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Computers
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Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT
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Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT

A special issue of Computers (ISSN 2073-431X). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 14106

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. George K. Adam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Digital Systems, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
Interests: computer systems design; computer architectures; operating systems; real-time systems; computer-based control; robotics; mechatronics, modelling and simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The objective of this Special Issue is to collate research on the development and implementation of real-time systems for emerging and industrial IoT-embedded systems and their applications. The research on the real-time control of time-sensitive systems has gained great interest in recent years due to the increasing utilization of embedded control systems in the IoT and the cloud. The increase in implementations of such applications and their special timing requirements, in particular for safety-critical systems, brings new challenges and issues in real-time systems. There is a need to research and propose novel, efficient solutions. Therefore, we focus on real-time system issues (e.g., efficiency, reliability, timely response, energy consumption, cost) from an architectural point of view, as well as from an operating systems perspective (e.g., real-time operating systems). Special emphasis is given to new designs and developments and their applications in various sectors (e.g., healthcare, manufacturing, industrial IoT, cloud systems, automotive, and aerospace).

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Real-time systems and applications performance issues;
  • Real-time system architectures and real-time operating systems;
  • Real-time systems and application studies in various environments (e.g., manufacturing, IoT, cloud and edge computing, control systems, mechatronics and robotics, healthcare services);
  • Emerging and future real-time systems.

Prof. Dr. George K. Adam
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Computers is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • real-time systems
  • Internet of Things
  • industrial Internet of Things
  • design methods and tools
  • real-time performance metrics
  • efficiency, reliability, and adaptability
  • embedded real-time systems and applications
  • real-time control systems
  • smart manufacturing
  • time-sensitive control systems
  • safety-critical systems
  • intelligent real-time systems and applications
  • COTS-based real-time systems
  • distributed, networked, and mobile real-time systems
  • peripherals and sensors
  • performance evaluation and testing
  • verification and validation
  • modelling and simulation

