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Coatings
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Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films
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Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 12536

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Massimo Innocenti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
Interests: electrodeposition; energy; electrocatalysis; fuel cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Walter Giurlani

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: thin film deposition; E-ALD; electrodeposition; electroplating; nanostructured materials; thickness determination; materials science; corrosion; electrocatalysis; material characterization; EDS; XRF; SEM; AFM
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of metal coatings is ubiquitous for a wide range of applications, from electronic devices to technical applications and ornamental accessories. The research and development of new coatings and alloys is of fundamental importance in all these sectors given the restrictions imposed by the increasing price of raw materials as well as national and supranational organizations for the protection of the environment and health. Therefore, the research for new formulations, alloys, or successions of layers aimed at reducing precious or toxic metals is an extremely hot topic both at a scientific level and regarding industrial application. The development of new coatings must also make it possible to maintain or even improve technical characteristics for specific applications, which is necessary for the large-scale use of relevant procedures, and this may include improvements in such features as mechanical and electrical properties, corrosion resistance and, possibly, aesthetic properties.

For this Special Issue, the topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Electrodeposition and characterization of films or film sequences which do not contain hazard components (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, cyanides, etc.) or their release;
  • Electroplating and characterization of thin films of precious metals (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, etc.) with high performance;
  • Study of green additives and ligands aimed at optimizing the deposition of metal coatings;
  • Theoretical studies and computational modeling for optimization of the homogeneity of metallic film characteristics;
  • Characterization of the properties of metal coatings for their application such as in corrosion resistance, durability, and other technical properties.

Prof. Dr. Massimo Innocenti
Dr. Walter Giurlani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metal coating
  • alloy electrodeposition
  • thin film
  • electroplating
  • film characterization

