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Advances in Cancer Imaging
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Advances in Cancer Imaging

A topical collection in Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This collection belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

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Editor

Dr. Yukako Yagi

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Collection Editor
Director of Pathology Digital Imaging, Warren Alpert Center for Digital & Computational Pathology Associate Attending, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Associate Attending, Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Associate Prof of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
Interests: multimodal-3D analysis/AI

Topical Collection Information

Cancer imaging is playing an essential role in research discovery and in the detection and determination of the stage and decisions around treatment and evaluation of treatment in the clinical area.   

In the last decade, in addition to traditional cancer imaging modalities such as CT and MRI, new imaging technologies have been and are being developed, and those provide further information for high-quality diagnosis and treatment.

Multimodal imaging and computational power with artificial intelligence (AI) have been showing the additional dimension of information around cancer.

The aim of this Special Issue is to help us to better understand current and future cancer imaging technologies and guide how these technologies can improve research, diagnosis, and treatment in cancer.

Specifically, this Special Issue will focus on the roles of multimodality imaging and AI in cancer imaging.

Original research articles and review articles aiming to shed light on important advances in modalities in cancer imaging, including radiological and pathology imaging, are invited.

Dr. Yukako Yagi
Collection Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Molecular and nuclear imaging (PET and SPECT)
  • Endoscopy
  • 3D Imaging
  • Digital Pathology
  • Spatial transcriptomics
  • Artificial Intelligenve (AI)
  • Machine learning
  • Multimodal imaging

Published Papers (6 papers)

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2023

Jump to: 2022

20 pages, 2550 KiB  
Review
Imaging Techniques and Clinical Application of the Marrow–Blood Barrier in Hematological Malignancies
by Jianling Zhang, Qianqian Huang, Wenjin Bian, Jun Wang, Haonan Guan and Jinliang Niu
Diagnostics 2024, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14010018 - 21 Dec 2023
Viewed by 766
Abstract
The pathways through which mature blood cells in the bone marrow (BM) enter the blood stream and exit the BM, hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood return to the BM, and other substances exit the BM are referred to as the marrow–blood [...] Read more.
The pathways through which mature blood cells in the bone marrow (BM) enter the blood stream and exit the BM, hematopoietic stem cells in the peripheral blood return to the BM, and other substances exit the BM are referred to as the marrow–blood barrier (MBB). This barrier plays an important role in the restrictive sequestration of blood cells, the release of mature blood cells, and the entry and exit of particulate matter. In some blood diseases and tumors, the presence of immature cells in the blood suggests that the MBB is damaged, mainly manifesting as increased permeability, especially in angiogenesis. Some imaging methods have been used to monitor the integrity and permeability of the MBB, such as DCE-MRI, IVIM, ASL, BOLD-MRI, and microfluidic devices, which contribute to understanding the process of related diseases and developing appropriate treatment options. In this review, we briefly introduce the theory of MBB imaging modalities along with their clinical applications. Full article
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12 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Accuracy of Up-Front PET/CT and MRI for Detecting Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in T1–T2 Oral Cavity Cancer—A Prospective Cohort Study
by Christoffer Bing Madsen, Max Rohde, Oke Gerke, Christian Godballe and Jens Ahm Sørensen
Diagnostics 2023, 13(22), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13223414 - 09 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1014
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of up-front 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in patients with T1–T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma is reported with large discrepancies across the literature. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, [...] Read more.
