Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion, Wear and Erosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 14340

Special Issue Editors

School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Interests: biocorrosion; biomineralization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Material Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, China
Interests: mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of advanced high performance steels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit your research to this Special Issue, “Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys”.

Alloys/Steels have numerous engineering applications in nuclear power plants, oil, chemicals, petrochemicals, and marine industries. Mechanical and corrosion properties constitute the two most important properties when working with alloys/steels; these properties are directly affected by microstructures. Thus, research on microstructures and improving alloy/steel mechanical and corrosion properties is vital to develop advanced alloys/steels.

The submission of original research articles and reviews is welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Localized corrosion of stainless steels;
  • Corrosion mechanism of ultra-high-strength steels;
  • Advanced corrosion-resistant coating of steels;
  • Structures of ultra-high-strength steels;
  • Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of high-strength stainless steels.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Hongwei Liu
Prof. Dr. Yongqiang Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microstructure
  • corrosion properties
  • corrosion resistance
  • alloys and steels

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 189 KiB  
Editorial
The Importance of Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys
by Yongqiang Wang, Wenlong Liu, Na Li and Chengsi Zheng
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070997 - 15 Jul 2022
Viewed by 1007
Abstract
Steels/alloys are widely used in various aspects of human society, such as transportation and construction, machinery manufacturing, oil, chemical, petrochemical, marine, and nuclear power industries, etc [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 5777 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Cathodic Protection of Epoxy Resin Coating/Zinc-Rich Coatings on Defective Areas under Atmospheric and Immersion Conditions: The Secondary Activation of Zinc Particles
by Wei Zhang, Wenting Xia, Zhiwei Chen, Guoqing Zhang, Sicheng Qian and Zhifeng Lin
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030336 - 12 Mar 2024
Viewed by 565
Abstract
The cathodic protection provided by epoxy coating/epoxy zinc-rich coatings on defective areas under atmospheric and immersion conditions was studied via a Q235 wire beam electrode (WBE), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface morphology analysis. The results showed that the cathodic protection processes [...] Read more.
The cathodic protection provided by epoxy coating/epoxy zinc-rich coatings on defective areas under atmospheric and immersion conditions was studied via a Q235 wire beam electrode (WBE), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and surface morphology analysis. The results showed that the cathodic protection processes under the two test conditions displayed significant differences. The effective protection time of the defective area under the atmospheric condition was 1.7 times that under the immersion condition. Compared with the immersion condition, zinc particles in zinc-rich coatings under the atmospheric condition exhibited higher cathodic protection efficiency. The possible activation mechanism of zinc particles under the two conditions was elucidated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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19 pages, 41618 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Resistance of Fe-Cr-Si Alloy Powders Prepared by Mechanical Alloying
by Magdalena Sobota, Karolina Idczak, Robert Konieczny and Rafał Idczak
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101679 - 25 Sep 2023
Viewed by 800
Abstract
Powders with nanometric crystallites of two ternary alloys Fe0.90Cr0.05Si0.05 and Fe0.85Cr0.10Si0.05 were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) in a planetary high-energy ball mill at various milling times followed by annealing in a vacuum [...] Read more.
Powders with nanometric crystallites of two ternary alloys Fe0.90Cr0.05Si0.05 and Fe0.85Cr0.10Si0.05 were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) in a planetary high-energy ball mill at various milling times followed by annealing in a vacuum at 900 K to induce an oxygen-induced surface segregation of Cr and Si atoms. The prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results show that all prepared powders crystallize in the body-centered cubic structure and are composed of micrometric particles, which are polycrystalline and consist of many nanometric crystallites. The mean size of the particles as well as the crystallites decreases progressively with milling time. In order to study the anti-corrosion properties of the obtained materials, the powders were exposed to atmospheric gases at 870 K. After each oxidation step, the formation of iron oxides was investigated using 57Fe transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy (TMS). It was found that the powders of Fe0.90Cr0.05Si0.05 and Fe0.85Cr0.10Si0.05 obtained after 10 and 20 h of MA are extremely resistant to oxidation. This result can be connected with the fact that XPS measurements reveal a high concentration of Cr and Si atoms on the surface of powder particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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8 pages, 3471 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Surface Damage of Stainless Steel Subjected to Cavitation Collapse in Aqueous Environment
by Lei Liu, Lei Zhang, Chuanhui Huang, Huafeng Guo, Jiaxiang Man and Ping Yu
Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081356 - 02 Aug 2023
Viewed by 717
Abstract
With the aim of understanding cavitation damage of stainless steel under the effect of cavitation collapse in an aqueous environment, morphology, phase, chemical state, electrochemical, and other properties after cavitation and erosion are methodically examined. The obtained results indicate that the addition of [...] Read more.
