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Diagnostics
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Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2
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Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 6006

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ramin Khoramnia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Eye Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Interests: IOL; intravitreal injection; retina; presbyopia; macular diseases; cataract; refractive surgery; biomaterials; optics; diagnostic tools
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ophthalmology has been at the forefront of medical innovation due to its unique demand for device-assisted diagnostics and microsurgery. In former times, imaging technology for ophthalmologists was limited to basic photography, low-resolution ultrasound, and microscopy. These diagnostic techniques are highly dependent on the skills and experiences of the examiner and, therefore, show high interobserver variability in sensitivity and specificity. The use of modern devices not only allows the earlier detection of eye diseases but also enables ophthalmologists to offer more individualized treatment to their patients. The use of modern diagnostic instruments generates a large amount of data. In view of the high number of patients, these data can hardly be evaluated in everyday routine clinical practice. For this reason, the automated evaluation of the obtained results will become increasingly important. Ophthalmologists today have access to numerous drugs and medical devices that have revolutionized the treatment of common and rare eye diseases. As such, patients can be offered the best possible treatment, especially in terms of safety and functional outcomes. 

In this Special Issue, we are looking for research results including new findings in the diagnosis and management of eye diseases. Our goal is to address, amongst others, diagnostic imaging (optical diagnosis), molecular pathology diagnosis (biomarkers), artificial intelligence diagnosis, and innovative treatment options in the field of ophthalmology. We are looking forward to receiving your invaluable work for this Special Issue.

