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Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J1: Heat and Mass Transfer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 9919

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Prof. Dr. Artur Bartosik

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Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: engineering; non-Newtonian flows; modeling of turbulence in slurry flows; technical sciences; heat transfer
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Dear Colleagues,

In the era of digital transformation, which includes converting any processes into a quantified format suitable for future analysis, there is increasing demand on simulations and experiments on heat and fluid flow for a variety of single and multiphase flows and boundary conditions. The importance of heat and fluid flow is still growing in all aspects of our lives, starting from nature and ending with industrial processes. Thanks to computational fluid dynamics and its commercial packages, we can design and perform the optimization of various processes. The increasing ability and understanding of heat and mass transfer phenomena has contributed significantly to effectively managing a variety of processes.

This Special Issue on “Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow” in the scientific journal Energies is addressed to specialists from all over the world who deal with mathematical modeling and experiments on heat and fluid flow. We welcome papers dealing with solutions of problems of scientific and industrial relevance in the broad fields of heat transfer and fluid transportation, including natural resources, biomedical, industrial processes, etc. Papers addressed to the Special Issue will not only solve specific engineering problems, but will serve as a catalyst on future directions and priorities in numerical heat transfer and fluid flow.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

Numerical simulations of mass and/or heat transfer;
Computational fluid dynamics;
Experiments and simulations of single or multiphase flows, including Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids;
Modeling, optimization, and control of heat transfer and fluid flow;
Mini and macro-flows;
Turbulence;
Modelling of turbulence;
Flowing phase interactions;
Energy saving processes, including increase or decrease in frictional losses and/or heat transfer.

Prof. Dr. Artur Bartosik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2024 in Energies

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 13579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Eddy Simulation of Forced Convection around Wavy Cylinders with Different Axes

by Min-Ki Kim, Chin-Hyuk Chang, Seok-Hyun Nam and Hyun-Sik Yoon

Energies 2024, 17(4), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040894 - 14 Feb 2024

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Four types of undulated cylinders with streamwise undulation, transverse undulation, in-phase undulation and antiphase undulation are employed to investigate the undulation-axis effect on the structure of heat transfer around wavy cylinders. The flows around these undulated cylinders are numerically simulated by large eddy simulation at Re = 3000. The force coefficients and Nusselt numbers of the cylinders with transverse undulation and in-phase undulation are significantly influenced by wavelength and wave amplitude. On the other hand, the cylinders with streamwise undulation and antiphase undulation show a very weak dependence of the force coefficients and Nusselt numbers on the combinations of wavelength and wave amplitude. It is noted that the cylinder with antiphase undulation, under certain wavy conditions, provides about the same Nusselt number as the smooth cylinder, even though the force coefficients are considerably decreased. The thermal characteristics, according to the combination of wavy geometric parameters, are supported by the surface distribution of the Nusselt numbers. In addition, the isothermal distribution, which depends on the wake flow, explains the variation in the Nusselt numbers. The present results suggest that a proper modification of geometry can improve both heat transfer and aerodynamic performances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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17 pages, 6625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of the Heat Transfer Inside a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Considering Different Variations in the Geometric Parameters of the Design

by José Estupiñán-Campos, William Quitiaquez, César Nieto-Londoño and Patricio Quitiaquez

Energies 2024, 17(3), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030691 - 31 Jan 2024

Viewed by 602

Abstract

The present study aims to analyze the heat transfer variations in different models of shell and tube heat exchangers considering geometric variations in the baffle angles and in the tube’s profiles. Each baffle configuration and geometric variation in the profiles were tested under different mass flow rates (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 kg·s⁻¹) in the shell to study the heat transfer improvement. The models were simulated using a CFD simulation software ANSYS Fluent including an experimental geometry which was used to validate the simulation process. The experiment results are in good agreement with the CFD results. The analysis of the results shows that an angle of 60° in the baffles generated the highest heat flow (more than 40 kW) with an inclination to the cold flow inlet and a mixed distribution considering a mass flow rate of 1 kg·s⁻¹ in the shell. In addition, the horizontal elliptic profile achieved a heat flow higher than 29 kW with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg·s⁻¹ in the shell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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0 pages, 5645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Secondary Structuring: A Numerical Analysis

by Reza Afsahnoudeh, Andreas Wortmeier, Maik Holzmüller, Yi Gong, Werner Homberg and Eugeny Y. Kenig

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7284; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217284 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 741

