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Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Hill Climbing Algorithm for S-Boxes Generation

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Electronics 2023, 12(10), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102338 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Nonlinear substitutions or S-boxes are important cryptographic primitives of modern symmetric ciphers. They are designed to complicate the plaintext-ciphertext dependency. According to modern ideas, the S-box should be bijective, have high nonlinearity and algebraic immunity, low delta uniformity, and linear redundancy. These criteria [...] Read more.

Nonlinear substitutions or S-boxes are important cryptographic primitives of modern symmetric ciphers. They are designed to complicate the plaintext-ciphertext dependency. According to modern ideas, the S-box should be bijective, have high nonlinearity and algebraic immunity, low delta uniformity, and linear redundancy. These criteria directly affect the cryptographic strength of ciphers, providing resistance to statistical, linear, algebraic, differential, and other cryptanalysis techniques. Many researchers have used various heuristic search algorithms to generate random S-boxes with high nonlinearity; however, the complexity of this task is still high. For example, the best-known algorithm to generate a random 8-bit bijective S-box with nonlinearity 104 requires high computational effort—more than 65,000 intermediate estimates or search iterations. In this article, we explore a hill-climbing algorithm and optimize the heuristic search parameters. We show that the complexity of generating S-boxes can be significantly reduced. To search for a random bijective S-box with nonlinearity 104, only about 50,000 intermediate search iterations are required. In addition, we generate cryptographically strong S-Boxes for which additional criteria are provided. We present estimates of the complexity of the search and estimates of the probabilities of generating substitutions with various cryptographic indicators. The extracted results demonstrate a significant improvement in our approach compared to the state of the art in terms of providing linear non-redundancy, nonlinearity, algebraic immunity, and delta uniformity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Maximum Service Coverage in Business Site Selection Using Computer Geometry Software

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Electronics 2023, 12(10), 2329; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102329 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 320

Abstract

A planar maximum coverage location problem in a continuous formulation is considered. The demand zone and service areas are presented as geometric items of given shapes and sizes. Each service area is associated with a point (centroid), relative to which the corresponding geometric [...] Read more.

A planar maximum coverage location problem in a continuous formulation is considered. The demand zone and service areas are presented as geometric items of given shapes and sizes. Each service area is associated with a point (centroid), relative to which the corresponding geometric item forms. The task is to find the position of the centroids to provide an optimal service for the demand zone according to a given criterion. The mathematical model is constructed as a nonlinear optimization problem, in which the variables are the coordinates of the centroids, and the objective function is defined as the area of the demand zone covered by the services. For the formalization and calculation of the objective function, both analytical expressions and computer geometry software are used. The methodology we propose is applicable to the arbitrary shapes of both the demand zone and the service areas. Moreover, this technique does not depend on the complexity of the corresponding items, since it uses the Shapely library, which operates with the same Polygon class. An approach to solving the problem based on the consistent application of local and global optimization methods is proposed. An auxiliary problem is posed that allows one to significantly reduce the run time at the stage of local optimization. The implementation of the approach is illustrated by examples of the maximum coverage location problem when the demand zone is a polygon and the service areas have the shape of a circle and an ellipse. The innovation of this paper lies in the fact that the maximum service coverage problem in business site selection is studied in such a way that both the demand zone and the service areas have an arbitrary shape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Model of Smart Locating Application for Small Businesses

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Olena Shlyakhetko

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Yuriy Syerov

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Michal Gregus

Electronics 2023, 12(9), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12091993 - 25 Apr 2023

Viewed by 478

Abstract

This paper presents a solution for small businesses to gather statistics on the presence of their customers in and around their institutions, using Bluetooth technology. The solution includes a model of a mobile system based on Bluetooth technology that can provide information about [...] Read more.

This paper presents a solution for small businesses to gather statistics on the presence of their customers in and around their institutions, using Bluetooth technology. The solution includes a model of a mobile system based on Bluetooth technology that can provide information about the detectable devices’ relative position to create statistics on users’ presence in a specific timeframe. The research conducted shows that Bluetooth technology can be efficiently used to log the user’s relative position. This paper proposes a two-component system, which includes a mobile application and a cloud-based database with a simple online query interface. The prototype was implemented for the Android operating system and confirms the feasibility of the proposed solution. The developed prototype application was designed as a foundation for further commercial development. The proposed solution provides small businesses with an accessible way of collecting data on the presence of people without having to buy specialized equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Real Estate App Development Based on AI/VR Technologies

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Ivana Miljkovic

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Olena Shlyakhetko

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Solomiia Fedushko

Electronics 2023, 12(3), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030707 - 31 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1465

Abstract

This paper deals with an investigation centered on developing a real estate app on the basis of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality technologies. The study explores the advantages and disadvantages of using Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality technologies in real estate. The main [...] Read more.