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 2346 KiB  
Article
Implementation of a C Library of Kalman Filters for Application on Embedded Systems
by Christina Schreppel, Andreas Pfeiffer, Julian Ruggaber and Jonathan Brembeck
Computers 2022, 11(11), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11110165 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3281
Abstract
Having knowledge about the states of a system is an important component in most control systems. However, an exact measurement of the states cannot always be provided because it is either not technically possible or only possible with a significant effort. Therefore, state [...] Read more.
Having knowledge about the states of a system is an important component in most control systems. However, an exact measurement of the states cannot always be provided because it is either not technically possible or only possible with a significant effort. Therefore, state estimation plays an important role in control applications. The well-known and widely used Kalman filter is often employed for this purpose. This paper describes the implementation of nonlinear Kalman filter algorithms, the extended and the unscented Kalman filter with square-rooting, in the programming language C, that are suitable for the use on embedded systems. The implementations deal with single or double precision data types depending on the application. The newly implemented filters are demonstrated in the context of semi-active vehicle damper control and the estimation of the tire–road friction coefficient as application examples, providing real-time capability. Their per-formances were evaluated in tests on an electronic control unit and a rapid-prototyping platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT)
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20 pages, 934 KiB  
Article
Arbitrarily Parallelizable Code: A Model of Computation Evaluated on a Message-Passing Many-Core System
by Sebastien Cook and Paulo Garcia
Computers 2022, 11(11), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11110164 - 18 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1180
Abstract
The number of processing elements per solution is growing. From embedded devices now employing (often heterogeneous) multi-core processors, across many-core scientific computing platforms, to distributed systems comprising thousands of interconnected processors, parallel programming of one form or another is now the norm. Understanding [...] Read more.
The number of processing elements per solution is growing. From embedded devices now employing (often heterogeneous) multi-core processors, across many-core scientific computing platforms, to distributed systems comprising thousands of interconnected processors, parallel programming of one form or another is now the norm. Understanding how to efficiently parallelize code, however, is still an open problem, and the difficulties are exacerbated across heterogeneous processing, and especially at run time, when it is sometimes desirable to change the parallelization strategy to meet non-functional requirements (e.g., load balancing and power consumption). In this article, we investigate the use of a programming model based on series-parallel partial orders: computations are expressed as directed graphs that expose parallelization opportunities and necessary sequencing by construction. This programming model is suitable as an intermediate representation for higher-level languages. We then describe a model of computation for such a programming model that maps such graphs into a stack-based structure more amenable to hardware processing. We describe the formal small-step semantics for this model of computation and use this formal description to show that the model can be arbitrarily parallelized, at compile and runtime, with correct execution guaranteed by design. We empirically support this claim and evaluate parallelization benefits using a prototype open-source compiler, targeting a message-passing many-core simulation. We empirically verify the correctness of arbitrary parallelization, supporting the validity of our formal semantics, analyze the distribution of operations within cores to understand the implementation impact of the paradigm, and assess execution time improvements when five micro-benchmarks are automatically and randomly parallelized across 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 multi-core configurations, resulting in execution time decrease by up to 95% in the best case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT)
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18 pages, 5553 KiB  
Article
A Lightweight In-Vehicle Alcohol Detection Using Smart Sensing and Supervised Learning
by Qasem Abu Al-Haija and Moez Krichen
Computers 2022, 11(8), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11080121 - 03 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6157
Abstract
According to the risk investigations of being involved in an accident, alcohol-impaired driving is one of the major causes of motor vehicle accidents. Preventing highly intoxicated persons from driving could potentially save many lives. This paper proposes a lightweight in-vehicle alcohol detection that [...] Read more.
According to the risk investigations of being involved in an accident, alcohol-impaired driving is one of the major causes of motor vehicle accidents. Preventing highly intoxicated persons from driving could potentially save many lives. This paper proposes a lightweight in-vehicle alcohol detection that processes the data generated from six alcohol sensors (MQ-3 alcohol sensors) using an optimizable shallow neural network (O-SNN). The experimental evaluation results exhibit a high-performance detection system, scoring a 99.8% detection accuracy with a very short inferencing delay of 2.22 μs. Hence, the proposed model can be efficiently deployed and used to discover in-vehicle alcohol with high accuracy and low inference overhead as a part of the driver alcohol detection system for safety (DADSS) system aiming at the massive deployment of alcohol-sensing systems that could potentially save thousands of lives annually. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT)
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13 pages, 2825 KiB  
Article
Co-Design of Multicore Hardware and Multithreaded Software for Thread Performance Assessment on an FPGA
by George K. Adam
Computers 2022, 11(5), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11050076 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2872
Abstract
Multicore and multithreaded architectures increase the performance of computing systems. The increase in cores and threads, however, raises further issues in the efficiency achieved in terms of speedup and parallelization, particularly for the real-time requirements of Internet of things (IoT)-embedded applications. This research [...] Read more.
Multicore and multithreaded architectures increase the performance of computing systems. The increase in cores and threads, however, raises further issues in the efficiency achieved in terms of speedup and parallelization, particularly for the real-time requirements of Internet of things (IoT)-embedded applications. This research investigates the efficiency of a 32-core field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture, with memory management unit (MMU) and real-time operating system (OS) support, to exploit the thread level parallelism (TLP) of tasks running in parallel as threads on multiple cores. The research outcomes confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach in the efficient execution of recursive sorting algorithms, as well as their evaluation in terms of speedup and parallelization. The results reveal that parallel implementation of the prevalent merge sort and quicksort algorithms on this platform is more efficient. The increase in the speedup is proportional to the core scaling, reaching a maximum of 53% for the configuration with the highest number of cores and threads. However, the maximum magnitude of the parallelization (66%) was found to be bounded to a low number of two cores and four threads. A further increase in the number of cores and threads did not add to the improvement of the parallelism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real-Time Embedded Systems in IoT)
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