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15 pages, 1750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Fatty Acid Synthase, Ki67 and p53 Esophageal Mucosa Expressions in Barrett’s Esophagus Patients Treated for One Year with Two Esomeprazole Different Regimens

by Pietro Crispino, Tiziana Ciarambino and Mauro Giordano

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(6), 4701-4715; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45060299 - 29 May 2023

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is an acquired pre-malignant condition that results from chronic gastroesophageal reflux. The malignant transformation occurred in 0.5% of patients/year and was independent of medical and endoscopic conservative treatments. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis [...] Read more.

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is an acquired pre-malignant condition that results from chronic gastroesophageal reflux. The malignant transformation occurred in 0.5% of patients/year and was independent of medical and endoscopic conservative treatments. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-coenzyme A, malonyl-coenzyme A, a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and adenosine triphosphate. Activation of FAS is closely linked to malignant transformation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variation of FAS, p53, and Ki67 expressions in two groups of 21 BE patients each, after one year of continuous (group A) or discontinuous (group B) treatment with esomeprazole 40 mg/day in comparison to the initial expression. In both the two groups of BE patients, biopsies were taken from pathologic sites of the mucosa for histological and immuno-histochemical detection of FAS, Ki67, and p53 at entry and after one year of Esomeprazole 40 mg treatment. FAS expression was positive when a strong granular cytoplasmic staining was observed in esophageal cells. Ki67 and p53 were defined as positive when nuclear staining was clearly detected at ×10 magnification. FAS expression was reduced in 43% of patients treated with Esomeprazole continuously in comparison to the 10% of patients treated with Esomeprazole on demand (p = 0.002). Ki67 expression was reduced in 28% of continuously treated patients in comparison to 5% of patients treated on demand (p = 0.001). The p53 expression decreased in 19% of continuously treated patients in comparison to an increase in 2 patients (9%) treated on demand (p = 0.05). Continuously Esomeprazole treatment could help in the diminution of metabolic and proliferative activities in the esophageal columnar epithelium and in part it can help prevent the oxidative damage against cellular DNA, resulting in a diminution in p53 expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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14 pages, 1632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Investigation of 2-Thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolines against Adenovirus Type 7 and Bacteriophage Phi X174: An In Vitro Study

by Hatem A. Abuelizz, Ahmed H. Bakheit, Mohamed Marzouk, Waled M. El-Senousy, Mohamed M. Abdellatif, Essam E. Ali, Gamal A. E. Mostafa and Rashad Al-Salahi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(5), 3787-3800; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45050244 - 28 Apr 2023

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Abstract

Mortality and morbidity caused by viruses are a global health problems. Therefore, there is always a need to create novel therapeutic agents and refine existing ones to maximize their efficacy. Our lab has produced benzoquinazolines derivatives that have proven effective activity as antiviral [...] Read more.

Mortality and morbidity caused by viruses are a global health problems. Therefore, there is always a need to create novel therapeutic agents and refine existing ones to maximize their efficacy. Our lab has produced benzoquinazolines derivatives that have proven effective activity as antiviral compounds against herpes simplex (HSV 1 and 2), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and hepatitis viruses (HAV and HCV). This in vitro study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of benzoquinazoline derivatives 1–16 against adenovirus type 7 and bacteriophage phiX174 using a plaque assay. The cytotoxicity against adenovirus type 7 was also performed in vitro, using a MTT assay. Most of the compounds exhibited antiviral activity against bacteriophage phiX174. However, compounds 1, 3, 9, and 11 showed statistically significant reductions of 60–70% against bacteriophage phiX174. By contrast, compounds 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, and 15 were ineffective against adenovirus type 7, and compounds 6 and 16 had remarkable efficacy (50%). Using the MOE-Site Finder Module, a docking study was carried out in order to create a prediction regarding the orientation of the lead compounds (1, 9, and 11). This was performed in order to investigate the activity of the lead compounds 1, 9, and 11 against the bacteriophage phiX174 by locating the ligand–target protein binding interaction active sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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24 pages, 6111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GC-MS Based Characterization, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anti-Oncogenic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Aspergillus niger Strain AK-6 Isolated from Rhizospheric Soil

by Shaik Kalimulla Niazi, Dhanyakumara Shivapoojar Basavarajappa, Sushma Hatti Kumaraswamy, Asmatanzeem Bepari, Halaswamy Hiremath, Shashiraj Kariyellappa Nagaraja, Muthuraj Rudrappa, Anil Hugar, Mary Anne Wong Cordero and Sreenivasa Nayaka

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(5), 3733-3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45050241 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2226

Abstract

Rhizospheric soil is the richest niche of different microbes that produce biologically active metabolites. The current study investigated the antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer activities of ethyl acetate extract of the potent rhizospheric fungus Aspergillus niger AK6 (AK-6). A total of six fungal isolates [...] Read more.

