Dentistry Journal

Open AccessSystematic Review

Dental, Skeletal, and Soft Tissue Changes after Bone-Borne Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by

Christina Sekertzi

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Maria-Marina Koukouviti

,

Athina Chatzigianni

and

Olga-Elpis Kolokitha

Dent. J. 2023, 11(6), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11060143 - 01 Jun 2023

Abstract

(1) Background: For non-growing patients with marked transverse maxillary deficiency, bone-borne surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) has been proposed as an effective treatment option. Objective: To evaluate the dental, skeletal, and soft tissue changes following bone-borne SARME. (2) Methods: An unrestricted systematic [...] Read more.

(1) Background: For non-growing patients with marked transverse maxillary deficiency, bone-borne surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) has been proposed as an effective treatment option. Objective: To evaluate the dental, skeletal, and soft tissue changes following bone-borne SARME. (2) Methods: An unrestricted systematic electronic search of six databases, supplemented by manual searches, was performed up to April 2023. The eligibility criteria included prospective/retrospective clinical studies with outcomes pertaining to objective measurements of dental/skeletal/soft tissue effects of bone-borne SARME in healthy patients. (3) Results: Overall, 27 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias of the non-randomized trials ranged between moderate (20) and serious (4). For the two RCTs, there were some concerns of bias. Trials with outcomes measured at the same landmarks within the scope of the prespecified timeframe were deemed eligible for quantitative synthesis. Eventually, five trials were included in the meta-analysis. SARME was associated with a statistically significant lengthening of the dental arch perimeter immediately after expansion, along with a marginally significant decrease in palatal depth during the post-SARME retention period. Post-treatment SNA values exhibited no statistically significant change. (4) Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that bone-borne SARME constitutes an effective treatment option for adult patients with maxillary transverse deficiency. Further long-term randomized clinical trials with robust methodology, large sample sizes, and 3D evaluation of the outcomes are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Dentistry)

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Silane Coupling Agents on the Bond Strength between Hydrogen Peroxide-Etched Epoxy-Based- Fiber-Reinforced Post and Composite Resin Core

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Dent. J. 2023, 11(6), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11060142 - 29 May 2023

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various silane coupling agents on the micro-push-out bond strength between a hydrogen peroxide-etched epoxy-based fiber-reinforced post and composite resin core. Seventy-five cross-linked epoxy-based fiber-reinforced posts were etched with 24% hydrogen peroxide for [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various silane coupling agents on the micro-push-out bond strength between a hydrogen peroxide-etched epoxy-based fiber-reinforced post and composite resin core. Seventy-five cross-linked epoxy-based fiber-reinforced posts were etched with 24% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. Then they were divided into five groups according to various silane coupling agents and bonded to a composite core. A Universal Testing Machine was utilized to evaluate the push-out bond strength. In addition, all groups’ modes of failure were assessed. The push-out bond strength data in MPa were analyzed using ANOVA and a Tukey HSD post hoc test to reveal any difference between the groups. Results revealed that the application of a two-bottle silane coupling agent exhibited the highest bond strength, while the application of a one-bottle silane coupling agent demonstrated the lowest bond strength for a hydrogen peroxide-etched fiber post bonded to a composite core material, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The strongest association with the highest bond strength was found with the two-bottle silane coupling agent when compared to the one-bottle. The study highlighted that the application of a silane-coupling agent may affect the bond strength between composite and epoxy-based fiber-reinforced posts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Design and Innovative Treatment Approach)

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Open AccessArticle

Association between Malnutrition and Dental Caries in Iraqi Kurdish Children

by

Mohammed Khalid Mahmood

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Romain Lan

,

Herve Tassery

and

Delphine Tardivo

Dent. J. 2023, 11(6), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11060141 - 26 May 2023

Abstract

Background: This paper aimed to study the association of serum Vitamin D level and Body Mass Index (BMI) as representatives of malnutrition at micro and macro levels, respectively, on dental caries. Method and Participants: A total of 333 randomly selected children aged 6–12 [...] Read more.

