Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design

A topical collection in Designs (ISSN 2411-9660). This collection belongs to the section "Bioengineering Design".

Viewed by 9178

Editors

Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: electrochemistry; PVD; CVD; biomaterials; coatings; calcium phosphate; oxides; bioglass; bone implants; corrosion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Institut de Thermique, Mécanique et Matériaux (ITheMM), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
Interests: electrochemical deposition; electrophoretic deposition; biomaterials; prosthetic coatings; calcium phosphates; bioactive glasses; bone substitutes; electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global clinical demand for biomaterials is constantly increasing due to the aging of the population. Academic and industrial research is expected to improve the properties and extend the lifespan of biomaterials used to repair or replace tissue functions. Inside the body, implanted materials need specific biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to interact appropriately with the physiological environment. Biomaterials can be made of metals, polymers, bioglasses, ceramics, or a composite of these materials. They must be biocompatible, i.e., accepted by the human body without any adverse effect. For some specific applications, they can be bioactive, inducing a physiological response that supports the function and performance of the biomaterial. The biomedical applications of biomaterials include, but are not limited to, joint replacements, bone implants, intraocular lenses, artificial ligaments and tendons, dental implants, blood vessel prostheses, heart valves, skin repair, cochlear replacements, drug delivery systems, stents, nerve conduits, surgical sutures, pins and screws for fracture stabilization, and surgical mesh.

The objective of this collection is to present the latest achievements in the field and the next challenges for future investigations of the design and applications of biomaterials.

Dr. Richard Drevet
Prof. Dr. Hicham Benhayoune
Collection Editors

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Keywords

  • biomaterials
  • implant
  • health
  • functionalization of biomaterials
  • human body
  • biocompatibility
  • bioactivity
  • restoration of tissue functions
  • biomedical
  • tissue repair

Published Papers (6 papers)

2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022

18 pages, 4301 KiB  
Article
Attention-Based DenseNet for Lung Cancer Classification Using CT Scan and Histopathological Images
by Jia Uddin
Designs 2024, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8020027 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 116
Abstract
Lung cancer is identified by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in lung tissues. The timely detection of malignant cells in the lungs, crucial for processes such as oxygen provision and carbon dioxide elimination in the human body, is imperative. The application of deep [...] Read more.
Lung cancer is identified by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells in lung tissues. The timely detection of malignant cells in the lungs, crucial for processes such as oxygen provision and carbon dioxide elimination in the human body, is imperative. The application of deep learning for discerning lymph node involvement in CT scans and histopathological images has garnered widespread attention due to its potential impact on patient diagnosis and treatment. This paper suggests employing DenseNet for lung cancer detection, leveraging its ability to transmit learned features backward through each layer continuously. This characteristic not only reduces model parameters but also enhances the learning of local features, facilitating a better comprehension of the structural complexity and uneven distribution in CT scans and histopathological cancer images. Furthermore, DenseNet accompanied by an attention mechanism (ATT-DenseNet) allows the model to focus on specific parts of an image, giving more weight to relevant regions. Compared to existing algorithms, the ATT-DenseNet demonstrates a remarkable enhancement in accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1-Score. It achieves an average improvement of 20% in accuracy, 19.66% in precision, 24.33% in recall, and 22.33% in the F1-Score across these metrics. The motivation behind the research is to leverage deep learning technologies to enhance the precision and reliability of lung cancer diagnostics, thus addressing the gap in early detection and treatment. This pursuit is driven by the potential of deep learning models, like DenseNet, to provide significant improvements in analyzing complex medical images for better clinical outcomes. Full article
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22 pages, 3387 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Performance of Gammatone Filters and Their Applicability to Design Cochlear Implant Processing System
by Rumana Islam and Mohammed Tarique
Designs 2024, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs8010016 - 02 Feb 2024
Viewed by 800
Abstract
Commercially available cochlear implants are designed to aid profoundly deaf people in understanding speech and environmental sounds. A typical cochlear implant uses a bank of bandpass filters to decompose an audio signal into a set of dynamic signals. These filters’ critical center frequencies [...] Read more.
Commercially available cochlear implants are designed to aid profoundly deaf people in understanding speech and environmental sounds. A typical cochlear implant uses a bank of bandpass filters to decompose an audio signal into a set of dynamic signals. These filters’ critical center frequencies f0 imitate the human cochlea’s vibration patterns caused by audio signals. Gammatone filters (GTFs), with two unique characteristics: (a) an appropriate “pseudo resonant” frequency transfer function, mimicking the human cochlea, and (b) realizing efficient hardware implementation, could demonstrate them as unique candidates for cochlear implant design. Although GTFs have recently attracted considerable attention from researchers, a comprehensive exposition of GTFs is still absent in the literature. This paper starts by enumerating the impulse response of GTFs. Then, the magnitude spectrum, |H(f)|, and bandwidth, more specifically, the equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) of GTFs, are derived. The simulation results suggested that optimally chosen filter parameters, e.g., critical center frequencies,f0; temporal decay parameter, b; and order of the filter, n, can minimize the interference of the filter bank frequencies and very likely model the filter bandwidth (ERB), independent of f0b. Finally, these optimized filters are applied to delineate a filter bank for a cochlear implant design based on the Clarion processor model. Full article
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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022

