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Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals
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Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion, Wear and Erosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 6081

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jing Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Interests: metals; chemical heat treatment; heat treatment; surface modification; properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xulong An

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
Interests: advanced metals; high entropy alloy; heat treatment; surface modification; properties

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Surface modification is necessary to meet the required specifications for the majority of metal components. Chemical heat treatment of metals is a kind of surface modification technology for modifying both the chemical composition and microstructure of the surface layer, and thus makes the properties of the surface layer different from those of the matrix to meet the different requirements in different zones of the metal components, such as wear, oxidation or corrosion resistance, toughness, etc.

This Special Issue on “Advancement in Chemical Heat Treatment for Metals” in Coatings invites front-line researchers to submit original research and review articles on various aspects in the field of the novel chemical heat treatment of metals. The advancement of chemical heat treatment is to provide better combined properties or higher efficiency.

It is our great honor to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue that provides an excellent opportunity for those who are working within these fields, paving the way for the further advancements in chemical heat treatment for metals.

Dr. Jing Hu
Dr. Xulong An
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metals
  • chemical heat treatment
  • heat treatment
  • surface modification
  • properties

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 4624 KiB  
Article
Study on High-Temperature, Ultra-Low Wear Behaviors of Ti6Al4V Alloy with Thermal Oxidation Treatment
by Qunfeng Zeng, Shichuan Sun, Zeming Pang and Xunkai Wei
Coatings 2024, 14(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040416 - 31 Mar 2024
Viewed by 598
Abstract
Thermal oxidation (TO) is a simple and economical way to enhance the wear resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The TO temperature has a very important effect on the tribological properties of the TiO2 layer formed. However, the impact of the oxidation temperature [...] Read more.
Thermal oxidation (TO) is a simple and economical way to enhance the wear resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The TO temperature has a very important effect on the tribological properties of the TiO2 layer formed. However, the impact of the oxidation temperature on the high-temperature tribological behavior of a TO-treated Ti6Al4V alloy is not clear. Therefore, the Ti6Al4V alloy was oxidized at 400 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C for 36 h, and the sliding friction experiments were conducted at room temperature (RT) and 400 °C with a Si3N4 ball as the counter body to comparatively study the effect of the oxidation temperature on the high-temperature friction behavior of the TO-treated Ti6Al4V alloy. The results show that the TO treatment can effectively improve the wear resistance of the samples at both room and high temperatures. Among them, the oxidation-treated samples at 700 °C show the best wear resistance, with a reduction of 92.6% at high temperatures; the amount of wear loss at room temperature was so small that it was almost incalculable. At room temperature, the friction surface formed uneven agglomerate formations, resulting in an elevated coefficient of friction (CoF) compared to the untreated samples. At a high temperature, however, the CoF is reduced compared to the untreated samples due to the formation of a homogeneous transfer film in the wear area that is caused by the interaction of Si3N4 and oxygen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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14 pages, 4306 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Performance of Epoxy/Sulfur–Selenium Coating on Q235 Steel
by Konglan Meng, Wei Wei, Kunxia Wei, Igor V. Alexandrov, Xulong An, Dandan Wang and Xiangkui Liu
Coatings 2024, 14(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14030245 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 694
Abstract
Sulfur powder (99.99%) and selenium powder (99.99%) were mixed and heated to approximately 300 °C to obtain an S-Se alloy. It has good flowability at 130 °C and can be applied to Q235 steel to obtain a S-Se coating. Epoxy was used as [...] Read more.
Sulfur powder (99.99%) and selenium powder (99.99%) were mixed and heated to approximately 300 °C to obtain an S-Se alloy. It has good flowability at 130 °C and can be applied to Q235 steel to obtain a S-Se coating. Epoxy was used as a filler, and the S-Se alloy was applied as a coating. This combination was utilized to create the composite coatings of epoxy/sulfur–selenium (E/S-Se). To investigate the corrosion resistance of this coating on Q235 steel substrate, we conducted measurements and obtained electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and linear polarization curves (LPC). These measurements were performed in a three-electrode cell within an electrochemical workstation using a 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. By comparing bare Q235 steel, S-Se, and E/S-Se, the study found that the E/S-Se coating had a higher self-corrosion potential (−0.484 V vs. SCE) and the lowest self-corrosion current density (2.361 × 10−11 A/cm2). The purpose was to simulate the corrosive environment experienced by condensate return pipe walls in petroleum refining equipment. Additionally, experiments were carried out using 0.01 mol/L HCl solution as the corrosion medium at different temperatures (40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C). The results indicated that the E/S-Se coating exhibited a lower corrosion rate compared to the Q235 steel substrate. Under immersion conditions at 40 °C and 60 °C, no corrosive substances were detected on the surface of the coating. The test results demonstrated that the E/S-Se coating exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared to the Q235 substrate, providing up to 99% protection for the substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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10 pages, 3791 KiB  
Article
Novel Effect of Post-Oxidation on the Comprehensive Performance of Plasma Nitriding Layer
by Jia Ni, Heng Ma, Wei Wei, Xulong An, Minhua Yu and Jing Hu
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010086 - 08 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 881
Abstract
In order to enhance the comprehensive performance of plasma nitrided heavy load components used in corrosive environments, post-oxidation was conducted under different conditions after plasma nitriding 42CrMo4 steel at 500 °C for 5 h. The results show that an oxide film composed of [...] Read more.
In order to enhance the comprehensive performance of plasma nitrided heavy load components used in corrosive environments, post-oxidation was conducted under different conditions after plasma nitriding 42CrMo4 steel at 500 °C for 5 h. The results show that an oxide film composed of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 was formed above the compound layer, resulting in a significant increase in corrosion resistance; the self-corrosion potential was greatly increased from −658.72 mV to −429.23 mV. Meanwhile, it needs to be emphasized that the characteristics of the plasma nitriding layer could be effectively adjusted as expected by post-oxidation. The compound layer thickness decreased from 9.41 μm to 3.62 μm by post-oxidation at 400 °C for 2 h, while the thickness of the effective hardening layer increased from 300 μm to 378 μm. Due to the expected change in the characteristics of the plasma nitriding layer, post-oxidation could simultaneously improve the toughness, hardness, and wear resistance of the samples; the brittleness level decreased from Grade 4 to Grade 1; the surface hardness increased from 765 HV0.05 to 825 HV0.05; and the wear rate decreased from 3 × 10−5 g·m−1·N−1 to 1.19 × 10−5 g·m−1·N−1, illustrating that the wear resistance was greatly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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12 pages, 5138 KiB  
Article
Effects of Gd/Nd Ratio and Aging Treatment on Wear Behavior of Mg-Nd-Gd-Sr-Zn-Zr Alloys
by Ruotian Wang, Rongxiang Wang and Yongqiang Jia
Coatings 2024, 14(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010007 - 20 Dec 2023
Viewed by 666
Abstract
The Mg-(4-x)Nd-xGd-0.3Sr-0.2Zn-0.4Zr (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%, Gd/Nd = 0, 1/3, 1, and 3) alloys were hot extruded and then aged (T5). The friction and wear properties of the as-extruded and as-aged alloys were studied using a ball-on-disk wear testing [...] Read more.
The Mg-(4-x)Nd-xGd-0.3Sr-0.2Zn-0.4Zr (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%, Gd/Nd = 0, 1/3, 1, and 3) alloys were hot extruded and then aged (T5). The friction and wear properties of the as-extruded and as-aged alloys were studied using a ball-on-disk wear testing machine and a scanning electron microscope to reveal the impacts of the Gd/Nd ratio and aging treatment. The results show that the friction coefficient of the as-extruded alloys increases first and then decreases with increasing Gd/Nd ratio. After aging, the friction coefficient of the alloys decreases slightly. The Gd/Nd ratio has no significant effect on the wear rate of the as-extruded alloys, and the wear rate decreases first and then increases with the increase in the Gd/Nd ratio for the as-aged alloys. The T5 alloy with a Gd/Nd ratio of 1/3 has the best wear resistance. The wear mechanisms of alloys mainly include abrasive wear, oxidation wear, and delamination wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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12 pages, 15801 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Texture, and Anisotropic Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel
by Yangxin Wang, Aijun Li, Chundong Hu, Xiaofei Guo, Xufei Li, Wenzhen Bi, Xicheng Wei and Han Dong
Coatings 2023, 13(8), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13081442 - 16 Aug 2023
Viewed by 798
Abstract
The effects of cold rolling reduction rates and recrystallization annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture, and anisotropic properties of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results revealed that the constituents of recrystallized, substructured, and [...] Read more.
The effects of cold rolling reduction rates and recrystallization annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture, and anisotropic properties of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results revealed that the constituents of recrystallized, substructured, and deformed structures were strongly affected by cold rolling reduction rates ranging from 33.3% to 66.7% and recrystallization temperatures ranging from 780 to 840 °C. At an annealing temperature of 820 °C, when the cold rolling reduction rate was 33.3%, HSLA steel exhibited a low percentage of recrystallization, with cubic, γ-linear, rolled, and Z-texture (the texture at Euler angles φ1 = 30° and Φ = 20°–30°) structures. The rolled texture and Z-texture increased the strength anisotropy and disappeared at high cold rolling reduction rates. When the annealing temperature was increased from 780 °C to 820 °C, the proportion of recrystallized grains increased, the rolling texture disappeared, and grain orientation gradually gathered in the cubic texture and γ line texture, resulting in low anisotropy of strength. At an annealing temperature of 840 °C, the deformation of the grain disappeared; however, the anisotropy increased compared to annealing at 820 °C because of the formation of a new texture of {001}<−1–20>. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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Review