Background: This paper aimed to study the association of serum Vitamin D level and Body Mass Index (BMI) as representatives of malnutrition at micro and macro levels, respectively, on dental caries. Method and Participants: A total of 333 randomly selected children aged 6–12 years in Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq were examined for three variables of the Decayed Missed Filled Tooth (DMFT) index, BMI, and Vitamin D serum levels in a single-time cross-sectional snapshot. Results: The majority of the population studied (70%) were Vitamin D deficient. In the linear regression analysis, both Vitamin D and BMI had insignificant effects on DMFT, with p-values of 0.22 and 0.55, respectively. After the categorization of the data, the risk estimate between normal (≥20 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL) Vitamin D groups with regards to the caries and caries-free categories was 1.97 (95% CI: 0.91–4.24). According to the mean and median of the DMFT, which were both 4, the sample is categorized into the low-caries group (DMFT < 4) and high-caries group (DMFT > 4). When these groups are compared to Vitamin D levels and taking 20 and 15 as thresholds, the odds ratios were 1.19 (CI: 0.74–1.92) and 1.88 (CI: 1.20–2.94), respectively. Regarding the BMI, a normal BMI increases the chances of having a lower caries index (OR = 1.83, CI: 1.10–3.03). Conclusions: Our results show that having a serum Vitamin D level ≥15 ng/mL and having a normal BMI are associated with a lower caries index in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates and Highlights in Cariology)

Open AccessReview

Treatments of COVID-19-Associated Taste and Saliva Secretory Disorders

by

Hironori Tsuchiya

Dent. J. 2023, 11(6), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11060140 - 25 May 2023

Abstract

Since the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, treating taste and saliva secretory disorders associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a critical issue. The aim of the present study was to update information on treatments applicable [...] Read more.

Since the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, treating taste and saliva secretory disorders associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a critical issue. The aim of the present study was to update information on treatments applicable to such oral symptoms and discuss their pathogenic mechanisms. The literature search indicated that different treatments using tetracycline, corticosteroids, zinc, stellate ganglion block, phytochemical curcumin, traditional herbal medicine, nutraceutical vitamin D, photobiomodulation, antiviral drugs, malic acid sialagogue, chewing gum, acupuncture, and/or moxibustion have potential effects on COVID-19-associated ageusia/dysgeusia/hypogeusia and xerostomia/dry mouth/hyposalivation. These treatments have multiple modes of action on viral cellular entry and replication, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced pathological conditions such as inflammation, cytokine storm, pyroptosis, neuropathy, zinc dyshomeostasis, and dysautonomia. An understanding of currently available treatment options is required for dental professionals because they may treat patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 or who recovered from COVID-19, and become aware of their abnormal taste and salivary secretion. By doing so, dentists and dental hygienists could play a crucial role in managing COVID-19 oral symptoms and contribute to improving the oral health-related quality of life of the relevant patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Dentistry)

Open AccessArticle

Is a Wiggling-Motion Modified Two-Step Impression Technique as Accurate as Conventional Techniques in Restorative Dentistry?

by

Anastasia Zappi

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Efstratios Papazoglou

and

Maria Anagnostou

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050139 - 22 May 2023

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental impression accuracy of one-step and two-step techniques compared to a modified two-step technique. Methods: Four impression techniques were compared: (1) a one-step double mix (DM) technique, (2) a cut-out (CO) technique, in which [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental impression accuracy of one-step and two-step techniques compared to a modified two-step technique. Methods: Four impression techniques were compared: (1) a one-step double mix (DM) technique, (2) a cut-out (CO) technique, in which space relief was created using a blade and a laboratory bur, (3) a membrane (ME) technique, in which space relief was created by placing a PVC membrane on top of the putty material during the primary impression, and (4) a wiggling motion (WI) technique, in which PVC membrane was placed and additional wiggling movements were performed during the first 20 s when the primary impression was seated upon the master model (MM). Impressions were poured with type IV stone. Casts were scanned with a laboratory scanner and measurements were made for each cast using three-dimensional analysis software. Results: All groups presented differences compared to MM group, in at least one intra-abutment distance. Groups DM and ME presented the most significant differences, in three and two distances, respectively, whereas CO and WI presented one significant different distance compared to MM. There were no differences between MM and the four techniques for inter-abutment distances. Conclusions: WI yielded similar results with CO technique. Both performed better than the other groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Assurance, Professionalism, and Sustainability in Dentistry after the COVID-19 Pandemic)

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Open AccessArticle

Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia of the Jaw: Demographic and Clinical Analysis of 191 New Cases

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Katherine Decolibus

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Shokoufeh Shahrabi-Farahani

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Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050138 - 19 May 2023

Abstract

Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is a form of benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaw. We sought to evaluate the demographic and clinical presentations of COD by collecting and analyzing the demographic, clinical, radiographic, and pathologic data of COD diagnosed in our institution from 2017 [...] Read more.

Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is a form of benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaw. We sought to evaluate the demographic and clinical presentations of COD by collecting and analyzing the demographic, clinical, radiographic, and pathologic data of COD diagnosed in our institution from 2017 to 2022. Over this six-year period, the records of 191 patients with COD were reviewed. Most patients were African American and female. Eighty-five patients were diagnosed with florid COD (FLCOD), 63 with periapical COD (PCOD), and 43 with focal COD (FCOD). Twenty-eight (14.7%) patients presented symptoms. The most common symptom was pain. All the symptomatic cases of COD that were histopathologically diagnosed were osteomyelitis in the setting of COD. Symptomatic patients were older (mean of 61.3 years) than the asymptomatic patients (mean of 51.2 years). Due to the radiographic appearance of a radiolucency or a mixture of radiolucency and radiopacity, forty-five asymptomatic patients were biopsied. Most of the asymptomatic patients biopsied were patients with FCOD (n = 19, 54.3%), followed by PCOD (n = 16, 25.8%), and FLCOD (n = 10, 15.2%). FLCOD is the most common form of COD to present with symptoms. Due to the significant overlap in clinical and radiographic presentation with other entities, FCOD and PCOD remain a diagnostic challenge to dentists. In conclusion, we analyzed the demographic and clinical features of 191 new cases of COD, which reaffirms that cemento-osseous dysplasia is a condition that primarily affects middle-aged females of African descent and occurs more frequently in the mandible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dentistry Journal: 10th Anniversary)

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Open AccessArticle

Postoperative Deep Sedation after Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery for Oral Cancer Increases the Risk of Early Postoperative Pneumonia

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Naomi Ishibashi-Kanno

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Toru Yanagawa

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Hiroki Bukawa

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050137 - 18 May 2023

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of postoperative deep sedation after oral cancer reconstructive surgery on the occurrence of early postoperative pneumonia and early postoperative delirium. We obtained medical records of 108 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular reconstructive surgery at Tsukuba University Hospital for [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of postoperative deep sedation after oral cancer reconstructive surgery on the occurrence of early postoperative pneumonia and early postoperative delirium. We obtained medical records of 108 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular reconstructive surgery at Tsukuba University Hospital for oral cancer between January 2013 and December 2021. Forty-six of them woke soon after surgery. Ten of these forty-six patients were restless and required immediate sedation within 3 h after surgery. The comparison between sedation group and no sedation group revealed early postoperative pneumonia in the no sedation group; however, sedation was not related to early postoperative delirium. The preoperative albumin levels of patients with postoperative pneumonia were significantly different (p = 0.03) than those of patients without postoperative pneumonia. The performance status (p = 0.02), preoperative albumin level (p = 0.02), and age 75 years or older (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with postoperative delirium. Restless patients and those who could not be sedated experienced delirium and pneumonia. The risk of pneumonia was increased for patients who were difficult to sedate. Full article

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Open AccessReview

The Role of Dental Practitioners in the Management of Oncology Patients: The Head and Neck Radiation Oncology Patient and the Medical Oncology Patient

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Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050136 - 17 May 2023

Abstract

This narrative review addresses the role of a dentist in the management of oncology patients, highlighting the oral complications that arise in head and neck radiation oncology patients and medical oncology patients. The prevention and management of these complications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Oncology)

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Open AccessArticle

Resistance of PETG Materials on Thermocycling and Brushing

by

Luka Šimunović

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Tadeja Blagec

and

Senka Meštrović

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050135 - 16 May 2023

Abstract

The aim was to assess the impact of thermocycling and brushing on the surface roughness and mass of PETG material—the most commonly used for orthodontic retainers. A total of 96 specimens were exposed to thermocycling and brushing with three different kinds of toothbrushes [...] Read more.

