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Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems
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Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2021) | Viewed by 30253

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Joao L. Afonso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Electronics, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
Interests: power electronics; power quality; active power filters; renewable energy; energy efficiency; electric vehicles; energy storage systems; battery charging systems; smart grids; smart cities; smart homes; technologies for innovative railway systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vítor Monteiro

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Algoritmi Research Centre, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Interests: power electronics converters; electric mobility; renewable energy sources; digital control techniques; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor invites submissions for a Special Issue of the journal Energies on the subject of “Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems”.

It is highly anticipated that Electric Vehicles (EVs) will be of significant importance for transportation in the near future. It is expected that the widespread use of EVs will contribute to reducing air pollution, particularly in cities, and also to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, especially if the electricity to charge the EVs is produced by renewable energy-sources. In addition, EVs are more efficient and require less maintenance compared to conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines, which are also important advantages. However, the success of the deployment of electric vehicles around the world will be heavily dependent on their impact on electric-power systems. To this end, the research and development of advanced power-electronics technologies for EV Battery Charging Systems is of paramount importance in order to make EVs a significant asset to the operation of future Smart Grids.

This Special Issue focuses on research and development in emerging power electronics technologies and applications for EV Battery Charging Systems. The topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • New topologies and control systems for unidirectional or bidirectional power converters applied to EV Battery Charging Systems (for Electric Vehicles in general, including heavy and light vehicles).
  • EV Battery Charging Systems for slow charging and/or fast charging in single-phase AC, three-phase AC, and DC.
  • Unified power electronics converters for Electric Vehicles with functions of the Electric Motor Drive and the Battery Charging Systems.
  • Innovative operation modes for EV Battery Charging Systems framed with Smart Grids and Smart Homes: G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle), V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid), V2H (Vehicle-to-Home), V4G (Vehicle-for-Grid), V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), etc.
  • New topologies and/or control strategies for EV Battery Charging Systems with added power quality functionalities (e.g., compensation of current harmonics, reactive power, and current imbalance).
  • Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technologies for EV Battery Charging Systems.
  • Optimization of the operation of EV Battery Charging Systems in function of the Energy Storage System and operation modes (slow/fast and charging/discharging).
  • Microgrids operation with EV Battery Charging Systems, Renewable Energy Generation, Energy Storage Systems, Controlled Loads, etc.
  • Optimized operation of groups of EV Battery Charging Systems in electrical installations.
  • Operation management of EV Battery Charging Systems for supporting future Smart Grids in terms of Distributed Generation and Demand Response (aimed at “Peak Shaving” or “Load Levelling” concepts).

Prof. Dr. Joao Luiz Afonso
Dr. Vítor Monteiro

Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • power electronics
  • electric vehicles
  • battery charging systems
  • energy-storage systems
  • smart grids
  • microgrids
  • power quality
  • energy efficiency
  • renewable energy
  • distributed generation
  • demand response
  • load management
  • wireless power-transfer
  • control theories
  • power converters

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
Power Electronics Technologies and Applicationsfor EV Battery Charging Systems
by Vitor Monteiro and Joao L. Afonso
Energies 2022, 15(3), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031049 - 30 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2074
Abstract
Mainly throughout the last two decades, the technologies associated with electric vehicles (EVs) have achieved a pertinent interest, both in terms of scientific and industrial perspectives [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)

