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Electronics
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Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments
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Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Circuit and Signal Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 11004

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wojciech M. Zabołotny

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: data acquisition systems; distributed systems; embedded systems; field-programmable gate arrays; reconfigurable systems; digital signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Kasiński

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Measurement and Instrumentation, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: integrated circuits design; radiation imaging ICs; high-speed wireline interfacing; test systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Radiation imaging systems, high-energy physics, and plasma physics experiments put particular demands on supporting electronic systems. Data acquisition from many measurement channels with precise synchronization, the need to control the front-end electronics in real-time with nanosecond accuracy or better, the operation of front-end electronics systems in irradiated locations creates broad opportunities for developing innovative solutions based on new technologies. A necessity to place the detector readout ASICs in a confined space with limited cooling possibilities requires dedicated low-power and radiation-hard solutions. Created systems often have distributed architecture and require unique solutions for control and configuration. The requirement of long-term maintainability combined with an ability to adapt to changing demands of the experiment and aging of components further increases the complexity of that problem.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following topics, focused on the development of:

  • complete electronic systems supporting the HEP, Plasma physics experiments, and general radiation imaging systems,
  • ASICs for radiation imaging,
  • high-speed interfacing solutions with an emphasis on radiation-hardened solutions,
  • control or communication protocols aimed at supporting such experiments,
  • reconfigurable systems (e.g., FPGA-based)
  • new algorithms and methods for processing the experimental data
  • test and validation systems related to the above systems

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Wojciech M. Zabołotny
Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Kasiński
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • radiation imaging
  • high energy physics
  • plasma physics
  • electronic systems
  • data acquisition
  • control system
  • front-end electronics
  • readout ASIC