With the aim of understanding cavitation damage of stainless steel under the effect of cavitation collapse in an aqueous environment, morphology, phase, chemical state, electrochemical, and other properties after cavitation and erosion are methodically examined. The obtained results indicate that the addition of metal ions in pure water strengthens the dynamic effect of cavitation collapse. When the cavitation collapses, it is capable of releasing a high temperature and transferring it to the surface of the stainless steel in a short time. Then, through the rapid cooling of the pure water environment, the martensitic structure is generated, but the presence of a massive amount of metal ions leads to a decrease in the speed of heat conduction and absorption of some heat. After the collapse of the bubble, the passivation film on the surface of the stainless steel incorporates into the creation of initial micropores. A concentration difference and a growth of the current density at the bottom of the hole, as well as a reduction in the pH value are detectable. Compared with pure water, 3.5% NaCl solution contains more free ions and its local current density is higher, so its corrosion resistance is worse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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13 pages, 4597 KiB  
Article
Low-Potential Zone at the Interface of Precipitate and Austenite Affecting Intergranular Corrosion Sensitivity in UNS N08028 Nickel–Iron–Chromium Alloy
by Xuehua Fan, Yong Yu, Kun Fang, Jie Wang, Hong Zhang, Xiaohong Yu, Bo Du, Lei Dong and Yuan Li
Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081304 - 25 Jul 2023
Viewed by 653
Abstract
The precipitates and the intergranular corrosion behavior of a UNS N08028 nickel–iron–chromium alloy sensitized at different temperatures were studied by employing transmission electron microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy and other methods. It was found that sigma precipitates appeared at the grain boundaries of [...] Read more.
The precipitates and the intergranular corrosion behavior of a UNS N08028 nickel–iron–chromium alloy sensitized at different temperatures were studied by employing transmission electron microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy and other methods. It was found that sigma precipitates appeared at the grain boundaries of the alloy being sensitized. There was a Cr-depleted zone and a low-potential zone around these precipitates. The potential difference between the sigma precipitates and the low-potential zone was 102 mV, and this increased with the growth of the sigma precipitates. At this potential difference, the migration of the vacancies in the passive film accelerated significantly, and then the protectiveness of the passive film decreased. The intergranular corrosion mechanism of the steel has also be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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15 pages, 10137 KiB  
Article
Study on the Galvanic Corrosion between 13Cr Alloy Tubing and Downhole Tools of 9Cr and P110: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation
by Chuanzhen Zang, Hanqiao Jiang, Zongyu Lu, Xianbo Peng, Jian Wang and Zhanghua Lian
Coatings 2023, 13(5), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050861 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1225
Abstract
The galvanic corrosion of oil and gas production string is related to wellbore integrity and production safety. In order to study the galvanic corrosion of an oil and gas well tubing assembly and maintain production safety, this paper studied the galvanic corrosion behavior [...] Read more.
The galvanic corrosion of oil and gas production string is related to wellbore integrity and production safety. In order to study the galvanic corrosion of an oil and gas well tubing assembly and maintain production safety, this paper studied the galvanic corrosion behavior between 13Cr alloy steel tubing and the downhole tools of 9Cr and P110 in formate annular fluid via experimental and numerical simulation methods. The chemical composition, HTHP corrosion tests and electrochemical measurement of the three materials were investigated to analyze the corrosion mechanism and electrochemical parameters. Then, a full-sized 3D galvanic corrosion model of 13Cr tubing and a 9Cr/P110 joint combination was established using COMSOL Multiphysics software based on the electrochemical test results. The mechanism and current variation law of the galvanic corrosion of different tubing materials are discussed and analyzed in the paper. The results revealed that the corrosion rates obtained based on the electrochemical test are as follows: P110 (0.072 mm/y) > 9Cr (0.033 mm/y) > 13Cr (0.0022 mm/y). The current densities of a combination of 13Cr tubing with a 9Cr joint and 13Cr tubing with a P110 joint vary dramatically: the current density of the 13Cr tubing–P110 joint reach 1.6 × 10−4 A/cm2, higher than the current density of the combination of 13Cr tubing and a 9Cr joint. The results of a 3D FEM analysis show that the 13Cr tube demonstrates obvious galvanic corrosion with 9Cr and P110 joints, which is consistent with the analysis results of the polarization curve. This study therefore explains the galvanic corrosion mechanism of different tubing materials and provides guidance for the safe use of tubing in the productive process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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23 pages, 7317 KiB  
Article
Convolvulus microphyllus Extract as a Green, Effective, and Affordable Corrosion Inhibitor: Theoretical Calculations and Experimental Studies
by Rajesh Haldhar, Ramkumar Vanaraj, Omar Dagdag, Avni Berisha and Seong-Cheol Kim
Coatings 2023, 13(5), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050860 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1487
Abstract
This study demonstrates the ability of Convolvulus microphyllus extract to prevent low-carbon steel corrosion (LCS) by varying inhibitor concentration. The effectiveness of the corrosion reaction was examined using gravimetric techniques and electrochemical procedures in a corrosive 0.5 M sulfuric acid medium. The results [...] Read more.