The aim was to assess the impact of thermocycling and brushing on the surface roughness and mass of PETG material—the most commonly used for orthodontic retainers. A total of 96 specimens were exposed to thermocycling and brushing with three different kinds of toothbrushes depending on the number and thickness of the bristles. Surface roughness and mass were evaluated three times: initially, after thermocycling, and after brushing. In all four brands, both thermocycling and brushing increased surface roughness significantly (p < 0.001), with Biolon having the lowest and Track A having the highest. In terms of brushing, only Biolon samples showed statistically significant increased roughness after brushing with all three types of brushes, in comparison to Erkodur A1, where differences were not statistically significant. Thermocycling increased the mass of all samples, but a statistically significant difference was found only in Biolon (p = 0.0203), while after brushing, decreased mass was found in all specimens, statistically significant only in Essix C+ (CS 1560: p = 0.016). PETG material showed instability when exposed to external influences- thermocycling produced an increase in roughness and mass, and brushing mostly caused an increase in roughness and decrease in mass. Erkodur A1 demonstrated the greatest stability, whereas Biolon demonstrated the lowest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women's Research in Dentistry)

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Open AccessReview

Current Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Aspects of Peri-Implantitis Disease: A Narrative Review

by

Marek Chmielewski

and

Andrea Pilloni

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050134 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 1

Abstract

(1) Background: Peri-implantitis is a multi-factorial disease with an inflammatory background that occurs in both soft and hard tissues surrounding implants. In recent years, the understanding of the cellular, molecular and genetic background of peri-implantitis has broadened. This study aims to summarize the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Peri-implantitis is a multi-factorial disease with an inflammatory background that occurs in both soft and hard tissues surrounding implants. In recent years, the understanding of the cellular, molecular and genetic background of peri-implantitis has broadened. This study aims to summarize the currently available articles on the subject and highlight the most recent advances over the last 20 years. (2) Methods: For this study, the Embase and PubMed libraries were searched using the keywords: (“peri-implantitis” AND “cytokine” OR “genetics” OR “cellular”) and (“peri-implantitis” AND “cytokine” OR “genetics” OR “cellular” AND “risk factors”). The search revealed a total of 3013 articles (992 from PubMed, 2021 from Embase). Following screening of the titles and abstracts and full-text reads, 55 articles were included. (3) Results: In peri-implantitis IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-8 and their genetic variations appear to be the most important cytokines in relation to not only pathogenesis, but also their potential diagnostic capabilities. Epithelial and inflammatory cells, along with those of the bone lineage, are prime cellular elements found in peri-implantitis. (4) Conclusions: A wide array of cells stand behind peri-implantitis, as well as cytokines and their genetic variations that take part in the process. However, the growing interest in this topic has led to the introduction of specific new diagnostic tools to enable a better understanding of patients’ responses to treatment and, in turn, to even enable prediction of the risk of developing peri-implant disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oral Hygiene, Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases)

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Open AccessArticle

Determination of a Representative and 3D-Printable Root Canal Geometry for Endodontic Investigations and Pre-Clinical Endodontic Training—An Ex Vivo Study

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Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050133 - 15 May 2023

Abstract

Models of artificial root canals are used in several fields of endodontic investigations and pre-clinical endodontic training. They allow the physical testing of dental treatments, the operating of instruments used and the interaction between these instruments and the tissues. Currently, a large number [...] Read more.

Models of artificial root canals are used in several fields of endodontic investigations and pre-clinical endodontic training. They allow the physical testing of dental treatments, the operating of instruments used and the interaction between these instruments and the tissues. Currently, a large number of different artificial root canal models exist whose geometry is created either on the basis of selected natural root canal systems or to represent individual geometrical properties. Currently, only a few geometric properties such as the root canal curvature or the endodontic working width are taken into consideration when generating these models. To improve the representational capability of the artificial root canal models, the aim of the current study is therefore to generate an artificial root canal based on the statistical evaluation of selected natural root canals. Here, the approach introduced by Kucher for determining the geometry of a root canal model is used, which is based on the measurement and statistical evaluation of the root canal center line’s curvatures and their cross-sectional dimensions. Using the example of unbranched distal root canals of mandibular molars (

n

= 29), an artificial root canal model representing the mean length, curvature, torsion and cross-sectional dimensions of these teeth could be derived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Endodontics)

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Open AccessReview

Oral Manifestations in Monkeypox: A Scoping Review on Implications for Oral Health

by

Asmaa Wajeeh Issa

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Nada Fayyad Alkhofash

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Divya Gopinath

and

Sudhir Rama Varma

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050132 - 12 May 2023

Abstract

Background: The monkeypox outbreak in 2022 caused concern in the public. Infected patients usually present prodromal symptoms, such as lesions on their skin and mucous membranes, including the oral cavity. The current study aims to review the most common oral/perioral manifestations reported to [...] Read more.

