [...] Read more.
The effect of positive (adverse) and negative (favorable) longitudinal pressure gradients on the structure and heat transfer of gas-droplet (air and water) flow in axisymmetric duct with sudden expansion are examined. The superimposed pressure gradient has a large influence on the flow structure and heat transfer in a two-phase mist flow in both a confuser and a diffuser. A narrowing of the confuser angle leads to significant suppression of flow turbulence (more than four times that of the gas-drop flow after sudden pipe expansion without a pressure gradient at φ = 0°). Recirculation zone length decreases significantly compared to the gas-droplet flow without a longitudinal pressure gradient (by up to 30%), and the locus of the heat-transfer maximum shifts slightly downstream, and roughly aligns with the reattachment point of the two-phase flow. Growth of the diffuser opening angle leads to additional production of kinetic energy of gas flow turbulence (almost twice as much as gas-droplet flow after a sudden pipe expansion at φ = 0°). The length of the flow recirculating region in the diffuser increases significantly compared to the separated gas-droplet flow without a pressure gradient (φ = 0°), and the location of maximum heat transfer shifts downstream in the diffuser. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Boiling Systems)
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