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Crystals
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Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys
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Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2023) | Viewed by 4646

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pavel Kuznetsov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia
2. National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
Interests: fatigue of metals and metal foils; plastic deformation and fracture of solids; surface modification; positron annihilation in solids
Prof. Dr. Nikolay Koval

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of High Current Electronics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634055, Russia
Interests: electron beams; electron; ion and plasma sources; electron-ion-plasma modification of material surface; physics of high-current electron beam; physics of plasma; physics of vacuum discharges; plasma emission electronics; generation of low-temperature plasma; film and coating deposition; PVD-methods; nitriding
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The modification of the surface of metals and alloys is one of the most effective ways to change the mechanical and functional properties of manufactured materials, and to restore worn out equipment or individual parts, increasing their reliability and durability without changing the bulk properties of the material. The modification of surface layers with a thickness ranging from fractions of a millimetre to several millimetres provides high economic efficiency, and reduces the cost of equipment due to the application of ordinary structural materials instead of expensive, high-quality constructional  materials.

In recent decades, much attention has been paid to the development of surface modification methods, such as ion implantation, surface treatment with high-current electron and ion beams, plasma spraying, cold spraying, laser melting, friction stir processing technology, electron beam and electrode–arc surfacing, leading to the formation of gradient structures in metals and alloys. In the process of surface modification, a change in the chemical composition, grain and secondary phase’s refinement, the formation of metastable phases, and the development of the defect structure of crystals up to amorphization, etc., lead to a change in the surface properties. Some of the surface properties that can be modified by this process are hardness, toughness, adhesion, wear resistance, friction, corrosion oxidation, fatigue life, and sliding resistance, etc.

Taking into account the progress in the development of these areas over the years, both in scientific and applied terms, we invite researchers and scientists to contribute to the Special Issue "Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys". The aim is to create a forum that highlights the latest achievements in the development of surface modification methods, with an emphasis on changing the composition, structure and properties of surface layers, with a fairly clear presentation of the basic principles of the modification methods, but without discussing subtle technical details.

Dr. Pavel Kuznetsov
Prof. Dr. Nikolay Koval
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • surface modification
  • plasma and cold spraying
  • laser melting
  • ion implantation
  • electrode–arc surfacing
  • friction stir treatment
  • gradient structure and properties