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 8573 KiB  
Article
High-Performance FPGA Streaming Data Concentrator for GEM Electronic Measurement System for WEST Tokamak
by Piotr Kolasiński, Krzysztof T. Poźniak, Andrzej Wojeński, Paweł Linczuk, Grzegorz Kasprowicz, Maryna Chernyshova, Didier Mazon, Tomasz Czarski, Julian Colnel, Karol Malinowski and Denis Guibert
Electronics 2023, 12(17), 3649; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173649 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 692
Abstract
The paper presents developments and significant improvements of the soft X-ray measurement system installed at the WEST tokamak. In the introduction, a brief discussion is carried out in the scope of energy shortage, fusion energy as a remedy, and the necessity of impurities [...] Read more.
The paper presents developments and significant improvements of the soft X-ray measurement system installed at the WEST tokamak. In the introduction, a brief discussion is carried out in the scope of energy shortage, fusion energy as a remedy, and the necessity of impurities monitoring in the scope of stable and long plasma discharge. This requires high-speed and accurate measurement systems due to the intense data streams that need to be processed online. For that reason, the SXR GEM FPGA-based system was designed by the Institute of Electronic Systems of the Warsaw University of Technology, the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion from Warsaw, and installed at the WEST tokamak in collaboration with the Institute for Magnetic Fusion Research, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique. It is the second-generation system, whereas the first was installed at JET tokamak. The article describes the architecture of the designed electronic part of the system. The paper presents an entirely new approach for the data concentration module implemented in FPGA. The main premise is to select only active data and send them chronologically to the embedded computer with high throughput. It is the essential component for long-term plasma operations, about 1 min, now carried out at WEST tokamak during the C3 campaign. The paper describes the laboratory tests under the exploitation of various radiation sources and the implementation of the solution and measurements during tokamak plasmas. Previous and current data acquisition methods are compared. The results show that implementing a new local trigger has significantly improved the system performance compared to the global trigger-based acquisition. The results are approximately 17 times better in the scope of performance and more than 20 times better in terms of data compression. The described design was successfully applied during the most recent 2023 experimental campaign at the WEST tokamak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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33 pages, 19490 KiB  
Article
Practical Implementation of an Analogue and Digital Electronics System for a Modular Cosmic Ray Detector—MCORD
by Marcin Bielewicz, Aleksandr Bancer, Andrzej Dziedzic, Jaroslaw Grzyb, Elzbieta Jaworska, Grzegorz Kasprowicz, Michal Kiecana, Piotr Kolasinski, Michal Kuc, Michal Kuklewski, Marcin Pietrzak, Krzysztof Pozniak, Maciej Sitek, Mikolaj Sowinski, Łukasz Świderski, Agnieszka Syntfeld-Kazuch, Jaroslaw Szewinski and Wojciech Marek Zabołotny
Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061492 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
A Modular COsmic Ray Detector (MCORD) was prepared for use in various physics experiments. MCORD detectors can be used in laboratory measurements or can become a part of large measurement sets. MCORD can be used as a muon detector, a veto system, or [...] Read more.
A Modular COsmic Ray Detector (MCORD) was prepared for use in various physics experiments. MCORD detectors can be used in laboratory measurements or can become a part of large measurement sets. MCORD can be used as a muon detector, a veto system, or a tool supporting the testing and calibration of other detectors. MCORD can also work as a stand-alone device for scientific and commercial purposes. The basic element of MCORD is one section consisting of eight oblong scintillators with a double-sided light reading performed by silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). This work presents a practical description of testing, calibration, and programming of analogue and digital electronics modules. The characterisation and calibration methods of the analogue front-end electronic modules, the obtained results, and their implementation into an operating system are presented. In addition, we describe the development environment and the procedures used to prepare our kit for practical use. The architecture of the FPGAs is also presented with a description of their programming as a data-collecting system in a simple coincidence circuit. We also present the possibilities of extending the data analysis system for large experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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17 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Beneš Network-Based Efficient Data Concentrator for Triggerless Data Acquisition Systems
by Marek Gumiński, Michał Kruszewski, Bartosz Marek Zabołotny and Wojciech Marek Zabołotny
Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061437 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1553
Abstract
The concentration of data from multiple links to a single output is an essential task performed by High-Energy Physics (HEP) Data Acquisition Systems (DAQs). At high and varying data rates combined with the large width of the concentrator’s output interface, this task is [...] Read more.
The concentration of data from multiple links to a single output is an essential task performed by High-Energy Physics (HEP) Data Acquisition Systems (DAQs). At high and varying data rates combined with the large width of the concentrator’s output interface, this task is non-trivial. A high-speed dense packing of data from possibly non-continuous streams with preserving their time order requires complex and real-time adjustable routing. This paper presents a concentrator based on the Beneš network, which provides efficient concentration without using a high-frequency clock internally. It warrants that empty data are eliminated and does not disturb the data time-ordering if the data rates significantly differ between inputs. The concentrator uses simple data-routing primitives resulting in low resource consumption. If necessary, the pipeline registers may be added after each routing stage, shortening the critical path and increasing the maximum acceptable clock frequency. These features render the design well-suited to FPGA implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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23 pages, 658 KiB  
Article
Versatile DMA Engine for High-Energy Physics Data Acquisition Implemented with High-Level Synthesis
