Relationships between Processing and Properties of Magnesium-Based Alloys

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 15682

Special Issue Editors

Functional Magnesium Materials, Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany
Interests: alloy and process development for magnesium; resorbable and biodegradable magnesium alloys; magnesium alloys for lightweight applications; material characteristics; mechanical properties; corrosion/degradation; microstructure development; casting with solidification; heat treatment and phase transformations; extrusion as well as wire drawing in relation to recrystallisation, microstructure, and texture development; sintering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Interests: solid-state phase transformations; fatigue/creep deformation; biomedical alloys (titanium, magnesium, nitinol); additive manufacturing; lightweight alloy design/processing; nanostructural characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, London, UK
Interests: alloy development in light alloys; phase transformation in the solid and liquid states; microstructure and mechanical and physical property relationships; mechanical behaviour; materials characterisation; deformation and dislocation structure formations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Magnesium alloys can be used in a wide range of applications, from lightweight constructions to biomaterials. The first step is to identify a possible application and to derive the property profile for it. This is used to tailor the material and the processes for the production of a component. Different manufacturing processes have certain advantages and disadvantages in order to obtain the desired property profile of the material. Therefore, it is essential to know how the processing parameters affect the property profile of magnesium alloys. This understanding is important during development and optimisation of new materials on different process routes, as well as in the transfer to industrial processes and quality control. Therefore, the focus of this issue is on the relationship between processes and properties of magnesium-based alloys. Contributions are intended to show the influence of the manufacturing process, e.g., casting, extrusion, heat treatment, sintering, and processing parameters, e.g., temperature, time, cooling, on the property profile. This encompasses microstructural development such as changes in grain size or texture, as well as mechanical properties, but also corrosion properties for mechanical engineering applications or degradation properties for medical applications. In addition to classic empirical research and development methods, modelling and simulation approaches are becoming more and more important. They can be used for a deeper understanding of composition–microstructure–property relations and show evidence for accelerated, sustainable materials development, and process design. The editors therefore welcome all contributions that add knowledge to this thematic field. 

We look forward to receiving your submissions.

Dr. Björn Wiese
Dr. Mert Celikin
Dr. Chamini L. Mendis
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • magnesium alloys
  • mg-based materials
  • processes
  • casting
  • extrusion
  • wire drawing
  • rolling
  • powder metallurgy
  • additive manufacturing
  • heat treatment
  • sintering
  • mechanical properties
  • corrosion properties
  • degradation properties
  • biodegradable
  • microstructure
  • in situ techniques
  • ex situ techniques
  • diffraction
  • tomography
  • modelling and simulation

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 183 KiB  
Editorial
Relationships between Processing and Properties of Magnesium-Based Alloys
by Björn Wiese, Mert Celikin and Chamini L. Mendis
Crystals 2023, 13(6), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060882 - 27 May 2023
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
Magnesium alloys can be used in a wide range of applications, from lightweight structural and transport applications to biomaterials [...] Full article