Dr. Ramin Khoramnia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 584 KiB  
Article
Low Rate of Postoperative Pterygium Recurrence in Patients under Treatment with Low-Dose Oral Doxycycline for Chronic Blepharitis: A First Report
by Fiammetta Catania, Paolo Vinciguerra and Alessandra Di Maria
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070715 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Purpose: Low doses of systemic doxycycline (LD-SD) inhibit angiogenesis and the expression of matrix metalloproteases, which are determinants of pterygium progression. This study aimed to compare the recurrence rate and visual outcome of pterygium excision in patients undergoing chronic treatment with LD-SD for [...] Read more.
Purpose: Low doses of systemic doxycycline (LD-SD) inhibit angiogenesis and the expression of matrix metalloproteases, which are determinants of pterygium progression. This study aimed to compare the recurrence rate and visual outcome of pterygium excision in patients undergoing chronic treatment with LD-SD for chronic refractory blepharitis and LD-SD-naive patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients that underwent surgical excision and conjunctival graft apposition was conducted. Patients were divided in a TETRA group (under LD-SD treatment at the moment of surgery) and a control group. The main outcome was the rate of recurrence at 1 year postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were the comparisons of surface regularity, visual quality, and dry-eye symptoms at 6-week, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up in the two groups. Results: The TETRA group showed a significantly lower rate of 1-year recurrence both in primary (p = 0.034) and recurrent (p < 0.001) pterygia. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), astigmatic error, corneal total root mean square (RMS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) significantly reduced during the follow-up in both groups. The surface asymmetry index and high-order aberrations (HOAs) significantly reduced only in the TETRA group. The final BCVA was significantly higher, while the OSDI score and total RMS and HOAs were significantly lower in the TETRA group compared to the control. Conclusions: Patients under treatment with LD-SD showed a lower rate of recurrence at 1-year follow-up compared to controls. These patients also experienced higher BCVA and surface regularity and less dry-eye symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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12 pages, 781 KiB  
Article
The Extents of Coronary Heart Disease and the Severity of Newly Developed Dry Eye Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study
by Chia-Yi Lee, Shun-Fa Yang, Jing-Yang Huang and Chao-Kai Chang
Diagnostics 2024, 14(6), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14060586 - 10 Mar 2024
Viewed by 656
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between coronary heart disease (CHD) severity and the subsequent dry eye disease (DED) with a different severity through the use of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study was [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between coronary heart disease (CHD) severity and the subsequent dry eye disease (DED) with a different severity through the use of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The CHD population was further divided into a severe CHD that had received coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery group and a mild CHD that had received medicine group, then matched with a 1:2 ratio, and 29,852 and 14,926 CHD patients were put into the severe CHD and mild CHD groups, respectively. The primary outcomes were the development of DED and severe DED after CHD diagnosis. The Cox proportional hazards regression was used to produce the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of DED and severe DED between groups. There were 3440 and 1276 DED cases in the mild CHD and severe CHD groups, respectively. And another 37 and 48 severe CHD events were observed in the mild and severe CHD groups, respectively. The incidence of severe DED in the severe CHD group was significantly higher compared to the mild CHD group (aHR: 5.454, 95% CI: 1.551–7.180, p = 0.0001). The cumulative probabilities of DED and severe DED were significantly higher in the severe CHD group than the mild CHD group (both p < 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, the correlation between severe CHD and DED was higher in the patients aged older than 70 years (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, severe CHD is associated with a higher incidence of severe DED with a higher cumulative incidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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6 pages, 913 KiB  
Communication
Choroidal Hyperreflective Nodules Detected by Infrared Reflectance Images Are a Diagnostic Criterion for Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patients Excluding Those with High Myopia
by Marta Orejudo de Rivas, Javier Mateo Gabás, Miguel Ángel Torralba Cabeza, Olivia Esteban Floría, Raquel Herrero Latorre, Eva Núñez Moscarda, Julia Aramburu Clavería, Guillermo Pérez Rivasés and Javier Ascaso Puyuelo
Diagnostics 2023, 13(7), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13071348 - 04 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1306
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the central nervous system’s most common autosomal dominant conditions. The diagnosis is based on the clinical diagnostic criteria and/or a molecularly confirmed mutation in the NF1 gene. This study investigated the possibility of substantiating choroidal nodules [...] Read more.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the central nervous system’s most common autosomal dominant conditions. The diagnosis is based on the clinical diagnostic criteria and/or a molecularly confirmed mutation in the NF1 gene. This study investigated the possibility of substantiating choroidal nodules as a diagnostic criterion for the disease, including patients affected with and without high myopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 60 eyes of 30 adult patients diagnosed with NF1. A total of 30 healthy individuals of equivalent age and sex served as control. The Spectralis HRA+OCT MultiColor (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) evaluated the presence of choroidal abnormalities with near-infrared reflectance imaging. Secondly, the presence of iridian Lisch nodules was evaluated by slit lamp examination. Near-infrared reflectance imaging showed the presence of choroidal hyperreflective nodules in 83% of the patients diagnosed with NF1, while these choroidal abnormalities were not observed in any control subject. The patients diagnosed with NF1 associated with high myopia were the only ones who did not present the characteristic choroidal disorders. Therefore, when excluding patients diagnosed with high myopia, choroidal nodules were more frequent than Lisch nodules in a statistically significant proportion. Hyperreflective nodules detected by near-infrared reflectance imaging are as regular as Lisch nodules or even significantly more frequent when excluding high myope patients. Our observation of the mutual exclusion of choroidal hyperreflective nodules and high myopia in the NF1 patients seems a novel and interesting remark. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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Review

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33 pages, 3780 KiB  
Review
Diagnostic Techniques to Increase the Safety of Phakic Intraocular Lenses
by Tadas Naujokaitis, Gerd U. Auffarth, Grzegorz Łabuz, Lucy Joanne Kessler and Ramin Khoramnia
Diagnostics 2023, 13(15), 2503; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152503 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1237
Abstract
Preoperative and postoperative diagnostics play an important role in ensuring the safety of patients with phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). The risk of endothelial cell loss can be addressed by regularly measuring the endothelial cell density using specular microscopy and considering the endothelial cell [...] Read more.
Preoperative and postoperative diagnostics play an important role in ensuring the safety of patients with phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). The risk of endothelial cell loss can be addressed by regularly measuring the endothelial cell density using specular microscopy and considering the endothelial cell loss rate and the endothelial reserve in accordance with the patient’s age when deciding whether to explant a pIOL. The anterior chamber morphometrics, including the anterior chamber depth and the distance between the pIOL and the endothelium, measured using Scheimpflug tomography and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), can help to assess the risk of the endothelial cell loss. In patients undergoing posterior chamber pIOL implantation, accurate prediction of the vault and its postoperative measurements using AS-OCT or Scheimpflug tomography are important when assessing the risk of anterior subcapsular cataract and secondary glaucoma. Novel approaches based on ultrasound biomicroscopy and AS-OCT have been proposed to increase the vault prediction accuracy and to identify eyes in which prediction errors are more likely. Careful patient selection and regular postoperative follow-up visits can reduce the complication risk and enable early intervention if a complication occurs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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Other

