Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Computer Science & Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 July 2022) | Viewed by 78162

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the major keywords in the current digital world is Blockchain, which is playing a major part in all kinds of advanced service systems, offering more convenience, better efficiency/effectiveness by controlling system hardware intelligently in a way humans have never experienced.

Blockchain is also playing an essential part in the healthcare or bioelectronics industry, where enhanced service function and sophistication have become a critical factor in a keen completion. Thus, this Special Issue (SI) focuses on its contributing factors to human society and provides an opportunity for discussions on the relevant convergence technologies. Manuscripts may discuss their technological aspects, usefulness, and contributing factors of their respective Blockchain-based electronic solutions after choosing a suitable subject from the list below or select other ones if needed.

  • Electronic Blockchain service prioritizing human beings and their lives;
  • Electronic solutions adopting Blockchain and/or Big Data;
  • Means of aiding and serving people in need, especially for those disabled or elderly;
  • Electronic engineering/mathematical/Blockchain theories that would greatly affect science and industry;
  • Intelligent Blockchain techniques and services for improved systems engineering;
  • An open engineering integration system for future systems.

Dr. Jun-Ho Huh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Humanity solution
  • Blockchain
  • Healthcare solution
  • Solution
  • Security
  • Intelligent Blockchain techniques
  • Human

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
Overview of Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solutions and Security
by Jun-Ho Huh
Electronics 2022, 11(19), 3063; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193063 - 26 Sep 2022
Viewed by 922
Abstract
One of the major keywords in the current digital world is the blockchain, which plays a major part in all kinds of advanced service systems, offering more convenience and better efficiency/effectiveness by controlling system hardware intelligently in a way humans have never experienced [...] Read more.
One of the major keywords in the current digital world is the blockchain, which plays a major part in all kinds of advanced service systems, offering more convenience and better efficiency/effectiveness by controlling system hardware intelligently in a way humans have never experienced [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 1854 KiB  
Article
Medical Data Storage Model Based on an Alliance Chain
by Kejia Chang, Wenlong Feng, Yu Zhang, Wang Zhong and Xiandong Zheng
Electronics 2022, 11(16), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162495 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1347
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of centralized storage, low sharing efficiency, and the security and privacy of traditional medical data, a medical data storage model based on a consortium chain is proposed. First, the Distance algorithm is designed based on the geographical relationship of [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problems of centralized storage, low sharing efficiency, and the security and privacy of traditional medical data, a medical data storage model based on a consortium chain is proposed. First, the Distance algorithm is designed based on the geographical relationship of nodes, which reduces the amount of communication between nodes, improves the communication efficiency between A nodes, and ensures the efficiency and reliability of grouping. Second, the dynamic election is combined with the Distance algorithm to design the election strategy of the primary node, which realizes the scientific and reasonable ranking of the medical nodes, improves the reliability of the selection of the primary node, and ensures the efficiency of the medical nodes in the alliance chain to quickly reach consensus when the medical data are uploaded to the chain. Finally, the model designs a method of information separation, which combines the distributed database IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) with the blockchain, which greatly reduces the pressure of medical data storage in the blockchain and improves the operation efficiency. The experimental results show that the medical data storage model can effectively improve the problem of the sharp increase in the amount of communication between medical nodes in the network and reduce the impact of malicious consensus nodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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20 pages, 5151 KiB  
Article
BAIV: An Efficient Blockchain-Based Anonymous Authentication and Integrity Preservation Scheme for Secure Communication in VANETs
by Azees Maria, Arun Sekar Rajasekaran, Fadi Al-Turjman, Chadi Altrjman and Leonardo Mostarda
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030488 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2732
Abstract
Recent development in intelligent transport systems (ITS) has led to the improvement of driving experience in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) systems. Providing a low computational cost with high serving capability, however, is a critical phenomenon in the current VANET system. In the existing [...] Read more.
