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16 pages, 2120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Synthesis of a Magnetic Porous Imprinted Polymer by Polyol Method Coupled with Electrochemical Biomimetic Sensor for the Detection of Folate in Food Samples

by Sabir Khan, Ademar Wong, Michael Rychlik and María del Pilar Taboada Sotomayor

Chemosensors 2022, 10(11), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110473 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

The present study reports the development and application of a novel, sensitive, and selective voltammetric sensor for the quantitation of folate or vitamin B₉ in foodstuffs. The sensor was made from magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs), which were synthesized by the core–shell [...] Read more.

The present study reports the development and application of a novel, sensitive, and selective voltammetric sensor for the quantitation of folate or vitamin B₉ in foodstuffs. The sensor was made from magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs), which were synthesized by the core–shell method using magnetite nanoparticles obtained by the polyol method. The MMIP-based sensor was used for the selective and specific detection of folate in different food samples. The MMIP material was constructed using magnetic water-dispersible nanomaterial, which was prepared by immersing iron (III) acetylacetonate in tri-ethylene-glycol (TEG) solvent. The magnetic water-dispersible nanomaterial was then subjected to polymerization using allyl alcohol as a functional monomer, ethylene-glycol-dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linking agent, and 2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a radical initiator. The proposed magnetic materials were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. The quantification of folate was performed by square wave voltammetry under optimized conditions using 15 mg of MMIPs and 85 mg of carbon paste. The modified electrode presented a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 2.0–12 µmol L⁻¹ and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ in 0.1 mol L⁻¹ acetate buffer solution (pH 4.0). The proposed sensor was successfully applied for folate detection in different food samples, where recovery percentages ranging from 93 to 103% were obtained. Finally, the results obtained from the analysis of selectivity showed that the modified biomimetic sensor is highly efficient for folate determination in real food samples. Adsorption tests were used to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the MMIPs and magnetic non-molecularly imprinted polymer (MNIPs)—used as control material, through the application of HPLC as a standard method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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11 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ascorbic Acid-Imprinted Poly(o-phenylenediamine)/AuNPs@COF_TFPB-NBPDA for Electrochemical Sensing Ascorbic Acid

by Yaqin Chen, Xia Peng, Yonghai Song and Guangran Ma

Chemosensors 2022, 10(10), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100407 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

An electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane (MIP) was developed. The electrochemical sensor was prepared by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine (O-PD) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE), modified by AuNPs@covalent organic framework (COF) microspheres with ascorbic acid (AA) as [...] Read more.

An electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane (MIP) was developed. The electrochemical sensor was prepared by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine (O-PD) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE), modified by AuNPs@covalent organic framework (COF) microspheres with ascorbic acid (AA) as template molecule. First, ultrasmall polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AuNPs were prepared by a chemical reduction method. Then, 1,3,5-tri(p-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB) and N-boc-1,4-phenylene diamine (NBPDA) underwent an ammonaldehyde condensation reaction on PVP-coated AuNPs to form AuNPs@COF_TFPB-NBPDA microspheres. The porous spherical structure of AuNPs@ COF_TFPB-NBPDA could accelerate the mass transfer, enlarge the specific surface area, and enhance the catalytic activity of PVP-coated AuNPs. The electrochemical sensors, based on AuNPs@ COF_TFPB-NBPDA/GCE and nMIPs/AuNPs@COF_TFPB-NBPDA/GCE, were applied for the detection of AA, with a detection limit of 1.69 and 2.57 μM, as well as linear ranges of 5.07 to 60 mM and 7.81 to 60 mM. The nMIPs/AuNPs@COF_TFPB-NBPDA sensor had satisfactory stability, selectivity, and reproducibility for AA detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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15 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Molecularly Imprinted–Based Plasmonic Sensor for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples

by Semra Akgönüllü, Handan Yavuz and Adil Denizli

Chemosensors 2021, 9(12), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9120363 - 17 Dec 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3417

Abstract

Aflatoxins are a group of extremely toxic and carcinogenic substances generated by the mold of the genus Aspergillus that contaminate agricultural products. When dairy cows ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)−contaminated feeds, it is metabolized and transformed in the liver into a carcinogenic major form [...] Read more.