The diagnostic accuracy of up-front 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in patients with T1–T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma is reported with large discrepancies across the literature. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of up-front PET/CT for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in this patient group and compared the performance to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this prospective cohort study, 76 patients with T1–T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma underwent an up-front PET/CT and MRI at the Odense University Hospital from September 2013 to February 2016. Sentinel node biopsy and elective neck dissection were used for histopathological verification of the imaging modalities. Up-front PET/CT was significantly more sensitive than neck MRI (74% vs. 27%, p = 0.0001), but less specific (60% vs. 88%, p = 0.001). The accuracy of PET/CT and neck MRI was comparable (66% vs. 63%, p = 0.85), the PPV was slightly in favor of neck MRI (56% vs. 62%, p = 0.73), the NPV was slightly in favor of PET/CT (77% vs. 63%, p = 0.16). Neither PET/CT nor neck MRI should stand alone for N-staging T1–T2 oral cavity cancer. Full article
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17 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
High Prognostic Value of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Association with PSMA Expression Assessed by Immunohistochemistry
by Donatello Gasparro, Maura Scarlattei, Enrico Maria Silini, Silvia Migliari, Giorgio Baldari, Veronica Cervati, Tiziano Graziani, Nicoletta Campanini, Umberto Maestroni and Livia Ruffini
Diagnostics 2023, 13(19), 3082; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13193082 - 28 Sep 2023
Viewed by 841
Abstract
In oligo-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), neither computed tomography (CT) nor bone scan is sensitive enough to detect small tumor deposits hampering early treatment and potential cure. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in the neo-vasculature of numerous malignant neoplasms, [...] Read more.
In oligo-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), neither computed tomography (CT) nor bone scan is sensitive enough to detect small tumor deposits hampering early treatment and potential cure. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in the neo-vasculature of numerous malignant neoplasms, including RCC, that can be targeted by positron emission tomography (PET) using PSMA-targeting radioligands. Our aim was to investigate whether PSMA-expression patterns of renal cancer in the primary tumor or metastatic lesions on immunohistochemistry (IHC) are associated with PET/CT findings using [68Ga]-PSMA-HBED-CC (PSMA-PET/CT). We then analyzed the predictive and prognostic role of the PSMA-PET/CT signal. In this retrospective single-center study we included patients with renal cancer submitted to PSMA-PET/CT for staging or restaging, with tumor specimens available for PSMA-IHC. Clinical information (age, tumor type, and grade) and IHC results from the primary tumor or metastases were collected. The intensity of PSMA expression at IHC was scored into four categories: 0: none; 1: weak; 2: moderate; 3: strong. PSMA expression was also graded according to the proportion of vessels involved (PSMA%) into four categories: 0: none; 1: 1–25%; 2: 25–50%; 3: >50%. The intensity of PSMA expression and PSMA% were combined in a three-grade score: 0–2 absent or mildly positive, 3–4 moderately positive, and 5–6 strongly positive. PSMA scores were used for correlation with PSMA-PET/CT results. Results: IHC and PET scans were available for the analysis in 26 patients (22 ccRCC, 2 papillary RCC, 1 chromophobe, 1 “not otherwise specified” RCC). PSMA-PET/CT was positive in 17 (65%) and negative in 9 patients (35%). The mean and median SUVmax in the target lesion were 34.1 and 24.9, respectively. Reporter agreement was very high for both distant metastasis location and local recurrence (kappa 1, 100%). PSMA-PET detected more lesions than conventional imaging and revealed unknown metastases in 4 patients. Bone involvement, extension, and lesion number were greater than in the CT scan (median lesion number on PET/CT 3.5). The IHC PSMA score was concordant in primary tumors and metastases. All positive PSMA-PET/CT results (15/22 ccRCC, 1 papillary cancer type II, and 1 chromofobe type) were revealed in tumors with strong or moderate PSMA combined scores (3–4 and 5–6). In ccRCC tissue samples, PSMA expression was strong to moderate in 20/22 cases. The SUVmax values correlated to the intensity of PSMA expression which were assessed using IHC (p = 0.01), especially in the ccRCC subgroup (p = 0.009). Median survival was significantly higher in patients with negative PSMA-PET/CT (48 months) compared to patients with a positive scan (24 months, p= 0.001). SUVmax ≥ 7.4 provides discrimination of patients with a poor prognosis. Results of PSMA-PET/CT changed treatment planning. Conclusions: in renal cancer, positive PSMA-PET/CT is strongly correlated to the intensity of PSMA expression on immunohistochemistry in both ccRCC and chromophobe cancer. PSMA-PET/CT signal predicts a poor prognosis confirming its potential as an aggressiveness biomarker and providing paramount additional information influencing patient management. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2023