This paper deals with an investigation centered on developing a real estate app on the basis of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality technologies. The study explores the advantages and disadvantages of using Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality technologies in real estate. The main focus of the study was on AI/VR applications that have importance for the real estate industry. This paper explains how AI and VR technologies can benefit the real estate market. VR and AI technologies have had a long history in the academic world since the middle of the last century, but not at the same level, due to the lack of large amounts of data and computational power required for both technologies. In recent years, the expansion of IT technologies has helped to remove the technical obstacles, which is why the interest in VR and AI technologies has acutely increased in society and the public over the past several years. Not only the research and abstract ideas of the virtual world but also the feasibility of companies from different industries are becoming more and more relevant. In particular, when it comes to virtual reality, the focus is on 360° images. With special cameras, the entire environment can be captured in a three-dimensional space and then cut together in such a way that the viewer can actually look around in this room and monitor events from his perspective. This opens the possibility of presenting different content in a completely new way. Technical shortcomings currently hamper the feeling of true immersion in virtual worlds. A detailed literature review provides the necessary theoretical basis for artificial intelligence and virtual reality with a particular emphasis on its use in the real estate industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Data Optimization for Industrial IoT-Based Recommendation Systems

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Mykola Beshley

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Olena Hordiichuk-Bublivska

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Halyna Beshley

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Iryna Ivanochko

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010033 - 22 Dec 2022

Viewed by 827

Abstract

The most common problems that arise when working with big data for intelligent production are analyzed in the article. The work of recommendation systems for finding the most relevant user information was considered. The features of the singular-value decomposition (SVD) and Funk SVD [...] Read more.

The most common problems that arise when working with big data for intelligent production are analyzed in the article. The work of recommendation systems for finding the most relevant user information was considered. The features of the singular-value decomposition (SVD) and Funk SVD algorithms for reducing the dimensionality of data and providing quick recommendations were determined. An improvement of the Funk SVD algorithm using a smaller required amount of user data for analysis was proposed. According to the results of the experiments, the proposed modification improves the speed of data processing on average by 50–70% depending on the number of users and allows spending fewer computing resources. As follows, recommendations to users are provided in a shorter period and are more relevant. The faster calculation of modified Funk SVD to exchange the optimal parameters between nodes was proposed. It was determined that execution time can be reduced on average by 75% for using ten nodes exchanging the optimal decomposition parameter compared to using one. Using Spark technology for faster calculation on average by 20% compared to Hadoop was proposed. The architecture of the IIoT system was proposed, which uses a modified Funk SVD algorithm to optimize data on edge devices and monitors the effectiveness of providing recommendations using control centers and cloud resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Usage of Mathematical Modeling and Optimization in Development of Hydrogel Medical Dressings Production

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Electronics 2021, 10(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050620 - 07 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1497

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In connection with the significant complication of research objects of technological systems and the considerable increase in expenses for carrying out experimental research, improving the mathematical modeling methods of these systems is a current problem. By using the means of mathematical modeling and [...] Read more.

In connection with the significant complication of research objects of technological systems and the considerable increase in expenses for carrying out experimental research, improving the mathematical modeling methods of these systems is a current problem. By using the means of mathematical modeling and optimization, the calculation of the main technological parameters of the formation method of film hydrogel products based on silver-filled copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone was performed. The technological parameters of the polymerization processes, chemical reduction of silver ions, and centrifugal formation of the film cloth were substantiated. These are the components of the technological process, which occurs in one stage in the form of a centrifugal unit. By using the obtained results, silver-filled films were obtained, which are characterized by unique properties and can be used in the treatment of trophic ulcers of lower limbs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Increasing the Efficiency of Dynamic Process Calculations in Elastic Elements of Complex Engineering Constructions

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Electronics 2021, 10(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10010040 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1268

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This study deals with a methodology for increasing the efficiency of dynamic process calculations in elastic elements of complex engineering constructions. We studied the complex dynamic processes in a simple engineering construction, a mechanical system of an elastic body–continuous flow of homogeneous medium. [...] Read more.