18 pages, 4747 KiB  
Article
3D Printed Voronoi Structures Inspired by Paracentrotus lividus Shells
by Alexandros Efstathiadis, Ioanna Symeonidou, Konstantinos Tsongas, Emmanouil K. Tzimtzimis and Dimitrios Tzetzis
Designs 2023, 7(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7050113 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1128
Abstract
The present paper investigates the mechanical behavior of a biomimetic Voronoi structure, inspired by the microstructure of the shell of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, with its characteristic topological attributes constituting the technical evaluation stage of a novel biomimetic design strategy. A [...] Read more.
The present paper investigates the mechanical behavior of a biomimetic Voronoi structure, inspired by the microstructure of the shell of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, with its characteristic topological attributes constituting the technical evaluation stage of a novel biomimetic design strategy. A parametric design algorithm was used as a basis to generate design permutations with gradually increasing rod thickness, node count, and model smoothness, geometric parameters that define a Voronoi structure and increase its relative density as they are enhanced. Physical PLA specimens were manufactured with a fused filament fabrication (FFF) printer and subjected to quasi-static loading. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted in order to verify the experimental results. A minor discrepancy between the relative density of the designed and printed models was calculated. The tests revealed that the compressive behavior of the structure consists of an elastic region followed by a smooth plateau region and, finally, by the densification zone. The yield strength, compressive modulus, and plateau stress of the structure are improved as the specific geometric parameters are enhanced. The same trend is observed in the energy absorption capabilities of the structure while a reverse one characterizes the densification strain of the specimens. A second-degree polynomial relation is also identified between the modulus, plateau stress, and energy capacity when plotted against the relative density of the specimens. Distinct Voronoi morphologies can be acquired with similar mechanical characteristics, depending on the design requirements and application. Potential applications include lightweight structural materials and protective gear and accessories. Full article
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18 pages, 23636 KiB  
Article
About the Mechanical Strength of Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds
by Elisa Bertrand, Sergej Zankovic, Johannes Vinke, Hagen Schmal and Michael Seidenstuecker
Designs 2023, 7(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7040087 - 03 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1166
Abstract
For the treatment of bone defects, biodegradable, compressive biomaterials are needed as replacements that degrade as the bone regenerates. The problem with existing materials has either been their insufficient mechanical strength or the excessive differences in their elastic modulus, leading to stress shielding [...] Read more.
For the treatment of bone defects, biodegradable, compressive biomaterials are needed as replacements that degrade as the bone regenerates. The problem with existing materials has either been their insufficient mechanical strength or the excessive differences in their elastic modulus, leading to stress shielding and eventual failure. In this study, the compressive strength of CPC ceramics (with a layer thickness of more than 12 layers) was compared with sintered β-TCP ceramics. It was assumed that as the number of layers increased, the mechanical strength of 3D-printed scaffolds would increase toward the value of sintered ceramics. In addition, the influence of the needle inner diameter on the mechanical strength was investigated. Circular scaffolds with 20, 25, 30, and 45 layers were 3D printed using a 3D bioplotter, solidified in a water-saturated atmosphere for 3 days, and then tested for compressive strength together with a β-TCP sintered ceramic using a Zwick universal testing machine. The 3D-printed scaffolds had a compressive strength of 41.56 ± 7.12 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of the sintered ceramic (24.16 ± 4.44 MPa). The 3D-printed scaffolds with round geometry reached or exceeded the upper limit of the compressive strength of cancellous bone toward substantia compacta. In addition, CPC scaffolds exhibited more bone-like compressibility than the comparable β-TCP sintered ceramic, demonstrating that the mechanical properties of CPC scaffolds are more similar to bone than sintered β-TCP ceramics. Full article
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11 pages, 3452 KiB  
Article
Bio-lubricant Properties Analysis of Drilling an Innovative Design of Bioactive Kinetic Screw into Bone
by Carlos Aurelio Andreucci, Elza M. M. Fonseca and Renato N. Jorge
Designs 2023, 7(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010021 - 01 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
Biotribology is applied to study the friction, wear, and lubrication of biological systems or natural phenomena under relative motion in the human body. It is a multidisciplinary field and tribological processes impact all aspects of our daily life. Tribological processes may occur after [...] Read more.
Biotribology is applied to study the friction, wear, and lubrication of biological systems or natural phenomena under relative motion in the human body. It is a multidisciplinary field and tribological processes impact all aspects of our daily life. Tribological processes may occur after the implantation of an artificial device in the human body with a wide variety of sliding and frictional interfaces. Blood is a natural bio-lubricant experiencing laminar flow at the lower screw velocities associated with drilling implants into bone, being a viscoelastic fluid with viscous and fluid characteristics. The viscosity comes from the blood plasma, while the elastic properties are from the deformation of red blood cells. In this study, drilling parameters according to material properties obtained by Finite Element Analysis are given. The influence of blood on the resulting friction between the surfaces is demonstrated and correlated with mechanical and biological consequences, identifying an innovative approach to obtaining a new lubricant parameter for bone drilling analysis. The lubrication parameter (HN) found within the limitations of conditions used in this study is 10.7 × 10−7 for both cortical bone (D1) and spongy bone (D4). A thermal-structural analysis of the densities of the soft bone (D4) and hard bone (D1) shows differences in only the equivalent stress values due to the differences in respective Young moduli. The natural occurrences of blood as a lubricant in bone-screw perforations are poorly investigated in the literature and its effects are fundamental in osseointegration. This work aims to elucidate the relevance of the study of blood as a lubricant in drilling and screwing implants into bone at lower speeds. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023