This study demonstrates the ability of Convolvulus microphyllus extract to prevent low-carbon steel corrosion (LCS) by varying inhibitor concentration. The effectiveness of the corrosion reaction was examined using gravimetric techniques and electrochemical procedures in a corrosive 0.5 M sulfuric acid medium. The results of polarization show a mixed adsorption nature on the LCS surface. C. microphyllus-derived film (extract) had an inhibition efficiency (IE) of 92.47% at an inhibitor concentration of 600 mg/L and a temperature 298 K. To examine the morphology, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to analyze the external films that protect LCS from sulfuric acid. A thin protective coat of inhibitor outside the LCS substrate follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Additionally, computational exploration provided vital insights. The results of these experimental inhibitory outcomes are consistent with those of molecular dynamic simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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16 pages, 8073 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behaviors of N80 and 1Cr Tubing Steels in CO2 Containing Downhole Environment—A Case Study of Underground Gas Storage in LiaoHe Oil Field
by Jianfeng Liu, Minghui Li, Mengqi He, Zelin Ma, Kepei Li, Ling Wang, Guotao Li, Liguo Zhou, Shaohui Zhang and Wei Yan
Coatings 2023, 13(4), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040737 - 04 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1281
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of chromium content in carbon steel on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel materials, the corrosion behavior of 1Cr and N80 steels was investigated in this study by immersion weight loss method under three different CO2 [...] Read more.
In order to evaluate the effect of chromium content in carbon steel on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel materials, the corrosion behavior of 1Cr and N80 steels was investigated in this study by immersion weight loss method under three different CO2 partial pressure and temperature conditions in formation water for 72, 168 and 336 h. Detailed material surface morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results show that the pitting corrosion of N80 carbon steel is serious at medium temperature and low CO2 partial pressure (50 °C, 0.30 MPa), and the corrosion rate is significantly higher than that of 1Cr steel. However, at high-temperature and high CO2 partial pressure (100 °C/0.63 MPa and 114 °C/0.73 MPa), 1Cr steel is more inclined to the mesa corrosion dominated by local corrosion characteristics, and the corrosion rate is seriously higher than that of N80 steel with uniform corrosion. From the experimental results, we can know the corrosion resistance of carbon steel and 1Cr steel is not only affected by the corrosion environment, but also depends on the formation process of the product film, as well as its compactness and integrity characteristics. At low-temperature and low CO2 partial pressure, 1 wt.% chromium content can provide a certain degree of corrosion resistance, while high temperature and high partial pressure can broaden the application window of carbon steel N80 and weaken the corrosion inhibition effect of chromium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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15 pages, 6638 KiB  
Article
Improved Corrosion Resistance Behaviour of AlSi10Mg Alloy due to Selective Laser Melting
by Abhishek Tiwari, Gaurav Singh and Rengaswamy Jayaganthan
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020225 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2118
Abstract
The corrosion behaviour of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) under two different atmospheres, namely argon and nitrogen, was compared to that of AlSi10Mg alloy that had been cast. The present study demonstrates the systematic electrochemical behaviour of selective-laser-melted (SLMed) AlSi10Mg. [...] Read more.
The corrosion behaviour of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) under two different atmospheres, namely argon and nitrogen, was compared to that of AlSi10Mg alloy that had been cast. The present study demonstrates the systematic electrochemical behaviour of selective-laser-melted (SLMed) AlSi10Mg. Potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour, illustrating the degrading features of SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy in 0.1 M NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance of AlSi10Mg produced using selective laser melting was found to be 2–3 times greater than that of AlSi10Mg that had been cast. The degradation behaviour was also explained by SEM analysis of the corroded samples of SLMed AlSi10Mg and as-cast AlSi10Mg alloy. It may be deduced that the better corrosion resistance of AlSi10Mg produced through selective laser melting is due to the fast cooling rate associated with the solidification of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated through selective laser melting, compared with the slow cooling rate associated with the solidification of AlSi10Mg produced by casting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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14 pages, 7579 KiB  
Article
Effect of Sigma Phases on Moderate-Temperature Tensile Properties of Z3CN20.09M CASS Used for Primary Coolant Pipe of Nuclear Power Plant
by Yongqiang Wang, Chaojun Hu, Na Li, Suhua Lin, Zhangqi Ge and Chengsi Zheng
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010101 - 05 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1017
Abstract
The effect of sigma phases on the moderate-temperature tensile properties of Z3CN20.09M casting austenite stainless steel was investigated by means of isothermal treatment, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, instrumented nanoindentation, tensile testing, and finite element simulation. The results show that the yield [...] Read more.
