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Electronics
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10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications
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10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 26987

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hirokazu Kobayashi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics and Information Systems Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
Interests: radar imaging; inverse synthetic aperture radar; electromagnetic modeling; radar cross-section theory and measurement; radar beam scanning; radar signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Pingyi Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: wireless communications; wireless sensor network; information and communication technology; cloud computing; network science; distributed systems; big data signal and information processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Andrea Randazzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering, Naval Architecture University, 16145 Genoa, Italy
Interests: microwave imaging; electromagnetic propagation; inverse scattering; inverse problems; antennas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has now been ten years since the first paper was published in Electronics back in 2011. It has been a rocky road with many highs and many lows, but we are extremely proud to have reached this very important milestone of the 10th anniversary of the journal. To celebrate this momentous occasion, a Special Issue is being prepared which invites both members of the Editorial Board and outstanding renowned authors, including past editors and authors, to submit their high-quality works on the topic of “Microwave and Wireless Communications”.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:        

  • General wireless communication technology
  • General microwave theory and technology including antenna
  • General radar technology
  • Communication and radar signal processing
  • Micro/millimeter wave imaging technology
  • Micro/millimeter wave sensing technology
  • Micro/millimeter wave network technology
  • Micro/millimeter wave medical application
  • Electromagnetic scattering and propagation
  • Micro/millimeter wave measurement technology

Prof. Dr. Hirokazu Kobayashi
Prof. Dr. Pingyi Fan
Prof. Dr. Andrea Randazzo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 883 KiB  
Article
Optimal Power Allocation with Sectored Cells for Sum-Throughput Maximization in Wireless-Powered Communication Networks Based on Hybrid SDMA/NOMA
by Juhyun Maeng, Mwamba Kasongo Dahouda and Inwhee Joe
Electronics 2022, 11(6), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060844 - 08 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Wireless-powered communication networks (WPCNs) consist of wireless devices (WDs) that transmit information to the hybrid access point (HAP). In this situation, there is interference among WDs that is considered to be noise and causes information loss because of adjacent signals. Moreover, power is [...] Read more.
Wireless-powered communication networks (WPCNs) consist of wireless devices (WDs) that transmit information to the hybrid access point (HAP). In this situation, there is interference among WDs that is considered to be noise and causes information loss because of adjacent signals. Moreover, power is limited and can be lost if transmission distance is long. This paper studies sum-throughput maximization with sectored cells for WPCN. We designed a downlink (DL) energy beamforming by sector based on the hybrid space division multiple access (SDMA) and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) approach to maximize the sum throughput. First, a cell is divided into several sectors, and signals from each sector are transmitted to each antenna of the HAP, so that the signals are not adjacent. Further, the HAP decodes the overlapping information of each sector. Next, power allocation is optimized by sector. To optimize power allocation, a constrained optimization problem is formulated and then converted into a nonconstraint optimization problem using the interior penalty method. The optimal solution derives the maximal value to the problem. Power for each sector is optimally allocated according to this optimal solution. Under this consideration, sum-throughput maximization is performed by optimally allocating DL energy beamforming by sector. We analyzed sum throughput and fairness, and then compared them according to the number of sectors. Performance results show that the proposed optimal power allocation by sector using hybrid SDMA/NOMA outperforms the existing equal power allocation by sector in terms of the sum throughput while fairness is also maintained. Moreover, the performance difference between the hybrid approach and SDMA, which optimally allocates power by sector, was about 1.4 times that of sum throughput on average, and the hybrid approach was dominant. There was also no difference in fairness performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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20 pages, 4495 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Distribution Models for Fast Variations in the Indoor Radio Channel at 5G Frequency Range 1 Microwave Bands
by Sergio Malo-Torreiro, Marta Seijas-Iglesias and Iñigo Cuiñas
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030449 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1604
Abstract
The use of long-term (slow variations) for modelling radio propagation behavior in indoor scenarios limits the validity of such models, as most of the environments induced fast variations overlapped with the slow ones. Real world data gathered at different locations in two bands [...] Read more.