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5284 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Substrate Sizes for In Situ Stress Measurement in Electrodeposits Relying on Nonlinear Effects
by Jun Qiang and Tao Peng
Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122031 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 614
Abstract
In situ stress measurements have been widely used in various deposition processes for stress detection. The substrate size can affect the uniformity of curvature across the entire surface, which is a major cause of incorrect stress measurements. However, because of the inherent concept [...] Read more.
In situ stress measurements have been widely used in various deposition processes for stress detection. The substrate size can affect the uniformity of curvature across the entire surface, which is a major cause of incorrect stress measurements. However, because of the inherent concept of measurement theory and the complexities of the influence of substrate size on measurement accuracy, the underlying nonlinear effects of the rectangular substrate are still not fully understood. We discovered that increasing the substrate size caused an increase in nonlinear effect (nonuniform distribution of curvature radii and stresses in the x and y directions) and surface defects on the rectangular substrate using in situ stress measurement. Furthermore, the bending stiffness of the substrate, which was influenced by the substrate size, was established to illustrate the effect of substrate size on the nonlinear effect. The total stress of the deposit was concentrated at the edge in both the x and y directions, and the deposit at the edge was prone to delamination and cracking. When the substrate size was reduced, the deposit surface did not show obvious defects, and the stress errors in the x and y directions were only 2.34% and 2.54%, respectively. These findings will be beneficial to improve the accuracy of in situ stress measurement and further understand the causes of nonlinear effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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16 pages, 7889 KiB  
Article
Interaction of Aluminum and Platinum Surfaces with the Ionic Liquids 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
by Fabien Krebs, Oliver Höfft and Frank Endres
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071182 - 30 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1046
Abstract
The processes at the interface between ionic liquids (ILs) and metals are a key factor for understanding especially in electrochemical deposition, nanoscale tribology applications and batteries. In the present work, the interfaces of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Py1,4]TFSI) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm]TFSI) and [...] Read more.
The processes at the interface between ionic liquids (ILs) and metals are a key factor for understanding especially in electrochemical deposition, nanoscale tribology applications and batteries. In the present work, the interfaces of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Py1,4]TFSI) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm]TFSI) and platinum and aluminum were investigated by depositing thin IL films and studying them with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in ultrahigh vacuum. It is found that there is no evidence of a decomposition reaction of either IL on platinum; however, the imidazolium cation of [EMIm]TFSI shows a strong interaction with the surface in the monolayer regime. In contrast, [Py1,4]TFSI and [EMIm]TFSI show massive decomposition on the aluminum surface without applying any electrochemical potential. The spectra for the [TFSI]− anion components show cleavage of C-F or N-S bonds in both cases. Both cleavage of a single fluorine atom and complete cleavage were observed, leading to further decomposition reactions of the anion. Consequently, new components such as AlOOH, Al(OH)3, Al2S3, Al2(SO4)3 and AlF3 appear at the interface. In addition, there is also evidence of decomposition of the cation by the splitting off hydrogen atoms or parts of the alkyl chain in both ILs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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12 pages, 5025 KiB  
Article
PANI-Based Stacked Ferromagnetic Systems: Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization
by Andrea Stefani, Natàlia Tanaka Fonollosa, Walter Giurlani, Roberto Giovanardi and Claudio Fontanesi
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101518 - 10 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
In this work, the electropolymerization of polyaniline (PANI) is explored for its action as either a suitable coating or as a substrate for Nickel (Ni) and Magnetite (Fe3O4) surfaces. PANI electropolymerization has been achieved through cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiostatic [...] Read more.
In this work, the electropolymerization of polyaniline (PANI) is explored for its action as either a suitable coating or as a substrate for Nickel (Ni) and Magnetite (Fe3O4) surfaces. PANI electropolymerization has been achieved through cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrochemical methods. The interaction between the obtained surfaces and the ferromagnetic layers (Ni and Fe3O4) has been investigated as a function of the pH of the electrolytic PANI solution, and also a variety of experimental parameters have been optimized in order to achieve the synthesis of PANI coatings (solvent, substrate, concentrations, and cell set-up). Thus, we obtained stable and consistent PANI thick films at the interface of both the nickel and the magnetite ferromagnetic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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16 pages, 8188 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Causes of Differences between the Upper and Lower Surfaces of Electroless Ni–P Coating on LZ91 Magnesium–Lithium Alloy
by Shi-Feng Pei, Si-Qi Li, Liang Zhong, Kai-Fang Cui, Jun Yang and Zhi-Gang Yang
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081157 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1498
Abstract
To address the issue of poor corrosion resistance of the Mg–Li alloy, electroless Ni–P plating was used to create a protective coating. However, there were significant differences between the upper and lower surface coatings, which were summarized as follows: (1) compared with the [...] Read more.