16 pages, 2112 KiB  
Article
The Comparison of Three Predictive Indexes to Discriminate Malignant Ovarian Tumors from Benign Ovarian Endometrioma: The Characteristics and Efficacy
by Shoichiro Yamanaka, Naoki Kawahara, Ryuji Kawaguchi, Keita Waki, Tomoka Maehana, Yosuke Fukui, Ryuta Miyake, Yuki Yamada, Hiroshi Kobayashi and Fuminori Kimura
Diagnostics 2022, 12(5), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051212 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1964
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prediction efficacy of malignant transformation of ovarian endometrioma (OE) using the Copenhagen Index (CPH-I), the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), and the R2 predictive index. This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology, Nara [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the prediction efficacy of malignant transformation of ovarian endometrioma (OE) using the Copenhagen Index (CPH-I), the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), and the R2 predictive index. This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Gynecology, Nara Medical University Hospital, from January 2008 to July 2021. A total of 171 patients were included in the study. In the current study, cases were divided into three cohorts: pre-menopausal, post-menopausal, and a combined cohort. Patients with benign ovarian tumor mainly received laparoscopic surgery, and patients with suspected malignant tumors underwent laparotomy. Information from a review chart of the patients’ medical records was collected. In the combined cohort, a multivariate analysis confirmed that the ROMA index, the R2 predictive index, and tumor laterality were extracted as independent factors for predicting malignant tumors (hazard ratio (HR): 222.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 22.27–2215.50, p < 0.001; HR: 9.80, 95% CI: 2.90–33.13, p < 0.001; HR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03–0.75, p = 0.021, respectively). In the pre-menopausal cohort, a multivariate analysis confirmed that the CPH index and the R2 predictive index were extracted as independent factors for predicting malignant tumors (HR: 6.45, 95% CI: 1.47–28.22, p = 0.013; HR: 31.19, 95% CI: 8.48–114.74, p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the R2 predictive index was only extracted as an independent factor for predicting borderline tumors (HR: 45.00, 95% CI: 7.43–272.52, p < 0.001) in the combined cohort. In pre-menopausal cases or borderline cases, the R2 predictive index is useful; while, in post-menopausal cases, the ROMA index is better than the other indexes. Full article
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10 pages, 2258 KiB  
Article
Pathological Evaluation of Rectal Cancer Specimens Using Micro-Computed Tomography
by Masao Yoshida, Emine Cesmecioglu, Canan Firat, Hirotsugu Sakamoto, Alexei Teplov, Noboru Kawata, Peter Ntiamoah, Takashi Ohnishi, Kareem Ibrahim, Efsevia Vakiani, Julio Garcia-Aguilar, Meera Hameed, Jinru Shia and Yukako Yagi
Diagnostics 2022, 12(4), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040984 - 14 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2160
Abstract
Whole-block imaging (WBI) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allows the nondestructive reconstruction of a three-dimensional view of tissues, implying that WBI may be used for accurate pathological evaluation of patients with rectal cancer. HOWEVER, the clinical impact of this approach is unclear. We aimed [...] Read more.
Whole-block imaging (WBI) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allows the nondestructive reconstruction of a three-dimensional view of tissues, implying that WBI may be used for accurate pathological evaluation of patients with rectal cancer. HOWEVER, the clinical impact of this approach is unclear. We aimed to clarify the efficacy of WBI in the whole-mount specimens of locally advanced rectal cancer. A total of 237 whole-mount formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from 13 patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled and scanned with micro-CT to generate three-dimensional images. WBI was evaluated following the conventional pathological review of the corresponding whole-slide imaging (WSI). WBI identified all tumor sites detected using WSI. Furthermore, WBI revealed one additional tumor site, which was not detected using WSI. Tumor resection margin was significantly closer to the soft-tissue edge when measured using WBI (7.7 mm vs. 6.6 mm, p < 0.01). Seventy-six percent of tumor deposits on WSI were changed according to the evidence of tumor interaction with the surrounding tissues confirmed using WBI. Furthermore, WBI revealed 25 additional lymph nodes, six of which were metastatic. The combination of conventional hematoxylin and eosin-stained imaging and WBI may contribute to an accurate pathological assessment. Full article
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18 pages, 771 KiB  
Review
Radiomics of Biliary Tumors: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
by Francesco Fiz, Visala S Jayakody Arachchige, Matteo Gionso, Ilaria Pecorella, Apoorva Selvam, Dakota Russell Wheeler, Martina Sollini and Luca Viganò
Diagnostics 2022, 12(4), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040826 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
Biliary tumors are rare diseases with major clinical unmet needs. Standard imaging modalities provide neither a conclusive diagnosis nor robust biomarkers to drive treatment planning. In several neoplasms, texture analyses non-invasively unveiled tumor characteristics and aggressiveness. The present manuscript aims to summarize the [...] Read more.
Biliary tumors are rare diseases with major clinical unmet needs. Standard imaging modalities provide neither a conclusive diagnosis nor robust biomarkers to drive treatment planning. In several neoplasms, texture analyses non-invasively unveiled tumor characteristics and aggressiveness. The present manuscript aims to summarize the available evidence about the role of radiomics in the management of biliary tumors. A systematic review was carried out through the most relevant databases. Original, English-language articles published before May 2021 were considered. Three main outcome measures were evaluated: prediction of pathology data; prediction of survival; and differential diagnosis. Twenty-seven studies, including a total of 3605 subjects, were identified. Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) was the subject of most studies (n = 21). Radiomics reliably predicted lymph node metastases (range, AUC = 0.729–0.900, accuracy = 0.69–0.83), tumor grading (AUC = 0.680–0.890, accuracy = 0.70–0.82), and survival (C-index = 0.673–0.889). Textural features allowed for the accurate differentiation of ICC from HCC, mixed HCC-ICC, and inflammatory masses (AUC > 0.800). For all endpoints (pathology/survival/diagnosis), the predictive/prognostic models combining radiomic and clinical data outperformed the standard clinical models. Some limitations must be acknowledged: all studies are retrospective; the analyzed imaging modalities and phases are heterogeneous; the adoption of signatures/scores limits the interpretability and applicability of results. In conclusion, radiomics may play a relevant role in the management of biliary tumors, from diagnosis to treatment planning. It provides new non-invasive biomarkers, which are complementary to the standard clinical biomarkers; however, further studies are needed for their implementation in clinical practice. Full article
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