This study deals with a methodology for increasing the efficiency of dynamic process calculations in elastic elements of complex engineering constructions. We studied the complex dynamic processes in a simple engineering construction, a mechanical system of an elastic body–continuous flow of homogeneous medium. The developed methodology is based on the use of a priori information on some of the vibrations forms, the construction of a “simplified” mathematical model of system dynamics, and the obtaining of an analytical relationship that describe the overall range of factors on the elastic vibrations of system. The methodology is used for cases of complex vibrations of elastic bodies, and the obtained results can serve as a basis for choosing the main technological and operational parameters of elastic elements of mechanisms and machines that perform complex vibrations. The results obtained in this work are the basis for calculating the blast effect on the elements of protective structures in order to increase their protective capacity by improving the method of their attachment or by using additional reinforcement, buff load effects on the elements of drilling strings and dynamic processes that occur during surface strengthening by work hardening in order to avoid resonance phenomena, and technological processes of vibration displacement or vibration separation of granular media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

The Sentiment Analysis Model of Services Providers’ Feedback

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Khrystyna Shakhovska

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Nataliya Shakhovska

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Peter Veselý

Electronics 2020, 9(11), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111922 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid model Ukrainian language sentiment analyzer, which should improve the accuracy of the mood definition to expand the Ukrainian language among the instruments on the market. The object of research is the processes of [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid model Ukrainian language sentiment analyzer, which should improve the accuracy of the mood definition to expand the Ukrainian language among the instruments on the market. The object of research is the processes of determining the language of the text and predicting its sentiment score. The subject of the study is Ukrainian comments posted by Google Maps users. The following text categories are taken into account: food, hotels, museums, and shops. The new method was built as an ensemble of support vector machine, logistic regression, and XGBoost, in combination with a rule-based algorithm. The practical use of the algorithm makes it possible to analyze the Ukrainian text in accordance with the category with the visualization of the research results. The accuracy of the proposed method is bigger than 0.88 in the worst case. The mining procedure of the positive and negative sides of service providers based on users’ feedback is developed. It allows electronics business to make improvements based on frequent positive and negative words. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Are Future Professionals Willing to Implement Service Robots? Attitudes of Hospitality and Tourism Students towards Service Robotization

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Milan Ivkov

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Ivana Blešić

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Branislav Dudić

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Gabriela Pajtinková Bartáková

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Zdenka Dudić

Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091442 - 04 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3781

Abstract

This paper aims to examine attitudes of hospitality and tourism students, as future professionals, towards willingness to implement service robots. The study proposes a new theoretical conceptual model that includes new constructs and items, differentiating it from the others. The model was formed [...] Read more.

This paper aims to examine attitudes of hospitality and tourism students, as future professionals, towards willingness to implement service robots. The study proposes a new theoretical conceptual model that includes new constructs and items, differentiating it from the others. The model was formed based on the extensive literature review and the interview with an eight-member focus group (hotel managers and academic researchers). Data collection was performed in two stages, pilot research based on 82 respondents and the main study, with the final number of respondents being 236. The initial results of the exploratory factor analysis were further tested using the confirmatory factor analysis. After the exclusion of several items due to low factor loadings and in order to improve model validity, analyses further suggested a nine-dimensional solution with 45 items. The study findings reveal a positive relationship between seven constructs and students’ willingness to implement service robots, with the expected business outcome being the most influencing one. On the other hand, positive relation was not found for empathy and social influence constructs. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed in the paper. In conclusion, study limitations and future research suggestions are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

Software-Based Approach towards Automated Authorship Acknowledgement—Chi-Square Test on One Consonant Group

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Electronics 2020, 9(7), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071138 - 13 Jul 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

A one-consonant group approach to the authorship attribution has been proposed. The approach is based on determining, by the chi-square test, the consonant group in which the difference between the texts by different authors is statistically significant. The developed model determines author-differentiating capability [...] Read more.

A one-consonant group approach to the authorship attribution has been proposed. The approach is based on determining, by the chi-square test, the consonant group in which the difference between the texts by different authors is statistically significant. The developed model determines author-differentiating capability of each consonant group in a relation of the number of comparisons, in which the difference between the texts by two authors is statistically significant to the total number of comparisons. The determined general author-differentiating capability of the group of stop consonants, which is a statistical parameter of the authorial style, is the highest in the comparisons of texts from the publicist and belles-lettres styles. The one-consonant group approach simplifies the whole process of authorship attribution and ensures a higher level of automation. The conducted experiments on the Java programming language have proved that the chi-square test is a powerful nonparametric statistical test that can be used for author identification on the level of English consonants with a test validity of 95%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Constructing of Digital Watermark Based on Generalized Fourier Transform

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Ivanna Dronyuk

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Olga Fedevych

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Natalia Kryvinska

Electronics 2020, 9(7), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071108 - 08 Jul 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

We develop in this paper a method for constructing a digital watermark to protect one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals. The creation of a digital watermark is based on the one-dimensional and two-dimensional generalized Fourier and Hartley transformations and the Ateb-functions as a generalization of [...] Read more.