Recent development in intelligent transport systems (ITS) has led to the improvement of driving experience in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) systems. Providing a low computational cost with high serving capability, however, is a critical phenomenon in the current VANET system. In the existing scenario, when the authenticated vehicle user moves from one roadside unit (RSU) to another RSU region, re-authentication of the vehicle user is required by the current RSU, which increases the computational complexity. To overcome the above-mentioned challenge, a blockchain-based authentication protocol is developed in this work. In this suggested process, blockchain is integrated with VANET, which enables the authentication of the vehicle user without the involvement of a trusted authority. Moreover, the integrity of the message and privacy of vehicle users are preserved in the blockchain network. Even though many blockchain-based schemes have been proposed recently, the existing schemes were not focused on conditional anonymity. However, in our proposed scheme, conditional privacy is introduced to revoke the malicious vehicles in the case of disputes and to avoid further damage to the VANET system. As a result, the proposed scheme provides an efficient mechanism for anonymous authentication, privacy, and integrity preservation with conditional tracking. Finally, the defense against different security threats is explained in the security analysis section, and the performance investigation section shows the competence and efficacy of our method with similar related methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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25 pages, 4210 KiB  
Article
Automotive Vulnerability Analysis for Deep Learning Blockchain Consensus Algorithm
by Seong-Kyu Kim
Electronics 2022, 11(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010119 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2006
Abstract
In this study, future cars are attempting self-driving around the world. However, hacking, such as ECUs in automobiles, creates problems that are directly connected to human life. Therefore, this study wrote a paper that detects anomalies in such cars by field. As a [...] Read more.
In this study, future cars are attempting self-driving around the world. However, hacking, such as ECUs in automobiles, creates problems that are directly connected to human life. Therefore, this study wrote a paper that detects anomalies in such cars by field. As a related study, the study investigated the vulnerabilities of the automobile security committee and automobile security standards and investigated the detection of abnormalities in the hacking of geo-train cars using artificial intelligence’s LSTM and blockchain consensus algorithm. In addition, in automobile security, an algorithm was studied to predict normal and abnormal values using LSTM-based anomaly detection techniques on the premise that automobile communication networks are largely divided into internal and external networks. In the methodology, LSTM’s pure propagation malicious code detection technique was used, and it worked with an artificial intelligence consensus algorithm to increase security. In addition, Unity ML conducted an experiment by constructing a virtual environment using the Beta version. The LSTM blockchain consensus node network was composed of 50,000 processes to compare performance. For the first time, 100 Grouped Tx, 500 Channels were tested for performance. For the first time, the malicious code detection rate of the existing system was verified. Accelerator, Multichannel, Sharding, Raiden, Plasma, and Trubit values were verified, and values of approximately 15,000 to 50,000 were obtained. In this paper, we studied to become a paper of great significance on hacking that threatens human life with the development of self-driving cars in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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23 pages, 8752 KiB  
Article
Hyperledger Healthchain: Patient-Centric IPFS-Based Storage of Health Records
by Vinodhini Mani, Prakash Manickam, Youseef Alotaibi, Saleh Alghamdi and Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf
Electronics 2021, 10(23), 3003; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233003 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 7152
Abstract
Blockchain-based electronic health system growth is hindered by privacy, confidentiality, and security. By protecting against them, this research aims to develop cybersecurity measurement approaches to ensure the security and privacy of patient information using blockchain technology in healthcare. Blockchains need huge resources to [...] Read more.
Blockchain-based electronic health system growth is hindered by privacy, confidentiality, and security. By protecting against them, this research aims to develop cybersecurity measurement approaches to ensure the security and privacy of patient information using blockchain technology in healthcare. Blockchains need huge resources to store big data. This paper presents an innovative solution, namely patient-centric healthcare data management (PCHDM). It comprises the following: (i) in an on-chain health record database, hashes of health records are stored as health record chains in Hyperledger fabric, and (ii) off-chain solutions that encrypt actual health data and store it securely over the interplanetary file system (IPFS) which is the decentralized cloud storage system that ensures scalability, confidentiality, and resolves the problem of blockchain data storage. A security smart contract hosted through container technology with Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus ensures patient privacy by verifying patient preferences before sharing health records. The Distributed Ledger technology performance is tested under hyper ledger caliper benchmarks in terms of transaction latency, resource utilization, and transaction per second. The model provides stakeholders with increased confidence in collaborating and sharing their health records. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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31 pages, 12274 KiB  
Article
Interoperable Multi-Blockchain Platform Based on Integrated REST APIs for Reliable Tourism Management
by Linchao Zhang, Lei Hang, Wenquan Jin and Dohyeun Kim
Electronics 2021, 10(23), 2990; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232990 - 01 Dec 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2695
Abstract
The tourism industry can significantly benefit from the blockchain since its implementation can build trust among stakeholders and improve customer satisfaction. However, most of the existing tourism-specified blockchain platforms are single-chains that provide business support for enterprises without guaranteeing transaction information privacy. Besides, [...] Read more.