The use of long-term (slow variations) for modelling radio propagation behavior in indoor scenarios limits the validity of such models, as most of the environments induced fast variations overlapped with the slow ones. Real world data gathered at different locations in two bands within Fifth Generation FR1 spectrum, 3 GHz and 5 GHz, provide insight on the effect of such fast variations and on the distribution models that would be useful to complement the long term analysis with short term behavior in order to improve the design of such 5G microwave networks. Comparisons among short term performance taking into account both the frequency, the visibility conditions and the environment size, shape and furnishing are presented with the focus on modelling as accurate as possible the narrowband channel. The use of ΔBIC (describing the difference between Bayesian Information Criteria indexes of each fitting) complements and confirms the insight provided by direct inspection on traditional fitting plots. This parameter could be interesting for future network deployments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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13 pages, 579 KiB  
Article
Simple, Fast, and Accurate Broadband Complex Permittivity Characterization Algorithm: Methodology and Experimental Validation from 140 GHz up to 220 GHz
by Xiue Bao, Li Wang, Zeyu Wang, Jiabei Zhang, Meng Zhang, Giovanni Crupi and Anxue Zhang
Electronics 2022, 11(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030366 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2461
Abstract
Accurate permittivity characterization has attracted a lot of attention in various areas. Resonant characterization methods are well-known for their accuracy, but they are restricted in very narrow frequency ranges, and thus, they are normally not recommended to be used for dispersive or high-loss [...] Read more.
Accurate permittivity characterization has attracted a lot of attention in various areas. Resonant characterization methods are well-known for their accuracy, but they are restricted in very narrow frequency ranges, and thus, they are normally not recommended to be used for dispersive or high-loss materials. Transmission line characterization techniques are outstanding for being inexpensive, accurate, and broadband, but the algorithms are often complex to perform. This paper proposes a fast, simple, and accurate broadband permittivity characterization algorithm, which is mainly suitable for millimeter-wave applications. It combines a general line–line method and a closed-form algorithm, extracting the complex permittivity of the material under test (MUT) without the need for calculating any intermediate parameters. Validation measurements on de-ionized water in the frequency range from 140 to 220 GHz are in very good agreement with the literature data, which successfully indicates that the proposed algorithm is reliable and accurate for millimeter wave permittivity characterization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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17 pages, 1264 KiB  
Article
Watt-Level Ka-Band Integrated Doherty Power Amplifiers: Technologies and Power Combination Strategies Invited Paper
by Anna Piacibello and Vittorio Camarchia
Electronics 2022, 11(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010084 - 28 Dec 2021
Viewed by 2080
Abstract
This paper discusses some of the design choices underlying the development of watt-level integrated Doherty power amplifiers in the K and Ka band, focusing on compound semiconductor technologies. The key aspect of on-chip power combination is discussed, presenting and comparing some of the [...] Read more.
This paper discusses some of the design choices underlying the development of watt-level integrated Doherty power amplifiers in the K and Ka band, focusing on compound semiconductor technologies. The key aspect of on-chip power combination is discussed, presenting and comparing some of the possible alternatives. Then, the impact on the achievable bandwidth and performance of different parameters is quantified, adopting an approximate analysis, which focuses on the Doherty output combiner and allows estimating the non-linear performance of the amplifier thanks to some simplifying assumptions, without requiring a full, non-linear model of the active devices. Two sample GaAs and GaN technologies are compared first, considering parameters that are representative of the currently available commercial processes, and then several power combination strategies are analyzed, adopting the GaN technology, which is currently the only one that allows achieving the power levels required by the applications directly on chip. Finally, some hints as to the impact of the output parasitic effects of the transistors on the presented analysis are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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22 pages, 6949 KiB  
Communication
Practical Consistency of Ethernet-Based QoS with Performance Prediction of Heterogeneous Microwave Radio Relay Transport Network
by Slađan Zlatar, Vlatko Lipovac, Adriana Lipovac and Mirza Hamza
Electronics 2021, 10(8), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080913 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
Microwave line-of-sight radio relay (RR) systems are a constitutive part of a telecom operator transport network, as an alternative to optical transmission systems when the latter are not technically possible or rational to implement. Nowadays, RR links are quite often used in the [...] Read more.