We develop in this paper a method for constructing a digital watermark to protect one-dimensional and two-dimensional signals. The creation of a digital watermark is based on the one-dimensional and two-dimensional generalized Fourier and Hartley transformations and the Ateb-functions as a generalization of trigonometric functions. The embedding of the digital watermark is realized in the frequency domain. The simulation of attacks on protected files is carried out to confirm the stability of the proposed method. Experiments proved the high stability of the developed method conformably to the main types of attacks. An additional built-in digital watermark can be used to identify protected files. The proposed method can be used to support the security of a variety of signals—audio, images, electronic files etc.—to protect them from unauthorized access and as well for identification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Real-Time High-Load Infrastructure Transaction Status Output Prediction Using Operational Intelligence and Big Data Technologies

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Solomia Fedushko

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Taras Ustyianovych

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Michal Gregus

Electronics 2020, 9(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040668 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3055

Abstract

An approach to use Operational Intelligence with mathematical modeling and Machine Learning to solve industrial technology projects problems are very crucial for today’s IT (information technology) processes and operations, taking into account the exponential growth of information and the growing trend of Big [...] Read more.

An approach to use Operational Intelligence with mathematical modeling and Machine Learning to solve industrial technology projects problems are very crucial for today’s IT (information technology) processes and operations, taking into account the exponential growth of information and the growing trend of Big Data-based projects. Monitoring and managing high-load data projects require new approaches to infrastructure, risk management, and data-driven decision support. Key difficulties that might arise when performing IT Operations are high error rates, unplanned downtimes, poor infrastructure KPIs and metrics. The methods used in the study include machine learning models, data preprocessing, missing data imputation, SRE (site reliability engineering) indicators computation, quantitative research, and a qualitative study of data project demands. A requirements analysis for the implementation of an Operational Intelligence solution with Machine learning capabilities has been conducted and represented in the study. A model based on machine learning algorithms for transaction status code and output predictions, in order to execute system load testing, risks identification and, to avoid downtimes, is developed. Metrics and indicators for determining infrastructure load are given in the paper to obtain Operational intelligence and Site reliability insights. It turned out that data mining among the set of Operational Big Data simplifies the task of getting an understanding of what is happening with requests within the data acquisition pipeline and helps identify errors before a user faces them. Transaction tracing in a distributed environment has been enhanced using machine learning and mathematical modelling. Additionally, a step-by-step algorithm for applying the application monitoring solution in a data-based project, especially when it is dealing with Big Data is described and proposed within the study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

An Approach towards the Protection for Printed Documents by Means of Latent Elements with Fractal Grids and Electronic Determination of Its Authenticity

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Electronics 2020, 9(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040667 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2014

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An electronic method of protection for printed documents based on which latent elements are formed in a printed way has been developed. The development of security features has been done electronically. Protection using latent elements has been improved by overlapping fractal grids, which [...] Read more.

An electronic method of protection for printed documents based on which latent elements are formed in a printed way has been developed. The development of security features has been done electronically. Protection using latent elements has been improved by overlapping fractal grids, which allows creation of graphics traps. The printing of designed security elements has been investigated on 15 paper samples. The security elements were printed on an offset printing machine. Prints were copied and compared with originals using the electronic method of pixel-by-pixel comparison based on a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The comparison results between originals and their copies are presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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Open AccessArticle

An Express Algorithm for Transient Electromagnetic Data Interpretation

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Electronics 2020, 9(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020354 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2167

Abstract

The transient electromagnetic (TEM) method is a time-domain, controlled source, electromagnetic (EM) geophysical technique which is often applied to image the subsurface conductivity distributions of shallow layers due to its effectiveness and adaptability to complex site working conditions. The means for an express [...] Read more.

The transient electromagnetic (TEM) method is a time-domain, controlled source, electromagnetic (EM) geophysical technique which is often applied to image the subsurface conductivity distributions of shallow layers due to its effectiveness and adaptability to complex site working conditions. The means for an express analysis of such experimental data in several practical cases have advantages and are suitable for use. We developed our approach for determining the approximate one-dimensional (1D) model of background conductivity based on the formal transformation of the TEM experimental data and the mathematical analysis of continuous functions. Our algorithm, which allows the 1D model’s parameters to be obtained in terms of a layer’s thickness and resistivity, widely utilizes the numerical differentiation of experimental curves as well as of transformed ones. Since the noise level increases with time in the attenuating TEM signals and differentiation even enhances it, special procedures are required to calculate the derivative values. We applied the piecewise cubic spline approximation to solve this problem. In that case, the derivatives are obtained using polynomial coefficients which are available for each node. The application of the created facilities is demonstrated using real experimental data of the TEM soundings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronization of Businesses - Systems Engineering and Analytics)

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