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 3482 KiB  
Article
Effect of Varying Hot Extrusion Temperatures on the Properties of a Sinterless Turning Induced Deformation Processed Eco-Friendly Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy
by Zhipeng Wang, Gururaj Parande and Manoj Gupta
Crystals 2023, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010003 - 20 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
In this work, Mg-4Zn-1Ca (wt. %) alloy was primarily processed by disintegrated melt deposition. The resulting ingots were further pre-processed by the turning induced deformation technique (TID), and the turnings were subsequently consolidated by the hot extrusion process and sinterless powder metallurgy. A [...] Read more.
In this work, Mg-4Zn-1Ca (wt. %) alloy was primarily processed by disintegrated melt deposition. The resulting ingots were further pre-processed by the turning induced deformation technique (TID), and the turnings were subsequently consolidated by the hot extrusion process and sinterless powder metallurgy. A range of extrusion temperatures (200, 250 and 300 °C) was tested to understand the effect of the extrusion temperature on tailoring the microstructure and properties of TID-processed Mg-4Zn-1Ca (wt. %) alloys. The results indicated that the combined effect of TID and extrusion temperature plays a significant role in grain refinement, specifically at 200 °C. Overall, the sample extruded at 300 °C showed the best microhardness and compressive yield strength values. The resistance to ignition and wet corrosion increased and decreased, respectively, when the extrusion temperature was increased. Variations of basal texture and fine grain strengthening due to variations of extrusion temperature led to different properties peaking at different extrusion temperatures. Microstructure-property relationships are therefore discussed, highlighting that different extrusion temperatures have characteristic effects in improving and lowering the properties. Many of the investigated properties of TID-processed alloys exceed that of commercial Mg alloys, suggesting the capability of the sinterless TID technique to develop as an economical industrial way of recycling and manufacturing magnesium-based materials. Full article
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14 pages, 3469 KiB  
Article
Nanoindentation on the Transformation of LPSO Phases during Different Solution Heat Treatments in an Mg-Dy-Nd-Zn-Zr Alloy
by Petra Maier, Merle Schmahl, Benjamin Clausius, Charis Joy and Claudia Fleck
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111673 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1187
Abstract
The objective of this study is the investigation of nanomechanical properties using nanoindentation of extruded and heat-treated Mg-Dy-Nd-Zn-Zr, with an emphasis on the transformation of long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) phases. Solution heat treatment was performed with different heat treatment for durations on hot extruded [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is the investigation of nanomechanical properties using nanoindentation of extruded and heat-treated Mg-Dy-Nd-Zn-Zr, with an emphasis on the transformation of long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) phases. Solution heat treatment was performed with different heat treatment for durations on hot extruded Mg-Dy-Nd-Zn-Zr to monitor the transformation of LPSO phases, as well as to keep track of microstructural changes. The initial fine-grained microstructure, with blocky and lamellar LPSO structures within the matrix, first transformed into coarser grains with fewer LPSO lamellae, which then increased in amount again at higher annealing duration. The blocky LPSO phases, which have the highest hardness compared to the matrix grains with and without LPSO lamellae, consistently decrease in quantity, as so does the trend in their hardness value. The Mg matrix grains with LPSO lamellae show a lower hardness compared to the Mg matrix grains without or with a just few lamellar LPSO phases, and increase in quantity at long annealing durations. The overall hardness of the microstructure is essentially determined by the LPSO lamellae-containing grains and reaches a peak at 24 h. There is another peak found for the grain size values; however, this is at later annealing duration, at 72 h. The reduction in grain size towards longer annealing durations goes along with a reactivated formation of LPSO lamellae. Full article
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16 pages, 2975 KiB  
Article
In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Study of Compression of AZ91 Composites Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibres
by Sophie Mance, Hajo Dieringa, Jan Bohlen, Sarkis Gavras, Andreas Stark, Norbert Schell, João Pereira da Silva and Domonkos Tolnai
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111502 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1969
Abstract
Lightweight structural materials are increasingly sought after in the automotive and aerospace industries for their potential to improve fuel efficiency. Magnesium-based metal-matrix composites are potential candidates for these kinds of applications. The use of recycled carbon fibres offers further energy and cost savings. [...] Read more.
Lightweight structural materials are increasingly sought after in the automotive and aerospace industries for their potential to improve fuel efficiency. Magnesium-based metal-matrix composites are potential candidates for these kinds of applications. The use of recycled carbon fibres offers further energy and cost savings. The recycled carbon fibre composites were manufactured by stir casting with high-dispersion shearing, then were extruded and subsequently heat treated. The compressive deformation mechanisms of the composites compared to AZ91 were investigated using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. An increase in ultimate compressive strength was achieved in the composites compared to AZ91. The deformation mechanisms active in the composites were similar to those in AZ91. Magnesium alloys in compression typically show extensive twinning; this was observed in AZ91 and the AZ91 composites. The stress required for twinning onset was increased in the composites, and the twin volume fraction at failure was decreased compared to AZ91. Full article
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20 pages, 3479 KiB  
Article
Anomalous In Vitro Corrosion Behaviour of Rolled Mg-1 wt. % Zn Alloy Due to Buffer-Microstructure Interactions
by Ryan N. Wilkes, George Dias and Mark P. Staiger
Crystals 2022, 12(10), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101491 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1404
Abstract
In this study, the influence of microstructure and buffer system on the corrosion behaviour of Mg-1 wt. % Zn is examined. The grain size of the alloy was refined from 700 µm to under 15 µm by rolling with varying reduction percentages per [...] Read more.
In this study, the influence of microstructure and buffer system on the corrosion behaviour of Mg-1 wt. % Zn is examined. The grain size of the alloy was refined from 700 µm to under 15 µm by rolling with varying reduction percentages per pass. The effects of the rolling procedure on the resulting corrosion profile were analysed with immersion and electrochemical methods. Though the rolling procedure resulted in significant grain refinement, the as-cast samples had the lowest corrosion rate of 2.8 mm/yr, while those of the rolled samples were as high as 15.8 mm/yr. The HEPES buffer system did not control the pH or support the formation of insoluble precipitates as well as the NaHCO3/CO2 buffer system, leading to more severe localised pitting corrosion in samples immersed in HEPES buffered media. While reducing grain size generally corresponds to a lower corrosion rate in Mg alloys, this study provides evidence that other factors such as texture and buffer system must also be considered to accurately test candidate alloys for biodegradable orthopaedic applications. Full article