by Wojciech Marek Zabołotny
Electronics 2023, 12(4), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040883 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2055
Abstract
FPGA-based cards for data concentration and readout are often used in data acquisition (DAQ) systems for high-energy physics experiments. The DMA engines implemented in FPGA enable efficient data transfer to the processing system’s memory. This paper presents a versatile DMA engine. It may [...] Read more.
FPGA-based cards for data concentration and readout are often used in data acquisition (DAQ) systems for high-energy physics experiments. The DMA engines implemented in FPGA enable efficient data transfer to the processing system’s memory. This paper presents a versatile DMA engine. It may be used in systems with FPGA-equipped PCIe boards hosted in a server and MPSoC-based systems with programmable logic connected directly to the AXI system bus. The core part of the engine is implemented in HLS to simplify further development and modifications. The design is modular and may be easily integrated with the user’s DAQ logic, assuming it delivers the data via a standard AXI-Stream interface. The engine and accompanying software are designed with flexibility in mind. They offer a simple single-packet mode for debugging and a high-performance multi-packet mode fully utilizing the computational power of the processing system. The number of used DAQ cards and the amount of memory used for the DMA buffer may be modified in the runtime without rebooting the system. That is particularly useful in the development and test setups. This paper also presents the development and testing methodology. The whole design is open-source and available in public repositories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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10 pages, 4961 KiB  
Article
Flexible Temperature Control Solution for Integrated Circuits Testing—Silicon Creations Thermal Elephant
by Andrzej Laczewski and Krzysztof Kasiński
Electronics 2022, 11(22), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223766 - 16 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1723
Abstract
Both scientific and industrial applications require temperature stabilization and enforcement for testing purposes. In this study, we present a solution capable of handling socket-based IC test systems enabling packages from QFN up to FCBGA, or even COB solutions. The temperature range covers the [...] Read more.
Both scientific and industrial applications require temperature stabilization and enforcement for testing purposes. In this study, we present a solution capable of handling socket-based IC test systems enabling packages from QFN up to FCBGA, or even COB solutions. The temperature range covers the full-range industrial temperature range (−40 °C to +125 °C). The extended temperature range of −55 °C to +150 °C is conditionally possible. Solution supports dry-air installation, safety mechanisms and flexible thermal head assemblies. We present the key features and architecture of the solution named “Thermal Elephant” that found applications in the industrial (characterization of the IP hard macros) and scientific applications (radiation imaging ICs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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12 pages, 10342 KiB  
Article
Readout Electronics of the Prototype Beam Monitor in the HIRFL-CSR External-Target Experiment
by Haibo Yang, Jianwei Liao, Hulin Wang, Chaosong Gao, Honglin Zhang, Wenchao Sun, Xianqin Li and Chengxin Zhao
Electronics 2022, 11(17), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172679 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1342
Abstract
The External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR) will be the first large-scale experiment in nuclear physics independently developed in China covering the GeV energy regime. The beam monitor located at the center front [...] Read more.
The External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Cooling Storage Ring of the Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR) will be the first large-scale experiment in nuclear physics independently developed in China covering the GeV energy regime. The beam monitor located at the center front of the CEE accurately measures the position of the particles with a few tens of um accuracy in a non-interceptive way. This unique advantage significantly improves the accuracy of the particle track reconstructions. This beam monitor’s readout electronics consist of the Front-end module (FEM), Readout Control Module (RCM), and Clock Synchronization module (CSM). Twhe novel Topmetal series pixel sensors directly collect the ionized charge along the track of the ion beam while it passes through the gas in the beam monitor. Lab test proves that the readout electronics have an INL of less than 1%. In addition, the prototype beam monitor can measure the position of the 40Ar beam of 320 MeV/u with a resolution of ~6.9 μm. This paper will discuss the design, characterization, and test of the readout electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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20 pages, 6196 KiB  
Article
Practical Digital Twins Application to High Energy Systems: Thermal Protection for Multi-Detector
by Andrzej Wojtulewicz, Paweł D. Domański, Maciej Czarnynoga, Monika Kutyła, Maciej Ławryńczuk, Robert Nebeluk, Sebastian Plamowski, Krystian Rosłon and Krzysztof Zarzycki
Electronics 2022, 11(14), 2269; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142269 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1553
Abstract
The digital twins concept brings a new perspective into the system design and maintenance practice. As any industrial process can be accurately simulated, its digital replica can be utilized to design a control system structure, evaluate its efficacy and investigate the properties of [...] Read more.
The digital twins concept brings a new perspective into the system design and maintenance practice. As any industrial process can be accurately simulated, its digital replica can be utilized to design a control system structure, evaluate its efficacy and investigate the properties of the real system and possible issues. Based on such an analysis, ideas for improvement may be formulated. This article reports the formulation of a digital twin system developed for a Thermal System (TS) maintaining proper thermal conditions for the operation of the Silicon Tracking Detectors (STDs) utilized for high-energy physics experiments. A thermal system digital twin is built for a full-scale target installation, which is right now during the construction phase. The emphasis is put on a proper control system design using the thermal system digital twins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronics for Radiation Imaging, High Energy Physics and Plasma Experiments)
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