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46 pages, 12698 KiB  
Review
A Review—Effect of Accelerating Methods on Gas Nitriding: Accelerating Mechanism, Nitriding Behavior, and Techno-Economic Analysis
by Yu-Long Zhou, Fan Xia, Ai-Jun Xie, Hao-Ping Peng, Jian-Hua Wang and Zhi-Wei Li
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111846 - 27 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1938
Abstract
Gas nitriding, as a surface modification technology to improve the wear resistance of workpiece surfaces, is widely used in wind turbine gears, pressure vessel gears, high-precision die casting abrasives, and other areas. However, the gas nitriding time is too long, reaching 40–60 h, [...] Read more.
Gas nitriding, as a surface modification technology to improve the wear resistance of workpiece surfaces, is widely used in wind turbine gears, pressure vessel gears, high-precision die casting abrasives, and other areas. However, the gas nitriding time is too long, reaching 40–60 h, which reduces the efficiency of nitriding and hinders the development of gas nitriding. Therefore, various accelerating methods are born accordingly. This review first introduces the basic principle, microstructure, and process parameters of conventional gas nitriding. Then, five common accelerating methods are summarized: process parameter optimization, surface mechanical nano-crystallization, surface-active catalysis, surface pre-oxidation, and surface laser treatment. Then, the effect of acceleration methods on gas nitriding is analyzed for the acceleration mechanism, nitriding behavior, and nitriding efficiency. Finally, the technical economy of the acceleration methods is compared for three aspects: energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission, and cost. And, the technical maturity of the acceleration methods is compared according to technology readiness level (TRL) technology. Based on the above content, the advantages and disadvantages of the five accelerating methods are reviewed, and the concept of a multi-technology collaborative processing acceleration method is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Heat Treatment and Surface Modification for Metals)
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