Research

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16 pages, 16785 KiB  
Article
Distributed Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling with Transactive Energy Management
by Zhouquan Wu and Bo Chen
Energies 2022, 15(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010163 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
A distributed electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduling strategy with transactive energy (TE) management is presented in this paper to deal with technical issues in distribution network operation and discuss the economic benefits of EV charging. At an individual EV level, EV owners propose [...] Read more.
A distributed electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduling strategy with transactive energy (TE) management is presented in this paper to deal with technical issues in distribution network operation and discuss the economic benefits of EV charging. At an individual EV level, EV owners propose bids to actively participate in the distribution system operation. At the node level, an electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) optimally allocates the available charging power to meet EV charging requirements and cost benefits. At the distribution network level, a distribution system operator (DSO) integrates an electricity price market clearing mechanism with the optimal power flow (OPF) technique to ensure the reliability of the distribution network. Moreover, a distributed algorithm is discussed for solving the EV charging problem with transactive energy management (TEM). The clearing electricity price is achieved through a negotiation process between the DSO and EVAs using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The presented EV charging scheduling with TEM is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution network scenario with 230 EV charging loads. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the TE-based EV charging scheduling system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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16 pages, 5726 KiB  
Article
Design of a Modular Battery Management System for Electric Motorcycle
by Hung-Cheng Chen, Shin-Shiuan Li, Shing-Lih Wu and Chung-Yu Lee
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123532 - 14 Jun 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3731
Abstract
This paper proposes a modular battery management system for an electric motorcycle. The system not only can accurately measure battery voltage, charging current, discharging current, and temperature but also can transmit the data to the mixed-signal processor for battery module monitoring. Moreover, the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a modular battery management system for an electric motorcycle. The system not only can accurately measure battery voltage, charging current, discharging current, and temperature but also can transmit the data to the mixed-signal processor for battery module monitoring. Moreover, the system can control the battery balancing circuit and battery protection switch to protect the battery module charging and discharging process safety. The modular battery management system is mainly composed of a mixed-signal processor, voltage measurement, current measurement, temperature measurement, battery balancing, and protection switch module. The testing results show that the errors between the voltage value measured by the voltage measurement module and the actual value are less than 0.5%, about 1% under the conditions of different charging and discharging currents of 9 A and 18 A for the current measuring module, less than 1% for the temperature measurement module; and the battery balancing in the battery management system during the charging process. When the module is charged at 4.5 A for about 805 s, each cell of the battery has reached the balancing state. Finally, the testing results validate that the modular battery management system proposed in this paper can effectively manage the battery balancing of each cell in the battery module, battery module overcharge, over-discharge, temperature protection, and control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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23 pages, 11740 KiB  
Article
Unified Power Converter Based on a Dual-Stator Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Motor Drive and Battery Charging of Electric Vehicles
by Delfim Pedrosa, Vitor Monteiro, Tiago J. C. Sousa, Luis Machado and Joao L. Afonso
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3344; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113344 - 07 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
An electric vehicle (EV) usually has two main power converters, namely one for the motor drive system and another for the battery-charging system. Considering the similarities between both converters, a new unified power converter for motor drive and battery charging of EVs is [...] Read more.
An electric vehicle (EV) usually has two main power converters, namely one for the motor drive system and another for the battery-charging system. Considering the similarities between both converters, a new unified power converter for motor drive and battery charging of EVs is propounded in this paper. By using a single unified power converter, the cost, volume, and weight of the power electronics are reduced, thus also making possible a reduction in the final price of the EV. Moreover, the proposed unified power converter has the capability of bidirectional power flow. During operation in traction mode, the unified power converter controls motor driving and regenerative braking. Additionally, during operation in battery-charging mode, with the EV plugged into the electrical power grid, the unified power converter controls the power flow for slow or fast battery charging (grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode), or for discharging of the batteries (vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode). Specifically, this paper presents computer simulations and experimental validations for operation in both motor-driving and slow battery-charging mode (in G2V and V2G modes). It is demonstrated that the field-oriented control used in the traction system presents good performance for different values of mechanical load and that the battery-charging system operates with high levels of power quality, both in G2V and in V2G mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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15 pages, 13042 KiB  
Article
Modified Power Factor Correction (PFC) Control and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design for High-Efficiency and High-Power Density On-Board Charger
by Jaeil Baek, Moo-Hyun Park, Taewoo Kim and Han-Shin Youn
Energies 2021, 14(3), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030605 - 25 Jan 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3734
Abstract
This paper presents a modified power factor correction (PFC) ON/OFF control and three-dimensional (3D) printed circuit board (PCB) design for a high-efficiency and high-power density onboard charger (OBC). By alternately operating one of two boost modules of the PFC stage at a 50% [...] Read more.
This paper presents a modified power factor correction (PFC) ON/OFF control and three-dimensional (3D) printed circuit board (PCB) design for a high-efficiency and high-power density onboard charger (OBC). By alternately operating one of two boost modules of the PFC stage at a 50% or less load condition, the proposed PFC control can reduce the load-independent power loss of the PFC stage, such as core loss and capacitor charging loss of switches. It enables OBCs to have high efficiency across a wide output power range and better thermal performance. The 3D-PCB design decouples a trade-off relationship of the PCB trace design and heat spreader design, increasing the power density of OBCs. A 3.3 kW prototype composed of an interleaved totem-pole bridgeless boost PFC converter and full-bridge (FB) LLC converter has been built and tested to verify the proposed PFC control and 3D-PCB effectiveness design. The prototype has 95.7% full power efficiency (98.2% PFC stage efficiency) and 52 W/in3 power density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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28 pages, 5206 KiB  