24 pages, 10501 KiB  
Review
Bio-Based Adhesives for Orthopedic Applications: Sources, Preparation, Characterization, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Nuzul Ficky Nuswantoro, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Dian Juliadmi, Efri Mardawati, Petar Antov, Lubos Kristak and Lee Seng Hua
Designs 2022, 6(5), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6050096 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
Bone fracture healing involves complex physiological processes that require biological events that are well coordinated. In recent decades, the process of fracture healing has been upheld through various treatments, including bone implants and bio-adhesive utilization. Bio-adhesion can be interpreted as the process in [...] Read more.
Bone fracture healing involves complex physiological processes that require biological events that are well coordinated. In recent decades, the process of fracture healing has been upheld through various treatments, including bone implants and bio-adhesive utilization. Bio-adhesion can be interpreted as the process in which synthetic or natural materials adhere to body surfaces. Bio-based adhesives have superiority in many value-added applications because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and large molecular weight. The increased variety and utilization of bio-based materials with strong adhesion characteristics provide new possibilities in the field of orthopedics in terms of using bio-based adhesives with excellent resorbability, biocompatibility, ease of use, and low immunoreactivity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information and evaluation of the various types of bio-based adhesives used clinically with a specific focus on their application in orthopedics. The main properties of bio-based adhesives, their benefits, and challenges compared with the traditional bio-based materials in orthopedics, as well as the future perspectives in the field, have also been outlined and discussed. Full article
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