Abstract

Pillow-plate heat exchangers (PPHEs) represent a suitable alternative to conventional shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers. The inherent waviness of their channels promotes fluid mixing in the boundary layers and facilitates heat transfer. The overall thermo-hydraulic performance of PPHEs can further be enhanced by applying secondary surface structuring, thus increasing their competitiveness against conventional heat exchangers. In this work, various secondary structures applied on the PPHE surface were studied numerically to explore their potential to enhance near-wall mixing. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of single-phase turbulent flow in the outer PPHE channel were performed and pressure drop, heat transfer coefficients, and overall thermo-hydraulic efficiency were determined. The simulation results clearly demonstrate a positive impact of secondary structuring on heat transfer in PPHEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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27 pages, 9243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Production Capacity Simulation and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis in the Process of Thermal Reservoir Development

by Yi Yang, Guoqiang Fu, Jingtao Zhao and Lei Gu

Energies 2023, 16(21), 7258; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16217258 - 25 Oct 2023

Viewed by 561

Abstract

The development of a geothermal system involves changes in the temperature field (T), seepage field (H), stress field (M), and chemical field (C) and the influence among them and injecting the heat extraction working fluid into the injection well that flows (migrating) through natural fractures and exchanges heat with the geothermal high-temperature rock. At the same time, the injection of low-temperature working fluid will induce thermal stress, resulting in changes in the reservoir temperature field and stress field. To study the influence factors and influence degree of heat production performance and mining life under multi-field coupling in the process of thermal reservoir development, based on THMC multi-field coupling numerical simulation software, this paper deeply studies the control differential equations and boundary coupling conditions of rock mass (fracture) deformation, seepage, heat exchange, the chemical reaction, and other processes based on the numerical solution method of the discrete fracture network model, simulating heat production capacity during the deep geothermal resource extraction process. The reservoir geological model analysis and generalization, parameter setting, boundary conditions, initial condition settings, mesh generation, and other steps were carried out in turn. Two different heat extraction working fluids, water, and CO₂ were selected for numerical simulation in the mining process. The changes in the thermal reservoir temperature, net heat extraction rate, and SiO₂ concentration during the thirty years of systematic mining were compared. The results show that CO₂ has a better heat extraction effect. Finally, the reservoir thermal conductivity, heat capacity, well spacing, injection temperature, fracture spacing, fracture permeability, fracture number, fracture length, and other parameters were set, respectively. The parameter variation range was set, and the parameter sensitivity analysis was carried out. The numerical simulation results show that the engineering production conditions (injection temperature, well spacing) have little effect on the thermal efficiency and mining life, and the properties of fractures (fracture permeability, fracture number, fracture length) have a great influence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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25 pages, 8545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration of a Near-Wall Differential Reynolds Stress Model Using the Updated Direct Numerical Simulation Data and Its Assessment

by Lev Usov, Alexei Troshin, Kirill Anisimov and Vladimir Sabelnikov

Energies 2023, 16(19), 6826; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196826 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 656

Abstract

In the article, a differential Reynolds stress model is recalibrated using turbulent channel flow direct numerical simulation data in the range of friction Reynolds numbers 550–5200. The calibration aims to produce a RANS sublayer model for use within the hybrid RANS/LES framework. The model is designed to capture the average field of a thin near-wall part of a boundary layer as accurately as possible. An a posteriori procedure is employed in which one-dimensional channel flow calculations are performed for all variations of the model coefficients at each stage of the optimization procedure. The coefficients are initialized with their original values and then optimized by minimizing the appropriately chosen norm. An improved representation of the mean velocity profile and peak Reynolds stress values is demonstrated. Both models—baseline and recalibrated—are implemented in an in-house CFD code, and several simulations, including a channel flow, a flat plate boundary layer and a boundary layer separation from a rounded step, are performed. The latter benchmark flow is also simulated in hybrid RANS/LES mode. The updated model is compared to the original one, demonstrating improvements over the baseline model in the cases it was designed for. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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21 pages, 2367 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of the Solid Particle Diameter on Frictional Loss and Heat Exchange in a Turbulent Slurry Flow: Experiments and Predictions in a Vertical Pipe

by Artur S. Bartosik

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6451; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186451 - 06 Sep 2023

Viewed by 671

Abstract

The study deals with experiments and predictions on turbulent flow and heat exchange in a fully developed slurry flow in a vertical upward pipe. Four slurries were considered: two with glass spheres particles with diameters of 0.125 mm and 0.240 mm, respectively, and two with sand spheres particles with diameters of 0.470 mm and 0.780 mm, respectively. The volume concentration of the particles was changed in the range of 10% to 40%. This study has indirectly demonstrated the existence of turbulence suppression to a degree dependent on the diameter of the solid particles. A mathematical model for heat transfer between slurry and pipe was developed using the two-equation turbulence model and a specially designed wall function, including particle diameter and solid concentration. The model assumed a constant wall temperature and heat flux. The study’s objective was to determine the influence of the diameter of the solid particles on the heat exchange. The Nusselt number was found to change sinusoidal, reaching a maximum for a slurry with d = 0.125 mm, and a minimum for d = 0.470 mm. The higher the solid concentration, the lower the Nusselt number. The novelty and value of this study lies in the deeper characterisation and understanding of the influence of the diameter of solid particles on heat exchange. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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17 pages, 2727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Barocaloric Solid-State Cooling in the Cold Food Chain for Carbon Footprint Reduction

by Luca Cirillo, Adriana Greco and Claudia Masselli

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6436; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186436 - 06 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 764