Background: The monkeypox outbreak in 2022 caused concern in the public. Infected patients usually present prodromal symptoms, such as lesions on their skin and mucous membranes, including the oral cavity. The current study aims to review the most common oral/perioral manifestations reported to date. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Research Gate, and Wiley Online Library databases, as well as in the Google search engine, using keywords related to the condition. Of the 56 publications identified, 30 were selected, including 27 case reports, two case series types, and one cross-sectional study published from 2003 to 2023 in endemic and non-endemic countries. Of the 54 patients in these studies, data on the oral symptoms and sites of monkeypox were interpreted from 47 patients. Results: Oral/perioral signs as one of the initial manifestations were reported in 23 out of 47 patients (48.93%). Out of the 47 patients with oral/perioral involvement, the most common signs/symptoms were sore throat, followed by ulcers, vesicles, dysphagia and odynophagia, and erythema. Conclusion: The most common oral symptom of monkeypox is sore throat, followed by ulcers. The symptoms usually occur in the pharynx/oropharynx, followed by the tonsils and tongue. Adequate knowledge about the characteristics of this virus and their association with the oral cavity is necessary, and could help oral health professionals to distinguish between different infections. Full article

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Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Third Molars on the Mandibular Anterior Crowding Relapse—A Systematic Review

by

Ioannis Lyros

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Georgios Vasoglou

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Theodoros Lykogeorgos

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Ioannis A. Tsolakis

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Michael P. Maroulakos

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Eleni Fora

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Apostolos I. Tsolakis

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050131 - 09 May 2023

Abstract

The present systematic review updates the evidence on wisdom teeth contributing to lower incisor crowding following orthodontic treatment. Relevant literature was searched on online databases, namely Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to December 2022. Eligibility criteria were formulated using the PICOS [...] Read more.

The present systematic review updates the evidence on wisdom teeth contributing to lower incisor crowding following orthodontic treatment. Relevant literature was searched on online databases, namely Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to December 2022. Eligibility criteria were formulated using the PICOS approach and PRISMA guidelines. Eligible research included original clinical studies involving patients previously being treated orthodontically with permanent dentition at the end of treatment, regardless of sex or age. The initial search yielded 605 citations. After considering eligibility criteria and removing duplicates, only 10 articles met the criteria for inclusion. The risk of bias of eligible studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Interventions tool. The majority were highly biased, mainly regarding allocation concealment, group similarity, and assessment blinding. The vast majority did not report statistically significant associations between the presence of third molars and crowding relapse. However, a minor effect has been suggested. Seemingly, there is no clear connection between mandibular third molars and incisor crowding after orthodontic treatment. The present review did not find adequate evidence to advocate preventative removal of the third molars for reasons of occlusal stability. Full article

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Graphical abstract

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Time-Lapse In Situ 3D Imaging Analysis of Human Enamel Demineralisation Using X-ray Synchrotron Tomography

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Alexander M. Korsunsky

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050130 - 09 May 2023

Abstract

Caries is a chronic disease that causes the alteration of the structure of dental tissues by acid dissolution (in enamel, dentine and cementum) and proteolytic degradation (dentine and cementum) and generates an important cost of care. There is a need to visualise and [...] Read more.

Caries is a chronic disease that causes the alteration of the structure of dental tissues by acid dissolution (in enamel, dentine and cementum) and proteolytic degradation (dentine and cementum) and generates an important cost of care. There is a need to visualise and characterise the acid dissolution process on enamel due to its hierarchical structure leading to complex structural modifications. The process starts at the enamel surface and progresses into depth, which necessitates the study of the internal enamel structure. Artificial demineralisation is usually employed to simulate the process experimentally. In the present study, the demineralisation of human enamel was studied using surface analysis carried out with atomic force microscopy as well as 3D internal analysis using synchrotron X-ray tomography during acid exposure with repeated scans to generate a time-lapse visualisation sequence. Two-dimensional analysis from projections and virtual slices and 3D analysis of the enamel mass provided details of tissue changes at the level of the rods and inter-rod substance. In addition to the visualisation of structural modifications, the rate of dissolution was determined, which demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of these techniques. The temporal analysis of enamel demineralisation is not limited to dissolution and can be applied to other experimental conditions for the analysis of treated enamel or remineralisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Regenerative Dentistry and Biomaterials)

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Open AccessArticle

Wnt Signaling Activation in Gingival Epithelial Cells and Macrophages of Experimental Periodontitis

by

Ying Chen

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Yang Hu

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050129 - 09 May 2023

Abstract

Objective: Wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling plays critical roles in maintaining environmental homeostasis and is also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. However, its role in macrophages during periodontitis is not well understood. The present study aims to investigate the interaction between Wnt [...] Read more.