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9 pages, 1649 KiB  
Brief Report
Three-Year Follow-Up Detecting Choroidal Neovascularization with Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (SS-OCTA) after Successful Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
by Olivia Esteban-Floría, Guillermo Pérez-Rivasés, Ana Honrubia-Grijalbo, Isabel Bartolomé-Sesé, María Dolores Díaz-Barreda, Ana Boned-Murillo, Pablo Cisneros-Arias, Javier Mateo-Gabás and Francisco-Javier Ascaso-Puyelo
Diagnostics 2023, 13(17), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13172792 - 29 Aug 2023
Viewed by 812
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the clinical course, structural changes, and choroidal neovascularization detection by SS-OCTA in long-standing and resolved patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) after successful half-fluence photodynamic therapy (hf-PDT) treatment. Methods: Twenty-four eyes presenting with cCSC were examined with SS-OCTA [...] Read more.
Purpose: To assess the clinical course, structural changes, and choroidal neovascularization detection by SS-OCTA in long-standing and resolved patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC) after successful half-fluence photodynamic therapy (hf-PDT) treatment. Methods: Twenty-four eyes presenting with cCSC were examined with SS-OCTA and were classified as choroidal neovascular (CNV) or non-choroidal neovascular (non-CNV) cCSC depending on the vascular pattern detected by SS-OCTA after one, two, and three years after hf-PDT. Two groups were compared based on the following clinical findings: demographic characteristics, time of clinical signs, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CFT), subretinal fluid (SRF), flat, irregular pigment epithelial detachment (FIPED), and features of fluorescein angiography (FA) and vascular pattern by SS-OCTA. Results: All patients showed resolved cCSC during follow-up after hf-PDT. A total of 5 of 24 (20.8%) eyes showed a neovascular pattern by SS-OCTA. No differences between BCVA, CRT, SRF, FIPED, or FA features were found between both groups (p > 0.05). However, CFT and older age were associated with a neovascular pattern by SS-OCTA (p < 0.05) in follow-up. No signs of neovascular activity were detected by SS-OCT during follow-up in CNV cCSC patients, and no antiVEGF treatment was required for three-year follow-ups. Conclusions: Despite patients with cCSC showing a favorable clinical response after hf-PDT, lower foveal thickness and older age were associated with CNV patterns by SS-OCTA during follow-up. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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15 pages, 3395 KiB  
Systematic Review
Tear Cytokine Levels in Sicca Syndrome-Related Dry Eye: A Meta-Analysis
by Suad Aljohani and Ahoud Jazzar
Diagnostics 2023, 13(13), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132184 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014
Abstract
Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands. Several studies have investigated cytokine profiles in tears in order to understand the pathogenesis of SS and find additional diagnostic markers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed [...] Read more.
Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands. Several studies have investigated cytokine profiles in tears in order to understand the pathogenesis of SS and find additional diagnostic markers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze cytokines in tears of SS patients. A systematic literature search of the Cochrane, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted using key terms related to “Sjögren’s syndrome” and “tears” combined with “biomarker”, “cytokines”, “interleukin”, and “chemokines”, following PRISMA guidelines. Article selection was subjected to certain eligibility criteria. A total of 17 articles (from 1998 and 2022) were selected for the quantitative and qualitative analysis. When compared to controls, concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1 Ra, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 were consistently higher; however, IL-23 was significantly lower in patients with SS compared to the controls. Tear levels of some cytokines were significantly elevated among SS groups compared to control groups. Therefore, these cytokines could be potential biomarkers of SS. However, standardization of sample collection and analytical methods is necessary in order to translate these findings into clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Management—Volume 2)
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