Article
A Decision-Making Framework for the Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles Considering the Priorities of the Driver
by Nikolaos Milas, Dimitris Mourtzis and Emmanuel Tatakis
Energies 2020, 13(22), 6120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226120 - 22 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2603
Abstract
During the last decade, the technologies related to electric vehicles (EVs) have captured both scientific and industrial interest. Specifically, the subject of the smart charging of EVs has gained significant attention, as it facilitates the managed charging of EVs to reduce disturbances to [...] Read more.
During the last decade, the technologies related to electric vehicles (EVs) have captured both scientific and industrial interest. Specifically, the subject of the smart charging of EVs has gained significant attention, as it facilitates the managed charging of EVs to reduce disturbances to the power grid. Despite the presence of an extended literature on the topic, the implementation of a framework that allows flexibility in the definition of the decision-making objectives, along with user-defined criteria is still a challenge. Towards addressing this challenge, a framework for the smart charging of EVs is presented in this paper. The framework consists of a heuristic algorithm that facilitates the charge scheduling within a charging station (CS), and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to support the driver of the EV selecting the most appropriate charging station based on their needs of transportation and personal preferences. The communications are facilitated by the Open Platform Communications–Unified Architecture (OPC–UA) standard. For the selection of the scheduling algorithm, the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation have been evaluated, where the latter had better performance. The performance of the charge scheduling is evaluated, in various charging tasks, compared to the exhaustive search for small problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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20 pages, 13936 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of a High-Power Density Phase-Shift Full Bridge Converter Highlighting the Effects of the Parasitic Capacitances
by Dorin Petreus, Radu Etz, Toma Patarau and Ionut Ciocan
Energies 2020, 13(6), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061439 - 19 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2940
Abstract
A phase-shift full bridge converter is analyzed in detail in continuous conduction mode for one switching cycle for both the leading and lagging legs of the primary bridge. The objective of the study is to determine how the stray capacitance of the transformer, [...] Read more.
A phase-shift full bridge converter is analyzed in detail in continuous conduction mode for one switching cycle for both the leading and lagging legs of the primary bridge. The objective of the study is to determine how the stray capacitance of the transformer, and the capacitances of the diodes in the bridge rectifier affect the converter functionality. Starting from some experimental results, Laplace equivalent circuit models and describing equations are derived for each significant time interval during the switching cycle and are validated through simulations and experimental measurements. The resulting equations are of great interest in the high-power density domain because they can be used to design a clamping circuit for the output rectifier bridge accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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15 pages, 6523 KiB  
Article
Smart Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Based on Active Balancing with Wireless Communication Feedback
by Mattia Ricco, Jinhao Meng, Tudor Gherman, Gabriele Grandi and Remus Teodorescu
Energies 2019, 12(20), 3862; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203862 - 12 Oct 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4171
Abstract
In this paper, the concept of smart battery pack is introduced. The smart battery pack is based on wireless feedback from individual battery cells and is capable to be applied to electric vehicle applications. The proposed solution increases the usable capacity and prolongs [...] Read more.
In this paper, the concept of smart battery pack is introduced. The smart battery pack is based on wireless feedback from individual battery cells and is capable to be applied to electric vehicle applications. The proposed solution increases the usable capacity and prolongs the life cycle of the batteries by directly integrating the battery management system in the battery pack. The battery cells are connected through half-bridge chopper circuits, which allow either the insertion or the bypass of a single cell depending on the current states of charge. This consequently leads to the balancing of the whole pack during both the typical charging and discharging time of an electric vehicle and enables the fault-tolerant operation of the pack. A wireless feedback for implementing the balancing method is proposed. This solution reduces the need for cabling and simplifies the assembling of the battery pack, making also possible a direct off-board diagnosis. The paper validates the proposed smart battery pack and the wireless feedback through simulations and experimental results by adopting a battery cell emulator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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Review

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29 pages, 4500 KiB  
Review
A Review of Battery Equalizer Circuits for Electric Vehicle Applications
by Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas, Adyr A. Estévez-Bén, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado, Roberto V. Carrillo-Serrano and Suresh Thenozhi
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215688 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3963
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are an alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) cars, as they can reduce the environmental impact of transportation. The bottleneck for EVs is the high-voltage battery pack, which utilizes most of the space and increases the weight of the vehicle. [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are an alternative to internal combustion engine (ICE) cars, as they can reduce the environmental impact of transportation. The bottleneck for EVs is the high-voltage battery pack, which utilizes most of the space and increases the weight of the vehicle. Currently, the main challenge for the electronics industry is the cell equalization of the battery pack. This paper gives an overview of the research works related to battery equalizer circuits (BECs) used in EV applications. Several simulations were carried out for the main BEC topologies with the same initial conditions. The results obtained were used to perform a quantitative analysis between these schemes. Moreover, this review highlights important issues, challenges, variables and parameters associated with the battery pack equalizers and provides recommendations for future investigations. We think that this work will lead to an increase in efforts on the development of an advanced BEC for EV applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics Technologies and Applications for EV Battery Charging Systems)
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