The tourism industry can significantly benefit from the blockchain since its implementation can build trust among stakeholders and improve customer satisfaction. However, most of the existing tourism-specified blockchain platforms are single-chains that provide business support for enterprises without guaranteeing transaction information privacy. Besides, these platforms are specified to a single use case and lack interoperability with other platforms to support heterogenous tourism services. This paper aims to address this issue by introducing a multi-chain architecture that utilizes multiple blockchains to enhance processing capability and provide various business services for the tourism industry. The proposed multi-chain architecture improves the interoperability between the activities in different chains by providing functional requirements in practical applications and supports the inter-ledger application. In addition, the private blockchain will be made available to allow users to access the network through central authorization. It also increases the transaction processing capability by distributing multiple tasks across the chains for large-scale applications. To demonstrate the usability and efficiency of the developed approach, a case study on hotel booking is conducted using the blockchain frameworks Winding Tree and Hyperledger Fabric. A comprehensive evaluation experiment is conducted, and the results show the significance of the proposed system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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27 pages, 1591 KiB  
Article
Security, Privacy, and Reliability in Digital Healthcare Systems Using Blockchain
by Aitizaz Ali, Hasliza A. Rahim, Muhammad Fermi Pasha, Rafael Dowsley, Mehedi Masud, Jehad Ali and Mohammed Baz
Electronics 2021, 10(16), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10162034 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6380
Abstract
According to the security breach level index, millions of records are stolen worldwide on every single day. Personal health records are the most targeted records on the internet, and they are considered sensitive, and valuable. Security and privacy are the most important parameters [...] Read more.
According to the security breach level index, millions of records are stolen worldwide on every single day. Personal health records are the most targeted records on the internet, and they are considered sensitive, and valuable. Security and privacy are the most important parameters of cryptography and encryption. They reduce the availability of data on patients and healthcare to the appropriate personnel and ultimately lead to a barrier in the transfer of healthcare into a digital health system. Using a permission blockchain to share healthcare data can reduce security and privacy issues. According to the literature, most healthcare systems rely on a centralized system, which is more prone to security vulnerabilities. The existing blockchain-based healthcare schemes provide only a data-sharing framework, but they lack security and privacy. To cope with these kinds of security issues, we have designed a novel security algorithm that provides security as well as privacy with much better efficiency and a lower cost. Hence, in this research, we have proposed a patient healthcare framework that provides greater security, reliability, and authentication compared to existing blockchain-based access control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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14 pages, 1762 KiB  
Article
Blockchain Based Smart Contracts for Internet of Medical Things in e-Healthcare
by Ashutosh Sharma, Sarishma, Ravi Tomar, Naveen Chilamkurti and Byung-Gyu Kim
Electronics 2020, 9(10), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101609 - 01 Oct 2020
Cited by 100 | Viewed by 7210
Abstract
The concept of Blockchain has penetrated a wide range of scientific areas, and its use is considered to rise exponentially in the near future. Executing short scripts of predefined code called smart contracts on Blockchain can eliminate the need of intermediaries and can [...] Read more.