Aflatoxins are a group of extremely toxic and carcinogenic substances generated by the mold of the genus Aspergillus that contaminate agricultural products. When dairy cows ingest aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)−contaminated feeds, it is metabolized and transformed in the liver into a carcinogenic major form of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is eliminated through the milk. The detection of AFM1 in milk is very important to be able to guarantee food safety and quality. In recent years, sensors have emerged as a quick, low–cost, and reliable platform for the detection of aflatoxins. Plasmonic sensors with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can be interesting alternatives for the determination of AFM1. In this work, we designed a molecularly–imprinted–based plasmonic sensor to directly detect lower amounts of AFM1 in raw milk samples. For this purpose, we prepared gold–nanoparticle–(AuNP)−integrated polymer nanofilm on a gold plasmonic sensor chip coated with allyl mercaptan. N−methacryloyl−l−phenylalanine (MAPA) was chosen as a functional monomer. The MIP nanofilm was prepared using the light–initiated polymerization of MAPA and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of AFM1 as a template molecule. The developed method enabled the detection of AFM1 with a detection limit of 0.4 pg/mL and demonstrated good linearity (0.0003 ng/mL–20.0 ng/mL) under optimized experimental conditions. The AFM1 determination was performed in random dairy farmer milk samples. Using the analogous mycotoxins, it was also demonstrated that the plasmonic sensor platforms were specific to the detection of AFM1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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Review

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22 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Electrode Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Development of Electrochemical Sensor: Application to Pharmacy, Food Safety, Environmental Monitoring, and Biomedical Analysis

by Elias Bou-Maroun

Chemosensors 2023, 11(11), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11110548 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

This review aims to elucidate recent developments in electrochemical sensors that use functionalized carbon electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective detection of organic compounds in diverse fields including pharmacy, food safety, environmental monitoring of pollutants, and biomedical analysis. The main [...] Read more.

This review aims to elucidate recent developments in electrochemical sensors that use functionalized carbon electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective detection of organic compounds in diverse fields including pharmacy, food safety, environmental monitoring of pollutants, and biomedical analysis. The main targets include explosive compounds, dyes, antioxidants, disease biomarkers, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, allergens, pesticides, and viruses. Following a brief overview of the molecular imprinting principle, the most significant applications are explored. The selection of the functional monomer is subsequently discussed. Notably, various types of carbon electrodes are presented, with a particular emphasis on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The most commonly employed techniques for MIP deposition such as electropolymerization, drop casting, and chemical grafting are introduced and discussed. Electrochemical transduction techniques like cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are presented. Lastly, the review concludes by examining potential future directions and primary limitations concerning carbon electrodes modified with MIPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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24 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensors for the Determination of Environmental Water Contaminants: A Review

by Patrícia Rebelo, Isabel Seguro, Henri P. A. Nouws, Cristina Delerue-Matos and João G. Pacheco

Chemosensors 2023, 11(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060318 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1435

Abstract

The scarcity of clean water leads to the exploration of the possibility of using treated wastewater. However, monitoring campaigns have proven the presence of emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and personal care products, not only in trace amounts. Various analytical methodologies have [...] Read more.

The scarcity of clean water leads to the exploration of the possibility of using treated wastewater. However, monitoring campaigns have proven the presence of emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and personal care products, not only in trace amounts. Various analytical methodologies have been developed over the last years for the quantification of these compounds in environmental waters. Facing the need to achieve a higher sensitivity, fast response and practical use via miniaturization, the potential of plasmonic sensors has been explored. Through the introduction of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as recognition elements, MIP-based plasmonic sensors seem to be a good alternative for monitoring a wide range of analytes in water samples. This work attempts to provide a general overview of this form of sensor, which has been reported as being able to sense different contaminants in waters using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface-enhanced Raman-scattering (SERS) techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the fabrication/recognition procedure, including the preparation of MIPs and the use of metals and nanomaterials to increase the performance characteristics of the sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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22 pages, 3825 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensors as Nano-Transducers: An Effective Approach for Environmental Monitoring Applications

by Raphael D. Ayivi, Bukola O. Adesanmi, Eric S. McLamore, Jianjun Wei and Sherine O. Obare

Chemosensors 2023, 11(3), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030203 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted plasmonic nanosensors are robust devices capable of selective target interaction, and in some cases reaction catalysis. Recent advances in control of nanoscale structure have opened the door for development of a wide range of chemosensors for environmental monitoring. The soaring rate [...] Read more.