Microwave line-of-sight radio relay (RR) systems are a constitutive part of a telecom operator transport network, as an alternative to optical transmission systems when the latter are not technically possible or rational to implement. Nowadays, RR links are quite often used in the access network for connecting mobile radio base stations, thus also enabling traffic aggregation, and so on. In this paper, we focus on a practical, real-life, five-section heterogeneous RR network, comprising classic synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and SDH new generation network (NGN) architecture, hybrid parallel and mutually independent transmission of native Ethernet and TDM services, and all-IP network parts. Specifically, the main task of this work is to answer whether such a diverse RR system could satisfy the quality norms for Ethernet-based services, meaning whether a tolerable RR unavailability will necessarily imply the according Ethernet quality of service (QoS) degradation. This question is addressed by the comprehensive in-service and out-of-service testing of an operational hybrid RR transmission system. After extensive practical testing and appropriate analysis of the achieved results, it came out that the impact of RR-level impairments that determine the performance prediction affected the Ethernet QoS to the extent that BER values increased to the acceptability threshold values. We believe that the preliminary results reported here could serve as a hint and a framework for a more comprehensive cross-layer test strategy in terms of both test diversity and repeating rate, which contemporary network operators need to implement in order to enable the appropriate quality of experience for users of their services. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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18 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
NDF of Scattered Fields for Strip Geometries
by Ehsan Akbari Sekehravani, Giovanni Leone and Rocco Pierri
Electronics 2021, 10(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020202 - 17 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5318
Abstract
Solving inverse scattering problems by numerical methods requires investigating the number of independent pieces of information that can be reconstructed stably. To this end, we address the evaluation of the Number of Degrees of Freedom (NDF) of far-zone scattered fields for some strip [...] Read more.
Solving inverse scattering problems by numerical methods requires investigating the number of independent pieces of information that can be reconstructed stably. To this end, we address the evaluation of the Number of Degrees of Freedom (NDF) of far-zone scattered fields for some strip geometries under the first-order Born approximation. The analysis is performed by employing the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the scattering operator in the two-dimensional scalar geometry of one or more strips illuminated by a TM polarized plane wave. It is known that investigating the scattering scene at different incident plane waves (multi-view configuration) enhances the NDF. Therefore we mean to examine the minimum number of incident plane waves providing the NDF of the scattered fields both by theoretical estimations and numerical verifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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Review

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29 pages, 1934 KiB  
Review
Massive MIMO Techniques for 5G and Beyond—Opportunities and Challenges
by David Borges, Paulo Montezuma, Rui Dinis and Marko Beko
Electronics 2021, 10(14), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141667 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9995
Abstract
Telecommunications have grown to be a pillar to a functional society and the urge for reliable and high throughput systems has become the main objective of researchers and engineers. State-of-the-art work considers massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (massive MIMO) as the key technology for 5G [...] Read more.
Telecommunications have grown to be a pillar to a functional society and the urge for reliable and high throughput systems has become the main objective of researchers and engineers. State-of-the-art work considers massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (massive MIMO) as the key technology for 5G and beyond. Large spatial multiplexing and diversity gains are some of the major benefits together with an improved energy efficiency. Current works mostly assume the application of well-established techniques in a massive MIMO scenario, although there are still open challenges regarding hardware and computational complexities and energy efficiency. Fully digital, analog, and hybrid structures are analyzed and a multi-layer massive MIMO transmission technique is detailed. The purpose of this article is to describe the most acknowledged transmission techniques for massive MIMO systems and to analyze some of the most promising ones and identify existing problems and limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Electronics: Advances in Microwave and Wireless Communications)
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