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17 pages, 4581 KiB  
Article
Effect of Process Temperature on the Texture Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Rolled and Extruded AZ31 Flat Products
by Maria Nienaber, Gerrit Kurz, Dietmar Letzig, Karl Ulrich Kainer and Jan Bohlen
Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091307 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1981
Abstract
The application of magnesium flat products is affected by the limited formability at room temperature and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The main reason for this is the underlying hexagonal crystal structure of magnesium and the development of strong crystallographic textures during [...] Read more.
The application of magnesium flat products is affected by the limited formability at room temperature and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The main reason for this is the underlying hexagonal crystal structure of magnesium and the development of strong crystallographic textures during massive forming processes with distinct alignment of basal planes. For an improvement in the properties of semi-finished products, the detailed knowledge of the influence of the manufacturing process on the microstructure and texture evolution of the flat products as a result of dynamic and static recrystallization is required. In this work, flat products made of conventional magnesium alloy AZ31 were manufactured by the rolling process as well as by direct extrusion, with variation in the process temperature. This allowed the development of a distinct variation in microstructures and textures of the flat products. The effects on mechanical properties and formability are highlighted and discussed in relation to the microstructure and texture. It is shown that both the process and the temperature have a major influence on texture and consequently on the material properties. Full article
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17 pages, 3882 KiB  
Article
Property Variation of Extruded Mg-Gd Alloys by Mn Addition and Processing
by Björn Wiese, Jochen Harmuth, Regine Willumeit-Römer and Jan Bohlen
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081036 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1471
Abstract
This paper presents how the mechanical properties, the microstructure and the degradation rate of extruded Mn-containing Mg-Gd alloys can be modified during extrusion. Gd as a rare earth element is particularly interesting due to the influence on the texture development in Mg, and [...] Read more.
This paper presents how the mechanical properties, the microstructure and the degradation rate of extruded Mn-containing Mg-Gd alloys can be modified during extrusion. Gd as a rare earth element is particularly interesting due to the influence on the texture development in Mg, and is therefore studied as a base alloy system. The contents of Gd were investigated between 2 to 9 wt.%, with Mn additions of 0.5 and 1.0 wt.%. The grain sizes and the corresponding textures were modified by varying the extrusion parameters and the alloy content. It was shown that modification with Mn can lead to further grain refinement, an increase in the degree of recrystallization, as well as a decrease in the degradation rate in the biological medium compared with the binary Mg-Gd system from previous studies. The results suggest that the resulting properties are more robust compared with the binary alloy. Full article
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18 pages, 3494 KiB  
Article
Rationale for Processing of a Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing for Use in Biodegradable Implants for Osteoreconstruction
by Natalia S. Martynenko, Natalia Yu. Anisimova, Olga V. Rybalchenko, Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy, Georgy Rybalchenko, Boris Straumal, Diana Temralieva, Almagul T. Mansharipova, Aigul O. Kabiyeva, Maratbek T. Gabdullin, Sergey Dobatkin and Yuri Estrin
Crystals 2021, 11(11), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111381 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2001
Abstract
Widespread use of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys in clinical orthopedic practice requires improvement of their mechanical properties—in particular, ductility—and enhancement of their bioactivity for accelerated osteoreconstruction. The alloy was studied in two structural states: after homogenization and after equal-channel angular pressing. Immersion and potentiodynamic polarization [...] Read more.
Widespread use of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys in clinical orthopedic practice requires improvement of their mechanical properties—in particular, ductility—and enhancement of their bioactivity for accelerated osteoreconstruction. The alloy was studied in two structural states: after homogenization and after equal-channel angular pressing. Immersion and potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the corrosion rate of the alloy was not increased by deformation. The mass loss in vivo was also statistically insignificant. Furthermore, it was found that deformation did not compromise the biocompatibility of the alloy and did not have any significant effect on cell adhesion and proliferation. However, an extract of the alloy promoted the alkaline phosphatase activity of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which indicates osteogenic stimulation of cells. The osteoinduction of the deformed alloy significantly exceeded that of the homogenized one. Based on the results of this work, it can be concluded that the alloy Mg-1%Zn-0.3%Ca modified by equal-channel angular pressing is a promising candidate for the manufacture of biodegradable orthopedic implants since it stimulates osteogenic differentiation and has greater ductility, which provides it with a competitive advantage in comparison with the homogenized state. Full article
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18 pages, 10381 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Extrusion Temperatures on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-1.3Zn-0.5Ca (wt.%) Alloys
by Honglin Zhang, Zhigang Xu, Laszlo J. Kecskes, Sergey Yarmolenko and Jagannathan Sankar
Crystals 2021, 11(10), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101228 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1529
Abstract
The present work mainly investigated the effect of extrusion temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-1.3Zn-0.5Ca (wt.%) alloys. The alloys were subjected to extrusion at 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C with an extrusion ratio of 9.37. The results demonstrated [...] Read more.
The present work mainly investigated the effect of extrusion temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-1.3Zn-0.5Ca (wt.%) alloys. The alloys were subjected to extrusion at 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C with an extrusion ratio of 9.37. The results demonstrated that both the average size and volume fraction of dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains increased with increasing extrusion temperature (DRXed fractions of 0.43, 0.61, and 0.97 for 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C, respectively). Moreover, the as-extruded alloys exhibited a typical basal fiber texture. The alloy extruded at 300 °C had a microstructure composed of fine DRXed grains of ~1.54 µm and strongly textured elongated unDRXed grains. It also had an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 355 MPa, tensile yield strength (TYS) of 284 MPa, and an elongation (EL) of 5.7%. In contrast, after extrusion at 400 °C, the microstructure was almost completely DRXed with a greatly weakened texture, resulting in an improved EL of 15.1% and UTS of 274 MPa, TYS of 220 MPa. At the intermediate temperature of 350 °C, the alloy had a UTS of 298 MPa, TYS of 234 MPa, and EL of 12.8%. Full article
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