The concept of Blockchain has penetrated a wide range of scientific areas, and its use is considered to rise exponentially in the near future. Executing short scripts of predefined code called smart contracts on Blockchain can eliminate the need of intermediaries and can also raise the multitude of execution of contracts. In this paper, we discuss the concept of Blockchain along with smart contracts and discuss their applicability in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in the e-healthcare domain. The paper analyses the dimensions that decentralization and the use of smart contracts will take the IoMT in e-healthcare, proposes a novel architecture, and also outlines the advantages, challenges, and future trends related to the integration of all three. The proposed architecture shows its effectiveness with average packet delivery ratio, average latency, and average energy efficiency performance parameters when compared with traditional approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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22 pages, 5846 KiB  
Article
Neuron Blockchain Algorithm for Legal Problems in Inheritance of Legacy
by Seong-Kyu Kim and Jun-Ho Huh
Electronics 2020, 9(10), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101595 - 29 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2416
Abstract
This paper discusses the worldwide trend of aging as the lifespan of humans increases. Nonetheless, most people do not write wills, which results in many legal problems after their death. There are many reasons for this including the problem of the validity of [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the worldwide trend of aging as the lifespan of humans increases. Nonetheless, most people do not write wills, which results in many legal problems after their death. There are many reasons for this including the problem of the validity of their heritage possibly not being legally certified. Wills can be divided into two categories, i.e., testimony and documents. A lawyer in the middle should notarize them, however, instead of providing these notarized services, we propose more transparent algorithms, blockchain shading, and smart country functions. Architectures are designed based on a neural network, the blockchain deep neural network (DNN), and deep neural network-based units are built with a necessary artificial neural network (ANN) base. A heritage inherited blockchain architecture is designed to communicate between nodes based on the minimum distance algorithm and multichannel protocol. In addition, neurons refer to the nerve cells that make up the nervous system of an organism, and artificial neurons are an abstraction of the functions of dendrite, soma, and axon that constitute the neurons of an organism. Similar to the neurons in organisms, artificial neural algorithms such as the depth-first search (DFS) algorithm are expressed in pseudocode. In addition, all blockchain nodes are equipped with verified nodes. A research model is proposed for an artificial network blockchain that is needed for this purpose. The experimental environment builds the server and network environments based on deep neural networks that require verification. Weights are also set for the required verification and performance. This paper verifies the blockchain algorithm equipped with this non-fiction preprocessor function. We also study the blockchain neuron engine that can safely construct a block node for a suicide blockchain. After empirical testing of the will system with artificial intelligence and blockchain, the values are close to 2 and 10 and the distribution is good. The blockchain node also tested 50 nodes more than 150 times, and we concluded that it was suitable for actual testing by completing a demonstration test with 4500 TPS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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13 pages, 5651 KiB  
Article
Design of an Enhanced Web Archiving System for Preserving Content Integrity with Blockchain
by Hyun Cheon Hwang, Jin Gon Shon and Ji Su Park
Electronics 2020, 9(8), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081255 - 05 Aug 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4031
Abstract
A Web archive system is a traditional subject for preserving web content for the future and the importance is getting more significant due to the explosive growth of web content. The reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS) has been advising [...] Read more.
A Web archive system is a traditional subject for preserving web content for the future and the importance is getting more significant due to the explosive growth of web content. The reference model for an open archival information system (OAIS) has been advising guidance for a long-term archiving system and most organizations that archive web content follow this guidance. In addition, the web archive (WARC) ISO standard is for web content archiving. However, there is no way to secure content integrity, and it is hard to identify the original. Because of limitations, a web archive system has a weakness against the dispute of content integrity. In this paper, we proposed the blockchain linked (BCLinked) web archiving system, which uses blockchain technology and an extended WARC field to keep a web content integrity metadata into a blockchain. Furthermore, we designed the BCLinked web archiving system, and we confirmed the proposed system secures content integrity through the experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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25 pages, 5807 KiB  
Article
Verification Plan Using Neural Algorithm Blockchain Smart Contract for Secure P2P Real Estate Transactions
by Jun-Ho Huh and Seong-Kyu Kim
Electronics 2020, 9(6), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9061052 - 26 Jun 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6090
Abstract
Blockchain and artificial intelligence are the most important keywords in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This study sought to apply these core technologies to future validated algorithms that make real estate transactions secure to come up with an encryption algorithm. In addition, the real [...] Read more.