Objective: Wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling plays critical roles in maintaining environmental homeostasis and is also involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. However, its role in macrophages during periodontitis is not well understood. The present study aims to investigate the interaction between Wnt signaling and macrophages in the context of periodontitis. Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in C57/BL6 mice using a Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g)-associated ligature for 14 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), the stabilization of β-catenin, and the macrophage marker F4/80 in the periodontal tissues. The effect of Wnt signaling on TNF-α was examined using Western blot analysis in Raw 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated by Wnt3a-conditioned medium, with or without Wnt3a antibody neutralization, and compared with primary cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs). The effect of P.g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Wnt signaling was assessed by analyzing key components of the Wnt signaling pathway, including the activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 6 and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in GEC and Raw 264.7 cells. Results: Over-expressions of TNF-α and activated β-catenin were presented in the macrophages in the gingiva from mice with P.g-associated ligature-induced periodontitis. The expression patterns of TNF-α and activated β-catenin were consistent with the expression of F4/80. In Raw 264.7 cells, activation of the Wnt signaling pathway led to an increase in TNF-α, but this effect was not observed in GEC. Additionally, treatment with LPS induced β-catenin accumulation and LRP6 activation in Raw 264.7 cells, which were blocked by the addition of Dickkopf-1(DKK1). Conclusions: Wnt signaling was aberrantly activated in the macrophages in experimental periodontitis. The activation of Wnt signaling in the macrophages may play a pro-inflammatory role in periodontitis. Targeting specific signaling pathways, such as the Wnt pathway, may hold promise for developing novel therapeutic interventions for periodontitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostics in Oral Diseases: Volume II)

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Open AccessArticle

Does Sterilization Affect the Performance of Single-Step Resin Composite Polishers?

by

Christina Papadopoulou

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Maria Anagnostou

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Konstantinos Masouras

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Vasileios Margaritis

and

Charikleia Paximada

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050128 - 08 May 2023

Abstract

(1) Background: Single-step polishers are used extensively for resin-composite polishing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sterilization on their performance. (2) Methods: Optrapol Next Generation/Ivoclar-Vivadent, Jazz Supreme/SS White, Optishine Brush/Kerr and Jiffy Polishing Brush/Ultradent were used for polishing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Single-step polishers are used extensively for resin-composite polishing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sterilization on their performance. (2) Methods: Optrapol Next Generation/Ivoclar-Vivadent, Jazz Supreme/SS White, Optishine Brush/Kerr and Jiffy Polishing Brush/Ultradent were used for polishing a nanohybrid resin composite (IPS Empress Direct/Ivoclar-Vivadent). Polishers (n = 40) were microscopically inspected before use. After polishing, surface roughness (Sa, Sz, Sdr, Sci) and gloss were determined. Polishers were subsequently sterilized and microscopically re-examined. The process was repeated four times on new samples (n = 200). Data were analyzed using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon post hoc test, at α = 0.05. (3) Results: Optrapol’s performance improved after the first sterilization for Sa and gloss, whereas it declined after the fourth sterilization for Sa. Jazz’s, improved after the second sterilization for Sa and gloss and after the third sterilization for Sdr. An improvement trend was observed for Optishine after the first sterilization, but not statistically significant. Sa, Sz, and gloss declined after the fourth sterilization. Jiffy’s performance was inconsistent, with a trend of performance loss after the fourth sterilization. (4) Conclusions: Performance of all polishing systems improved after the initial sterilization, but deteriorated after the fourth sterilization cycle. However, their performance can be considered clinically acceptable for a longer period of use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Restorative Dentistry and Traumatology)

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Open AccessCase Report

Management of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw with Photobiomodulation and Minimal Surgical Intervention

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Marwan El Mobadder

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Zuzanna Grzech-Lesniak

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Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050127 - 08 May 2023