To address the issue of poor corrosion resistance of the Mg–Li alloy, electroless Ni–P plating was used to create a protective coating. However, there were significant differences between the upper and lower surface coatings, which were summarized as follows: (1) compared with the lower surface, the longitudinal differences between different areas of the upper surface coating were larger; and (2) the denseness of the upper surface coating was insufficient in areas where the insoluble phase was concentrated, resulting in significantly lower corrosion resistance of the upper surface coating than the lower surface. Resolving these differences could compensate for the defects of the upper surface coating so as to improve the overall corrosion resistance of the material. Therefore, in this paper, the deposition process of Ni–P was observed and speculated, and the reasons for these differences were analyzed in combination with experimental phenomena. Based on these, two optimization measures were proposed. The SEM observation results showed that the differences between the upper and lower surface coatings were significantly reduced after optimization. The results of potentiodynamic polarization tests and EIS tests showed that the optimized upper surface coating had good corrosion resistance similar to the lower surface coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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16 pages, 6059 KiB  
Article
The Characterization of Running-In Coatings on the Surface of Tin Bronze by Electro-Spark Deposition
by Zhengchuan Zhang, Ievgen Konoplianchenko, Viacheslav Tarelnyk, Guanjun Liu, Xin Du and Hua Yu
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070930 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1387
Abstract
Antifriction materials, such as silver, copper, Babbitt B83, and graphene oxide (GO), were used to prepare running-in coatings on the surface of bronze QSn10-1 by electro-spark deposition (ESD). The analyses of mass transfer, roughness, thickness, morphology, composition, nanoindentation, and tribological properties of the [...] Read more.
Antifriction materials, such as silver, copper, Babbitt B83, and graphene oxide (GO), were used to prepare running-in coatings on the surface of bronze QSn10-1 by electro-spark deposition (ESD). The analyses of mass transfer, roughness, thickness, morphology, composition, nanoindentation, and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that the running-in coatings were dense with refined grains that were uniformly distributed and in a metallurgical bond state with the tin bronze substrate. At optimum process parameters, the mass transfer was 244.2 mg, the surface roughness was 15.9 μm, and the thickness of the layers was 160 μm. The diffraction peaks clearly indicated the phases corresponding to α-Sn, SbSn, Cu6Sn5, and Cu, and a phase of Ag3Sn appeared. The modulus and the hardness of the running-in coatings were 24.9% and 14.2% of the substrate, and the deformation ratio of the coatings was 10.2% higher than that of the substrate. The friction coefficient of the running-in coatings was about 0.210 after the running-in stage, which was 64.8% of that of the substrate (0.324). The main wear mechanism of the running-in coatings under optimal process parameters is plastic deformation, scratching, and slight polishing. The running-in coating deformation under the action of high specific loads provides the automatic adjustment of parts and compensation for manufacturing errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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12 pages, 4082 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposition of Cu-Ag Alloy Films at n-Si(001) and Polycrystalline Ru Substrates
by Wenbo Shao, Yunkai Sun and Giovanni Zangari
Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121563 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
Electrodeposition of Cu-Ag films from acidic sulfate bath was conducted at n-Si(001) and polycrystalline Ru substrates. Significant nucleation overpotential of 0.4 V is observed with the Cu-Ag bath at n-Si(001) substrate, whereas the electrodeposition of Cu-Ag at Ru substrate is influenced by Ru [...] Read more.
Electrodeposition of Cu-Ag films from acidic sulfate bath was conducted at n-Si(001) and polycrystalline Ru substrates. Significant nucleation overpotential of 0.4 V is observed with the Cu-Ag bath at n-Si(001) substrate, whereas the electrodeposition of Cu-Ag at Ru substrate is influenced by Ru oxides at the surface. Incomplete coverage of Si substrate by Cu-Ag deposit was observed from the deposition systems without Ag(I), or with 0.1 mM Ag(I), comparing with the compact Cu-Ag film obtained with the deposition bath containing 0.01 mM Ag(I). Layered and faceted Cu-Ag deposit was observed at small Cu deposition overpotential with the Ru substrate. Phase composition of the Cu-Ag deposits at n-Si(001) substrate from electrolyte with various Ag(I) concentrations is examined by XRD. Limited solubility of Ag (0.4 at.%) was observed in fcc-Cu until phase separation occurs. The classical model for nucleation kinetics in electrodeposition was used to examine the potentiostatic transients of the Cu-Ag electrodeposition at n-Si(001) substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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14 pages, 5994 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposition of ZnO/Cu2O Heterojunctions on Ni-Mo-P Electroless Coating
by Nelly Maria Rosas-Laverde, Alina Iuliana Pruna, Jesus Cembrero and David Busquets-Mataix
Coatings 2020, 10(10), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100935 - 29 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2291
Abstract
Electroless Ni-Mo-P coatings were deposited onto ceramic tiles in order to be employed as electrodes for the electrodeposition of ZnO and Cu2O heterojunction layers. Varying conditions, such as duration, annealing of the electroless coating and applied potential, and duration for ZnO [...] Read more.
Electroless Ni-Mo-P coatings were deposited onto ceramic tiles in order to be employed as electrodes for the electrodeposition of ZnO and Cu2O heterojunction layers. Varying conditions, such as duration, annealing of the electroless coating and applied potential, and duration for ZnO electrodeposition were studied in order to optimize the properties of the ZnO/Cu2O heterojunctions toward improved photoelectrical performance. The coatings were evaluated in terms of morphology, crystalline structure, and by electrochemical and photoelectrical means. The obtained results indicated that a prolonged annealing treatment at low temperature is beneficial to improve the roughness and electrical conductivity of the Ni-Mo-P coating to further enhance the electrodeposition of ZnO. The morphology analysis revealed continuous and homogeneous Ni-Mo-P coatings. The formation of cube-like Cu2O crystals with larger grain size was induced by increasing the deposition duration of ZnO. The properties of ZnO layer are much improved when a higher cathodic potential is applied (−0.8 V) for 1 h, resulting in optimum photoelectric parameters as 1.44 mA·cm−2 for the JSC and 760.23 µV for the VOC value, respectively, for the corresponding heterojunction solar cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrodeposition, Characterization and Application of Metal and Alloy Films)
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