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 11515 KiB  
Article
Study of Wear of an Alloyed Layer with Chromium Carbide Particles after Plasma Melting
by Antonina I. Karlina, Yuliya I. Karlina, Viktor V. Kondratiev, Roman V. Kononenko and Alexander D. Breki
Crystals 2023, 13(12), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13121696 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1034
Abstract
Depending on operating conditions, metals and alloys are exposed to various factors: wear, friction, corrosion, and others. Plasma surface alloying of machine and tool parts is now an effective surface treatment process of commercial and strategic importance. The plasma surface alloying process involves [...] Read more.
Depending on operating conditions, metals and alloys are exposed to various factors: wear, friction, corrosion, and others. Plasma surface alloying of machine and tool parts is now an effective surface treatment process of commercial and strategic importance. The plasma surface alloying process involves adding the required elements (carbon, chromium, titanium, silicon, nickel, etc.) to the surface layer of the metal during the melting process. A thin layer of the compound is pre-applied to the substrate, then melted and intensively mixed under the influence of a plasma arc, and during the solidification process, a new surface layer with optimal mechanical properties is formed. Copper-based alloys—Cu-X, where X is Fe, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W—belong to an immiscible binary system with high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and magnetism (for Fe-Cu) and also high thermal characteristics. At the same time, copper-based alloys have low hardness. In this article, wear tests were carried out on coatings obtained by plasma alloying of CuSn10 and CrxCy under various friction conditions. The following were chosen as a modifying element: chromium carbide to increase hardness and iron to increase surface tension. It is noted that an increase in the chromium carbide content to 20% leads to the formation of a martensitic structure. As a result, the microhardness of the layer increased to 700 HV. The addition of CuSn10 + 20% CrxCy and an additional 5% iron to the composition of the coating improves the formation of the surface layer. Friction tests on fixed abrasive particles were carried out at various loads of 5, 10, and 50 N. According to the test results, the alloy layer of the Fe-Cr-C-Cu-Sn system has the greatest wear resistance under abrasive conditions and dry sliding friction conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys)
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12 pages, 3526 KiB  
Article
Micro-Vickers Hardness of Cu and Cu2O Dual Phase Composite Films Electrodeposited from Acidic Aqueous Solutions Containing Polyethylene Glycol
by Reina Kawakami, Ryusei Saeki, Shinji Munetoh and Takeshi Ohgai
Crystals 2023, 13(12), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13121654 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 798
Abstract
Metallic copper (Cu) and copper oxide (Cu2O) dual phase composite films were fabricated via a cathodic reduction process in an acidic aqueous solution dissolving polyethylene glycol (PEG) to investigate the structure and micro-Vickers hardness. By dissolving PEG in an aqueous electrolyte, [...] Read more.
Metallic copper (Cu) and copper oxide (Cu2O) dual phase composite films were fabricated via a cathodic reduction process in an acidic aqueous solution dissolving polyethylene glycol (PEG) to investigate the structure and micro-Vickers hardness. By dissolving PEG in an aqueous electrolyte, the cathode potential was depolarized to the noble region during the electrodeposition, and the average crystallite size of electrodeposited Cu/Cu2O composite films was decreased down to around 40 nm. The metallic copper films electrodeposited from the solution without PEG was preferentially orientated in (220), while that containing PEG was composed of Cu and Cu2O dual phase composite films with random crystal orientation. The micro-Vickers hardness of the Cu/Cu2O composite films that were electrodeposited from the solution containing PEG was achieved up to 2.53 GPa. This improvement in mechanical performance can be explained by the grain refinement effect and the electrochemical phase transformation effect from a copper metallic state to the oxide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys)
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12 pages, 4449 KiB  
Article
Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte
by João Paulo de Proença, Rafael Parra Ribeiro, Elidiane Cipriano Rangel, Nilson Cristino da Cruz, Bruna de Oliveira Pinto, Carlos Roberto Grandini and Diego Rafael Nespeque Correa
Crystals 2023, 13(10), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101480 - 11 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 752
Abstract
Due to their lower cost and good mechanical and corrosion properties, ferrous materials such as stainless steel (SS) are commonly used as bio-materials, mainly as surgical instruments and implants. Surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be a valuable tool to [...] Read more.
Due to their lower cost and good mechanical and corrosion properties, ferrous materials such as stainless steel (SS) are commonly used as bio-materials, mainly as surgical instruments and implants. Surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be a valuable tool to increase corrosion resistance and enhance the bio-compatibility of metallic materials. In this scenario, the current study evaluated the effect of electrolyte composition on the surface of SS304 submitted to PEO treatment. The variation in the amount of KOH and Ta(OH)5 promoted significant changes in the surface characteristics, forming Fe-rich oxide plates, Ta-rich agglomerate particles, and an exposed substrate. The PEO-treated substrates were depleted of some alloying elements (Cr, Ni, and Mn), which, allied to the Ta-enrichment, affected the roughness, wettability, phase stability, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance. All the PEO treatments presented a phase composition of single γ-Fe instead of a dual α + γ phase from the untreated substrate, which was understood in terms of the Nieq-Creq diagram. The corrosion tests indicated that the PEO treatment significantly affected the corrosion parameters, having the presence of a non-uniform oxide layer. The findings show that it is possible to control the chemical and phase composition of SS304 material employing PEO treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys)
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14 pages, 3246 KiB  
Article
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Intermediate Transformation Structures in Electric Arc Surfacing Modified with Titanium Carbonitrides on Pipe Steel
by Kuznetsov Pavel, Galchenko Nina and Pochivalov Yury
Crystals 2023, 13(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010146 - 14 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
In the present paper, the structure of electric arc coatings modified with nanodispersed titanium carbonitride additives on low-carbon pipe steel is studied using optical, scanning tunneling, and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained “substrate-modified surface” compositions are tested for fracture toughness, and the derived [...] Read more.
In the present paper, the structure of electric arc coatings modified with nanodispersed titanium carbonitride additives on low-carbon pipe steel is studied using optical, scanning tunneling, and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained “substrate-modified surface” compositions are tested for fracture toughness, and the derived test results are compared with the data for the compositions formed using commercial electrodes. It is found that the introduction of titanium carbonitride nanoparticles with the estimated content from 0.15 to 1 wt% refines the ferrite–pearlite structure. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals acicular and lamellar structures in local regions of ferrite grains, which, by morphological features, are identified as lower bainite and acicular ferrite. It is concluded that the increase in fracture toughness of the “substrate-modified surface” composition is of a complex nature. First of all, this increase is associated with grain refinement, while the formation of intermediate transformation structures plays a secondary role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Modification of Metals and Alloys)
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