Molecularly imprinted plasmonic nanosensors are robust devices capable of selective target interaction, and in some cases reaction catalysis. Recent advances in control of nanoscale structure have opened the door for development of a wide range of chemosensors for environmental monitoring. The soaring rate of environmental pollution through human activities and its negative impact on the ecosystem demands an urgent interest in developing rapid and efficient techniques that can easily be deployed for in-field assessment and environmental monitoring purposes. Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) play a significant role for agricultural use; however, they also present environmental threats to human health due to their chemical toxicity. Plasmonic sensors are thus vital analytical detection tools that have been explored for many environmental applications and OPP detection due to their excellent properties such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid recognition capability. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have also significantly been recognized as a highly efficient, low-cost, and sensitive synthetic sensing technique that has been adopted for environmental monitoring of a wide array of environmental contaminants, specifically for very small molecule detection. In this review, the general concept of MIPs and their synthesis, a summary of OPPs and environmental pollution, plasmonic sensing with MIPs, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) MIP sensors, and nanomaterial-based sensors for environmental monitoring applications and OPP detection have been elucidated according to the recent literature. In addition, a conclusion and future perspectives section at the end summarizes the scope of molecularly imprinted plasmonic sensors for environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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20 pages, 5171 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress of Molecularly Imprinted Optical Sensors

by Xianzhi Huang, Ling Xia and Gongke Li

Chemosensors 2023, 11(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11030168 - 01 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1408

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely utilized in the field of sensing due to their specific and high affinity towards target molecules. Combining the selective preconcentration capability of MIPs and the rapid quantitation merit of optical analytical techniques, MIP optical sensors have [...] Read more.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely utilized in the field of sensing due to their specific and high affinity towards target molecules. Combining the selective preconcentration capability of MIPs and the rapid quantitation merit of optical analytical techniques, MIP optical sensors have been applied to the analysis of various kinds of samples and have received considerable attention in recent years. In this review, we overviewed the progress of MIP sensors in combination with various optical detection methods, including fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman scattering, and chemiluminescence. The construction, characterization, working principle, and application of four kinds of MIP optical sensors are covered in detail. Finally, the opportunities and challenges currently encountered by MIP optical sensors are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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22 pages, 6718 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)-Based Plasmonic Sensors

by Giancarla Alberti, Camilla Zanoni, Stefano Spina, Lisa Rita Magnaghi and Raffaela Biesuz

Chemosensors 2023, 11(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11020144 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2021

Abstract

In recent years, plasmonic sensors have been used in various fields ranging from environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, medical diagnosis, and food quality assessment to forensics. A significant amount of information on plasmonic sensors and their applications already exists and there is a continuing [...] Read more.

In recent years, plasmonic sensors have been used in various fields ranging from environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, medical diagnosis, and food quality assessment to forensics. A significant amount of information on plasmonic sensors and their applications already exists and there is a continuing development of reliable, selective, sensitive, and low-cost sensors. Combining molecularly imprinting technology with plasmonic sensors is an increasingly timely and important challenge to obtain portable, easy-to-use, particularly selective devices helpful in detecting analytes at the trace level. This review proposes an overview of the applications of molecularly imprinted plasmonic chemosensors and biosensors, critically discussing the performances, pros, and cons of the more recently developed devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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35 pages, 1642 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic-Based Sensors for Environmental Contaminants—Current State and Future Perspectives

by Tamara Lazarević-Pašti, Tamara Tasić, Vedran Milanković and Nebojša Potkonjak

Chemosensors 2023, 11(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010035 - 02 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

The increase of production and consumption persistently introduce different pollutants into the environment. The constant development and improvement of analytical methods for tracking environmental contaminants are essential. The demand for high sample throughput analysis has hit the spotlight for developing selective sensors to [...] Read more.

The increase of production and consumption persistently introduce different pollutants into the environment. The constant development and improvement of analytical methods for tracking environmental contaminants are essential. The demand for high sample throughput analysis has hit the spotlight for developing selective sensors to avoid time-consuming sample preparation techniques. In addition, the sensor’s sensitivity should satisfy the rigorous demands of harmful compound tracking. Molecularly imprinted plasmonic-based sensors are excellent candidates to overcome selectivity and sensitivity issues. Molecularly imprinted polymers are robust, stable in aqueous and organic solvents, stable at extreme pHs and temperatures, and include a low-cost synthesis procedure. Combined with plasmonic-based techniques, they are the perspective choice for applications in the field of environmental protection. Plasmonic-based sensors offer a lower limit of detection, a broad linearity range, high sensitivity, and high selectivity compared to other detection techniques. This review outlines the optical plasmonic detection of different environmental contaminants with molecularly imprinted polymers as sensing elements. The main focus is on the environmental pollutants affecting human and animal health, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, microorganisms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and metal particles. Although molecularly imprinted plasmonic-based sensors currently have their application mostly in the biomedical field, we are eager to point them out as a highly prospective solution for many environmental problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Plasmonic Sensor)

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