Abstract

In this paper, the application of solid-state cooling based on the barocaloric effect in the cold food supply chain is investigated. Barocaloric solid-state technology is applied to the final links of the cold food supply chain regarding the steps of retail and domestic conservation. In this context, effective barocaloric cooling entails the refrigeration of food at 5 °C (273 K) and as such is a promising cooling technology due to its energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. The categories of food involved in this investigation are meat and fresh food products like soft cheese, yogurt, and milk. The energy performance of the barocaloric system is analyzed and compared with a commercial vapor compression refrigerator of a similar size, both operating using R600a under the same working conditions. Based on the results of this comparison, it is concluded that barocaloric cooling is a favorable technology for application in the final links of the cold food supply chain if the system operates in an ABR cycle at frequencies between 1.25 and 1.50 Hz with a regenerator comprising acetoxy silicone rubber as the solid-state refrigerant and a 50%EG–50% water mixture as the heat transfer fluid flowing at an optimal velocity of 0.15 m s⁻¹. Thus, an appropriate tradeoff between the temperature span, cooling power, and coefficient of performance is guaranteed. Under these conditions, the barocaloric system outperforms the domestic vapor compression cooler operating using R600a. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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15 pages, 14863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Nanofluid Flow and Temperature Uniformity in the Spectral Beam Splitting Module of PV/T System

by Liwei Lu, Rui Tian and Xiaofei Han

Energies 2023, 16(12), 4666; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124666 - 12 Jun 2023

Viewed by 685

Abstract

The mass fraction of 0.01 wt% ZnO nanofluid was prepared via the two-step method. The measurement verifies that ZnO nanofluids have better transmission characteristics in the frequency division window range of 400–1200 nm. At the same time, it has good absorption characteristics in ultraviolet and near-infrared bands, which meets the application conditions of the spectral beam-splitting module of the PV/T system. A spectral beam-splitting module of the PV/T system was designed. The simplified physical model was established in ANSYS 14.0. The flow field and convective heat transfer were simulated for different arrangements of the interlayer inlet to obtain a more ideal and uniform temperature distribution to improve the system’s comprehensive efficiency. The results show that the fluid flow in the interlayer under case II is more uniform, and the temperature field distribution is better than other arrangements. Hence, this work could provide a reference for optimising nanofluid flow within a spectral beam-splitting module. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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13 pages, 6010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods for Analysis of Natural Convection over a Horizontal Heating Source

by Natália Holešová, Richard Lenhard, Katarína Kaduchová and Michal Holubčík

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4066; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104066 - 12 May 2023

Viewed by 967

Abstract

The objective of this article is to address the challenges associated with visualizing air flow over a heating source in an open laboratory environment. The study uses a combination of experimental visualization and numerical simulation techniques to generate a 3D model of the air flow and heat transfer between the heating source and the environment via natural convection. The Particle Image Velocimetry method is used to experimentally visualize the air flow, which is known for its benefits of high speed and accuracy, and for its ability to avoid disturbing the flow of the fluid being investigated. The data obtained from this experimental method are used as input for numerical simulations using the Ansys Fluent program. The numerical simulations identify air vortices and other elements that disrupt the airflow in the laboratory environment. The resulting 3D model accurately represents the actual situation in the laboratory and could be further optimized by adjusting parameters such as the output of the heater and the heating source temperature. These parameters play a crucial role in ensuring thermal comfort in the laboratory environment, which is of utmost importance for user comfort. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights into the visualization of air flow over a heating source and demonstrates the effectiveness of combining experimental and numerical simulation techniques to generate accurate 3D models of air flow and heat transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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Review

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20 pages, 9116 KiB

Open AccessReview

Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Channel for the Internal Cooling Passage of a Gas Turbine Blade: A Review

by Joon Ahn

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3656; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093656 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2009

Abstract

Herein, 50 articles published over the past 20 years on using large eddy simulation (LES) for the internal cooling passage of a gas turbine, especially the mid-chord ribbed channel, are reviewed for the first time. First, the numerical challenges of performing LES on a ribbed channel and experimental verification are summarized. Next, LES data and the major engineering findings that are difficult to obtain experimentally or using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (RANS) are covered, and heat transfer on and inside the rib, and the effects of rotation and buoyancy are discussed. Next, recent LES studies related to the shape of the ribbed channel are reviewed, and finally, the contribution of using LES for research on the internal cooling of gas turbines in the future, including those with ribbed channels, is anticipated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 2023)

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