Rhizospheric soil is the richest niche of different microbes that produce biologically active metabolites. The current study investigated the antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer activities of ethyl acetate extract of the potent rhizospheric fungus Aspergillus niger AK6 (AK-6). A total of six fungal isolates were isolated, and isolate AK-6 was selected based on primary screening. Further, it exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The morphological and molecular characterization (18S rRNA) confirmed that the isolate AK-6 belonged to Aspergillus niger. Further, AK-6 showed potent antifungal activity with 47.2%, 59.4% and 64.1% of inhibition against Sclerotium rolfsii, Cercospora canescens and Fusarium sambucinum phytopathogens. FT-IR analysis displayed different biological functional groups. Consequently, the GC-MS analysis displayed bioactive compounds, namely, n-didehydrohexacarboxyl-2,4,5-trimethylpiperazine (23.82%), dibutyl phthalate (14.65%), e-5-heptadecanol (8.98%), and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol (8.60%), among the total of 15 compounds isolated. Further, the anticancer activity of AK-6 was exhibited against the MCF-7 cell line of human breast adenocarcinoma with an IC₅₀ value of 102.01 μg/mL. Furthermore, flow cytometry depicted 17.3%, 26.43%, and 3.16% of early and late apoptosis and necrosis in the AK-6 extarct treated MCF-7 cell line, respectively. The results of the present analysis suggest that the isolated Aspergillus niger strain AK-6 extract has the potential to be explored as a promising antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer drug for medical and agricultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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13 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Some Benzo[g]Quinazoline Derivatives as Antiviral Agents against Human Rotavirus Wa Strain: Biological Screening and Docking Study

by Hatem A. Abuelizz, Ahmed H. Bakheit, Mohamed Marzouk, Waled M. El-Senousy, Mohamed M. Abdellatif, Gamal A. E. Mostafa and Rashad Al-Salahi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(3), 2409-2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030156 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1850

Abstract

Globally, rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers; however, there are currently no agents available that are tailored to treat rotavirus infection in particular. Improved and widespread immunization programs are being implemented worldwide to reduce rotavirus [...] Read more.

Globally, rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers; however, there are currently no agents available that are tailored to treat rotavirus infection in particular. Improved and widespread immunization programs are being implemented worldwide to reduce rotavirus morbidity and mortality. Despite certain immunizations, there are no licensed antivirals that can attack rotavirus in hosts. Benzoquinazolines, chemical components synthesized in our laboratory, were developed as antiviral agents, and showed good activity against herpes simplex, coxsackievirus B4 and hepatitis A and C. In this research project, an in vitro investigation of the effectiveness of benzoquinazoline derivatives 1–16 against human rotavirus Wa strains was carried out. All compounds exhibited antiviral activity, however compounds 1–3, 9 and 16 showed the greatest activity (reduction percentages ranged from 50 to 66%). In-silico molecular docking of highly active compounds, which were selected after studying the biological activity of all investigated of benzo[g]quinazolines compounds, was implemented into the protein’s putative binding site to establish an optimal orientation for binding. As a result, compounds 1, 3, 9, and 16 are promising anti-rotavirus Wa strains that lead with Outer Capsid protein VP4 inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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12 pages, 1610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of ALDH1A3-Affinic Compounds on Breast and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines as Single Treatments and in Combination with Doxorubicin

by Osama H. Abusara, Ali I. M. Ibrahim, Hamzah Issa, Alaa M. Hammad and Worood H. Ismail

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(3), 2170-2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030139 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1316

Abstract

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes are involved in the growth and development of several tissues, including cancer cells. It has been reported that targeting the ALDH family, including the ALDH1A subfamily, enhances cancer treatment outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of ALDH1A3-affinic [...] Read more.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes are involved in the growth and development of several tissues, including cancer cells. It has been reported that targeting the ALDH family, including the ALDH1A subfamily, enhances cancer treatment outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of ALDH1A3-affinic compounds that have been recently discovered by our group, on breast (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines. These compounds were investigated on the selected cell lines as single treatments and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX). Results showed that the combination treatment experiments of the selective ALDH1A3 inhibitors (compounds 15 and 16) at variable concentrations with DOX resulted in significant increases in the cytotoxic effect on the MCF7 cell line for compound 15, and to a lesser extent for compound 16 on the PC-3 cell line, compared to DOX alone. The activity of compounds 15 and 16 as single treatments on all cell lines was found to be non-cytotoxic. Therefore, our findings showed that the investigated compounds have a promising potential to target cancer cells, possibly via an ALDH-related pathway, and sensitize them to DOX treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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23 pages, 13352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Phthalic-Based Anticancer Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity

by Elena Kalinichenko, Aliaksandr Faryna, Tatyana Bozhok, Anna Golyakovich and Alesya Panibrat

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(3), 1820-1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030117 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

In this work, fragments of isophthalic and terephthalic acids are proposed as a structural scaffold to develop potential inhibitors of protein kinases. Novel isophthalic and terephthalic acid derivatives were designed as type-2 protein kinase inhibitors, synthesized and subjected to physicochemical characterization. The screening [...] Read more.