Blockchain and artificial intelligence are the most important keywords in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This study sought to apply these core technologies to future validated algorithms that make real estate transactions secure to come up with an encryption algorithm. In addition, the real estate transaction is being paid a large fee by the middlemen, the real estate agent. Furthermore and recently, P2P (peer-to-peer) real estate exchange is used a lot. However, these P2P real estate exchanges also have problems that have not been identified by each other between landlords and tenants. In particular, a research model was established to compare and verify the PBFT (practical Byzantine fault tolerance) algorithm of Hyperledger through the blockchain agreement process. Subsequently, a process for verifying the real estate contract was established. Through VM (virtual machine) research methodology for the verification of blockchain real estate contracts, ElGamal communication was provided to prove quantum cryptography. We also automated lightweight encryption test verification tools and blockchain smart contract VM (virtual machine) models using artificial intelligence. Verification was performed through a reservation server and a monitoring server using a test verification tool for network-based lightweight security IoT (Internet of things) GW (gateway). It presents important ECP (elastic curve program) and elastic curve Qu-Vanstone (ECQV) models among the main functions of the blockchain smart contract, and it is equipped with quantum-based encryption algorithm. In addition, the necessary UML (unified modeling language) source code and performance data were calculated according to the actual experimental environment, and the average value for blockchain for administrative or government authorized assets—4000 TPS (transaction per second) were tested. In the future, we want to use this technology for real estate transactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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31 pages, 1842 KiB  
Article
A Blockchain and Machine Learning-Based Drug Supply Chain Management and Recommendation System for Smart Pharmaceutical Industry
by Khizar Abbas, Muhammad Afaq, Talha Ahmed Khan and Wang-Cheol Song
Electronics 2020, 9(5), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050852 - 21 May 2020
Cited by 148 | Viewed by 25449
Abstract
From the last decade, pharmaceutical companies are facing difficulties in tracking their products during the supply chain process, allowing the counterfeiters to add their fake medicines into the market. Counterfeit drugs are analyzed as a very big challenge for the pharmaceutical industry worldwide. [...] Read more.
From the last decade, pharmaceutical companies are facing difficulties in tracking their products during the supply chain process, allowing the counterfeiters to add their fake medicines into the market. Counterfeit drugs are analyzed as a very big challenge for the pharmaceutical industry worldwide. As indicated by the statistics, yearly business loss of around $200 billion is reported by US pharmaceutical companies due to these counterfeit drugs. These drugs may not help the patients to recover the disease but have many other dangerous side effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) survey report, in under-developed countries every 10th drug use by the consumers is counterfeit and has low quality. Hence, a system that can trace and track drug delivery at every phase is needed to solve the counterfeiting problem. The blockchain has the full potential to handle and track the supply chain process very efficiently. In this paper, we have proposed and implemented a novel blockchain and machine learning-based drug supply chain management and recommendation system (DSCMR). Our proposed system consists of two main modules: blockchain-based drug supply chain management and machine learning-based drug recommendation system for consumers. In the first module, the drug supply chain management system is deployed using Hyperledger fabrics which is capable of continuously monitor and track the drug delivery process in the smart pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, the N-gram, LightGBM models are used in the machine learning module to recommend the top-rated or best medicines to the customers of the pharmaceutical industry. These models have trained on well known publicly available drug reviews dataset provided by the UCI: an open-source machine learning repository. Moreover, the machine learning module is integrated with this blockchain system with the help of the REST API. Finally, we also perform several tests to check the efficiency and usability of our proposed system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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30 pages, 8760 KiB  
Article
Artificial Neural Network Blockchain Techniques for Healthcare System: Focusing on the Personal Health Records
by Seong-Kyu Kim and Jun-Ho Huh
Electronics 2020, 9(5), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050763 - 06 May 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7387
Abstract
This paper seeks to use artificial intelligence blockchain algorithms to ensure safe verification of medical institution PHR data and accurate verification of medical data as existing vulnerabilities. Artificial intelligence has recently spread and has led to research on many technologies thanks to the [...] Read more.
This paper seeks to use artificial intelligence blockchain algorithms to ensure safe verification of medical institution PHR data and accurate verification of medical data as existing vulnerabilities. Artificial intelligence has recently spread and has led to research on many technologies thanks to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is a very important factor in healthcare as well as the healthcare industry’s position. Likewise, blockchain is very safe to apply because it encrypts and verifies these medical data in case they are hacked or leaked. These technologies are considered very important. This study raises the problems of these artificial intelligence blockchains and recognizes blockchain, artificial intelligence, neural networks, healthcare, etc.; these problems clearly exist, so systems like EHR are not being used. In the future, ensuring privacy will be made easier when these EHRs are activated and data transmission and data verification between hospitals are completed. To overcome these shortcomings, we define an information security blockchain artificial intelligence framework and verify blockchain systems for accurate extraction, storage, and verification of data. In addition, various verification and performance evaluation indicators are set to obtain the TPS of medical data and for the implementation of standardization work in the future. This paper seeks to maximize the confidentiality of blockchain and the sensitivity and availability of artificial intelligence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Based Electronic Healthcare Solution and Security)
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