The effect of sigma phases on the moderate-temperature tensile properties of Z3CN20.09M casting austenite stainless steel was investigated by means of isothermal treatment, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, instrumented nanoindentation, tensile testing, and finite element simulation. The results show that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of aged specimens tensile tested at moderate temperature increase remarkably with an increasing sigma phase, while the elongation at break decreased. The strain-hardening rate of aged specimens with sigma phases is higher than that of unaged specimens without sigma phases at a certain low-strain range. However, the value of the strain-hardening rate of aged specimens is lower than that of unaged specimens when the strain exceeds a certain value. The effect of the sigma phase on the tensile properties at moderate temperature is also more significant. This can be attributed to the many high-energy σ/γ2 and α/σ/γ2 incoherent phase boundaries caused by the precipitation of sigma phases. On the one hand, these boundaries hinder the movement of dislocations and subsequently accumulate dislocations to some extent, so strength is enhanced and the strain-hardening rate is improved. On the other hand, microcracks at these interfaces initiate and propagate more easily when the strain exceeds a certain value. Thus, the elongation value and the strain-hardening rate decrease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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13 pages, 5810 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Graphene Conductive Fabrics and the Study of Their Degradation Behavior
by Wei Xiong, Yingze Jiang, Guinian Huang, Yinyan Hou, Yuxin Yang, Yanping Niu, Junxin Yin and Hongwei Liu
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101432 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1355
Abstract
Graphene has excellent electromagnetic, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties and has been widely applied in materials science, biomedicine, physics, energy storage, chemistry, and textile fields all over the world. In this paper, graphene conductive fabrics were prepared by the impregnation method, and ascorbic [...] Read more.
Graphene has excellent electromagnetic, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties and has been widely applied in materials science, biomedicine, physics, energy storage, chemistry, and textile fields all over the world. In this paper, graphene conductive fabrics were prepared by the impregnation method, and ascorbic acid was used as a reducing agent. Ammonia-cotton blended fabric was used as the base material. Results indicated that graphene had been successfully covered on fabrics according to XRD and SEM analysis. The optimum technological parameters for preparing graphene conductive fabrics were: impregnation five times, reduction temperature at 95 °C, the ascorbic acid concentration of 0.06 mol/L, and the reduction time was 40 min. A corrosion study indicated that rGO fabrics could be partly corroded in 3 wt.% NaCl solution, leading to a decrease in resistivity. However, the conductive ability of rGO fabric changed little with time due to the good stability of rGO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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12 pages, 7471 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ultrasonic Impact Strengthening on Surface Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Prepared by Laser Selective Melting
by Hansong Chen, Zhengye Zhang, Jianmin Zhang, Haibin Ji, Zhao Meng, Han Zhang and Xiankai Meng
Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091243 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1278
Abstract
In order to study the effect of ultrasonic impact (UIP) on the microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting (SLM), the hardness of the surface layer and depth direction of the sample were tested with a micro hardness [...] Read more.
In order to study the effect of ultrasonic impact (UIP) on the microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting (SLM), the hardness of the surface layer and depth direction of the sample were tested with a micro hardness tester. Finally, the friction and wear test of the sample was assessed using a friction and wear tester. The electrochemical corrosion test was carried out on the samples before and after the ultrasonic shock using a CHI660E electrochemical workstation. The results show that after the ultrasonic impact on the 316L stainless steel prepared by SLM, the surface produces plastic deformation and work hardening, which improves the hardness of the material surface and enhances the wear resistance of the sample surface. With ultrasound shocks affecting the near surface of the sample, a deformation layer of about 100 μm depth is formed. After the ultrasonic shock treatment, the self -corrosion potential of the sample in the 3.5% NACl solution is slightly higher than the unproofed sample, and the density of the self -corrosion current is also lower than the unproofed sample., indicating that ultrasonic shock can reduce the corrosion rate of the material surface and enhance the abrasion resistance of the sample surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Investigation on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Steels/Alloys)
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