Abstract

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively common pathology occurring in around 5% of patients taking bisphosphate and other antiresorptive or anti-angiogenic medications. Despite the efforts, as of today there is still no consensus on its management. In this case report, [...] Read more.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively common pathology occurring in around 5% of patients taking bisphosphate and other antiresorptive or anti-angiogenic medications. Despite the efforts, as of today there is still no consensus on its management. In this case report, the successful management of stage II MRONJ was performed for an eighty-three-year-old female patient suffering from pain and alteration in her normal oral functions (swallowing and phonation). The treatment consisted of three sessions of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM), followed by minimal surgical intervention and three other sessions of PBM. PBM was applied on the sites of osteonecrosis with the follow parameters: 4 J/cm²; a power of 50 mW; 8 mm applicator diameter; a continuous contact mode. Irradiation was performed on three points, including the vestibular, occlusal and lingual parts of each of the bone exposure areas. Each point was irradiated for 40 s, and, in total, nine points were made per session, and nine sessions were conducted. To assess the pain, a visual analogue scale was used in which zero represented no pain at all and ten represented the greatest pain. At the first session and before any intervention, the patient stated that her pain was 8 out of 10. At the end of the treatment, a significant reduction in VAS was noted (2/10) and, clinically, a healing of the soft tissue in the previously exposed bone was observed. This case report suggests that the combination of PBM with surgical intervention is promising in the management of MRONJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Medical and Dental Care, Photobiomodulation and Photomedicine)

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Open AccessArticle

Therapy for Temporomandibular Disorders: 3D-Printed Splints from Planning to Evaluation

by

,

,

,

,

,

and

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050126 - 08 May 2023

Abstract

Introduction: This article describes the authors’ digital workflow-based method for fabricating intraoral occlusal splints, from planning to the evaluation phase. Materials and Methods: In our protocol, first, we had a registration phase. This included taking digital impressions, determining the centric relation (CR) position [...] Read more.

Introduction: This article describes the authors’ digital workflow-based method for fabricating intraoral occlusal splints, from planning to the evaluation phase. Materials and Methods: In our protocol, first, we had a registration phase. This included taking digital impressions, determining the centric relation (CR) position with the deprogrammer Luci Jig, and using the digital facebow for measuring the individual values. The laboratory phase was next, which included planning and manufacturing with a 3D printer. The last phase was delivery, when we checked the stability of the splint and adjusted the occlusal part. Result: The average cost is lower for a fully digital splint than for conventional methods. In terms of time, there was also a significant difference between the classic and digital routes. From a dental technical point of view, the execution was much more predictable. The printed material was very rigid and, therefore, fragile. Compared to the analog method, the retention was much weaker. Conclusion: The presented method permits time-efficient laboratory production, and may also be performed chairside in a dental office. The technology is perfectly applicable to everyday life. In addition to its many beneficial properties, its negative properties must also be highlighted. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Attitudes and Perceptions in Students about the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

by

Milan Karan-Romero

,

Rodrigo Ernesto Salazar-Gamarra

and

Ximena Alejandra Leon-Rios

Dent. J. 2023, 11(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11050125 - 05 May 2023

Abstract

Background: The implementation of artificial intelligence brings with it a great change in health care, however, there is a discrepancy about the perceptions and attitudes that dental students present towards these new technologies. Methods: The study design was observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional. A [...] Read more.

Background: The implementation of artificial intelligence brings with it a great change in health care, however, there is a discrepancy about the perceptions and attitudes that dental students present towards these new technologies. Methods: The study design was observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional. A total of 200 dental students who met the inclusion criteria were surveyed online. For the qualitative variables, descriptive statistical measures were obtained, such as absolute and relative frequencies. For the comparison of the main variables with the type of educational institution, sex and level of education, the chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test was used according to the established assumptions with a level of statistical significance of p < 0.05 and a confidence level of 95%. Results: The results indicated that 86% of the students surveyed agreed that artificial intelligence will lead to great advances in dentistry. However, 45% of the participants disagreed that artificial intelligence would replace dentists in the future. In addition, the respondents agreed that the use of artificial intelligence should be part of undergraduate and postgraduate studies with 67% and 72% agreement rates respectively. Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of the students indicate that 86% agreed that artificial intelligence will lead to great advances in dentistry. This suggests a bright future for the relationship between dentists and artificial intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Digital Dentistry)

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