In this work, fragments of isophthalic and terephthalic acids are proposed as a structural scaffold to develop potential inhibitors of protein kinases. Novel isophthalic and terephthalic acid derivatives were designed as type-2 protein kinase inhibitors, synthesized and subjected to physicochemical characterization. The screening of their cytotoxic actions against a panel of cell lines derived from different types of tumors (liver, renal, breast and lung carcinomas, as well as chronic myelogenous and promyelocytic leukemia) and normal human B lymphocyte, for the sake of comparison, was performed. Compound 5 showed the highest inhibitory activity against four cancer cell lines, K562, HL-60, MCF-7 and HepG2 (IC₅₀ = 3.42, 7.04, 4.91 and 8.84 µM, respectively). Isophthalic derivative 9 revealed a high potency against EGFR and HER2, at the levels of 90% and 64%, respectively, being comparable to lapatinib at 10 µM. In general, tumor cell cultures were more sensitive to isophthalic acid derivatives than to terephthalic acid ones. In cell cycle studies, isophthalic analogue 5 showed a pronounced dose-dependent effect, and with the increase in its concentration up to 10.0 µM, the number of living cells decreased to 38.66%, while necrosis reached 16.38%. The considered isophthalic compounds had a similar docking performance to that of sorafenib against the VEGFR-2 (PDB id: 4asd, 3wze). The correct binding of compounds 11 and 14 with VEGFR-2 was validated using MD simulations and MM-GPSA calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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11 pages, 3555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing

by Kai Hu, Yan Xu, Xiaoxiao Li, Pan Du, Yichi Lu and Guozhong Lyu

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(12), 5995-6005; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44120408 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1370

Abstract

The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate [...] Read more.

The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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12 pages, 2666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifibrosis Efficacy of Apo-9-Fucoxanthinone-Contained Sargassum horneri Ethanol Extract on Nasal Polyp: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Organ Culture Assay

by Mi-Jin Yim, Jeong Min Lee, Seok-Chun Ko, Hyun-Soo Kim, Ji-Yul Kim, Seong Kook Park, Dae-Sung Lee and Il-Whan Choi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44(11), 5815-5826; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44110395 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

Sargassum horneri is a seaweed species with diverse bioactivities. However, its antifibrotic effects during nasal polyp (NP) formation are not clearly understood. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of S. horneri on fibrosis progression in NP-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and NP tissues ex vivo. [...] Read more.

Sargassum horneri is a seaweed species with diverse bioactivities. However, its antifibrotic effects during nasal polyp (NP) formation are not clearly understood. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of S. horneri on fibrosis progression in NP-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) and NP tissues ex vivo. NPDFs were stimulated with TGF-β1 in the presence or absence of S. horneri ethanol extract (SHE). The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production levels, myofibroblast differentiation (α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA), and phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 and -ERK in TGF-β1-stimulated NPDFs were investigated using western blotting. Further, the contractile activity of SHE was assessed by performing a collagen gel contraction assay. The expression levels of collagen-1, fibronectin, and α-SMA were investigated in NP organ cultures treated with SHE. TGF-β1 stimulated ECM protein expression, myofibroblast differentiation, and collagen contractile activity while these were attenuated by pretreatment with SHE. We also found antifibrotic effect of SHE on ex vivo NP tissues. The antifibrotic effects of SHE were modulated through the attenuation of Smad 2/3 and ERK signaling pathways in TGF-β1-stimulated NPDFs. In conclusion, SHE inhibited ECM protein accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation during NP remodeling. Thus, SHE may be helpful as a treatment for NP recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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Review

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16 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pharmacological Significance of Heme Oxygenase 1 in Prostate Cancer

by Mohamed Ben-Eltriki, Erysa J. Gayle, Noah Walker and Subrata Deb

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(5), 4301-4316; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45050273 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a detoxifying antioxidant microsomal enzyme that regulates inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis in prostate cancer (PCa). This makes HO-1 a promising target for therapeutic prevention and treatment due to its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to control redox [...] Read more.

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a detoxifying antioxidant microsomal enzyme that regulates inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis in prostate cancer (PCa). This makes HO-1 a promising target for therapeutic prevention and treatment due to its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to control redox homeostasis. Clinical evidence highlights the possible correlation between HO-1 expression and PCa growth, aggressiveness, metastasized tumors, resistance to therapy, and poor clinical outcomes. Interestingly, studies have reported anticancer benefits mediated by both HO-1 induction and inhibition in PCa models. Contrasting evidence exists on the role of HO-1 in PCa progression and possible treatment targets. Herein, we provide an overview of available evidence on the clinical significance of HO-1 signaling in PCa. It appears that the beneficial effects of HO-1 induction or inhibition are dependent on whether it is a normal versus malignant cell as well as the intensity (major vs. minor) of the increase in HO-1 enzymatic activity. The current literature evidence indicates that HO-1 has dual effects in PCa. The amount of cellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) can determine the role of HO-1 in PCa. A major increase in ROS enforces HO-1 to a protective role. HO-1 overexpression may provide cryoprotection to normal cells against oxidative stress via suppressing the expression of proinflammatory genes, and thus offer therapeutic prevention. In contrast, a moderate increase in ROS can lead to the perpetrator role of HO-1, which is associated with PCa progression and metastasis. HO-1 inhibition by xenobiotics in DNA-damaged cells tilts the balance to promote apoptosis and inhibit PCa proliferation and metastasis. Overall, the totality of the evidence revealed that HO-1 may play a dual role in the therapeutic prevention and treatment of PCa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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36 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cannabis Pharmacogenomics: A Path to Personalized Medicine

by Mariana Babayeva and Zvi G. Loewy

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(4), 3479-3514; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040228 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3843

Abstract

Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and [...] Read more.

Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in many disorders. However, the individual therapeutic effects of cannabinoids and the incidence of side effects are still difficult to determine. Pharmacogenomics may provide the answers to many questions and concerns regarding the cannabis/cannabinoid treatment and help us to understand the variability in individual responses and associated risks. Pharmacogenomics research has made meaningful progress in identifying genetic variations that play a critical role in interpatient variability in response to cannabis. This review classifies the current knowledge of pharmacogenomics associated with medical marijuana and related compounds and can assist in improving the outcomes of cannabinoid therapy and to minimize the adverse effects of cannabis use. Specific examples of pharmacogenomics informing pharmacotherapy as a path to personalized medicine are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

13 pages, 3231 KiB

Open AccessReview

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets on the Level of DNA/mRNAs, Proteins and Metabolites: A Systematic Mapping Review of Scientific Texts’ Fragments from Open Targets

by Pavel V. Pogodin, Olga I. Kiseleva and Ekaterina V. Ilgisonis

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(4), 3406-3418; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45040223 - 13 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

Database records contain useful information, which is readily available, but, unfortunately, limited compared to the source (publications). Our study reviewed the text fragments supporting the association between the biological macromolecules and diseases from Open Targets to map them on the biological level of [...] Read more.

Database records contain useful information, which is readily available, but, unfortunately, limited compared to the source (publications). Our study reviewed the text fragments supporting the association between the biological macromolecules and diseases from Open Targets to map them on the biological level of study (DNA/RNA, proteins, metabolites). We screened records using a dictionary containing terms related to the selected levels of study, reviewed 600 hits manually and used machine learning to classify 31,260 text fragments. Our results indicate that association studies between diseases and macromolecules conducted on the level of DNA and RNA prevail, followed by the studies on the level of proteins and metabolites. We conclude that there is a clear need to translate the knowledge from the DNA/RNA level to the evidence on the level of proteins and metabolites. Since genes and their transcripts rarely act in the cell by themselves, more direct evidence may be of greater value for basic and applied research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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13 pages, 3522 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Biomaterials in Three-Dimensional Culturing of Cancer Cells

by Novia Hanasti, Lia Faridah, Azzania Fibriani, Hesti Lina Wiraswati, Diah Kusumawaty and Savira Ekawardhani

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(2), 1100-1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45020073 - 30 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1733

Abstract

Cell culture is an important tool in biological research. Most studies use 2D cell culture, but cells grown in 2D cell culture have drawbacks, including limited cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which make it inaccurate to model conditions in vivo. Anticancer drug screening [...] Read more.

Cell culture is an important tool in biological research. Most studies use 2D cell culture, but cells grown in 2D cell culture have drawbacks, including limited cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which make it inaccurate to model conditions in vivo. Anticancer drug screening is an important research and development process for developing new drugs. As an experiment to mimic the cancer environment in vivo, several studies have been carried out on 3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with added biomaterials. The use of hydrogel in 3D culture cells is currently developing. The type of hydrogel used might influence cell morphology, viability, and drug screening outcome. Therefore, this review discusses 3D cell culture research regarding the addition of biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Molecular Targets and Biological Activities)

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