Research

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12 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensing of Vitamin D₃: A Comparative Use of Glassy Carbon and Unmodified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

by Fátima Daniela Gonçalves, José António Rodrigues and Rui Miguel Ramos

Chemosensors 2023, 11(12), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11120575 - 06 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1356

Abstract

This work presents the electrochemical determination of cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) in water-organic mixtures using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The electrocatalytic behavior of Vitamin D₃ on the surface of the working electrode produced a [...] Read more.

This work presents the electrochemical determination of cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) in water-organic mixtures using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The electrocatalytic behavior of Vitamin D₃ on the surface of the working electrode produced a well-defined oxidation peak at +0.95 V (vs. Ag|AgCl, 3.0 mol L⁻¹) and +0.7 V (vs. Ag-SPCE pseudo-reference electrode) for the GCE and SPCE, respectively, in 0.1 M LiClO₄ prepared in 50% ethanol. The nature of the organic solvent needed for the solubilization of Vitamin D₃ was evaluated, together with the concentration of the supporting electrolyte, the ratio of the water-organic mixture, the voltametric parameters for the cyclic voltammetry (CV), and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) analyses. Under the optimized conditions, a linear correlation between the anodic peak current and the concentration of Vitamin D₃ was obtained over the range of 0.47 to 123 µmol L⁻¹ and 59.4 to 1651 µmol L⁻¹ for the GCE and SPCE, respectively. The determined limits of detection (LOD) were 0.17 (GCE) and 19.4 µmol L⁻¹ (SPCE). The methodology was successfully applied to commercial supplement tablets of Vitamin D₃. Additionally, this work shows the possibility of using non-modified GCE and SPCE for routine analysis of Vitamin D₃. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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13 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Spent Coffee Grounds Hydrochar and Metal Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Detection of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water

by Francisco Contini Barreto, Erika Yukie Ito, Naelle Kita Mounienguet, Letícia Dal’ Evedove Soares, Jie Yang, Quan (Sophia) He and Ivana Cesarino

Chemosensors 2023, 11(11), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11110562 - 11 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1478

Abstract

This research describes the modification of a glassy carbon electrode with spent coffee grounds hydrochar (HDC) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCS) and bisphenol A (BPA). Scanning electron microscopy, EDS and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize [...] Read more.

This research describes the modification of a glassy carbon electrode with spent coffee grounds hydrochar (HDC) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCS) and bisphenol A (BPA). Scanning electron microscopy, EDS and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the nanocomposite. The analytical parameters were optimized and the sensing platform was applied for the determination of HCS and BPA using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). For HCS, the linear range was from 1.0 μmol L⁻¹ to 50 μmol L⁻¹, with an LOD and LOQ of 0.46 and 1.53 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. For BPA, the linear range was from 0.5 μmol L⁻¹ to 10 μmol L⁻¹, with an LOD and LOQ of 0.31 μmol L⁻¹ and 1.06 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. Finally, the developed electrochemical sensor was applied for the quantification of the emerging contaminants in natural water, with recoveries between 94.8% and 106.8% for HCS and 99.6% and 105.2% for BPA. Therefore, HDC-CuNPs demonstrated themselves to be a good alternative as a sustainable and cheaper material for application in electroanalyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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18 pages, 3341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Olfactory Evaluation of Geisha Coffee from Panama Using Electronic Nose

by Nohely Santamaría, Félix Meléndez, Patricia Arroyo, Patricia Calvo, Francisco Sánchez, Jesús Lozano and Ramiro Sánchez

Chemosensors 2023, 11(11), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11110559 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Geisha arabica coffee from Panama is featured in the world specialty coffee market. Its quality is assessed by sensory analysis with a panel of experts over several days. However, there is a risk of commercial fraud where cheaper coffees are mixed with pure [...] Read more.

Geisha arabica coffee from Panama is featured in the world specialty coffee market. Its quality is assessed by sensory analysis with a panel of experts over several days. However, there is a risk of commercial fraud where cheaper coffees are mixed with pure specialty coffees. For these reasons, having an electronic nose (EN) device proves advantageous in supporting the cupping panel. It allows a greater number of fragrance and aroma analyses to be conducted per day, providing more objective results. In this study, an experimental EN equipped with a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensor array was used. Olfactory evaluation of ground and infused Geisha coffee of different roast levels, brewing process, and purity was studied by EN, sensory analysis and chromatography. The sensory analysis perceived significant differences in fragrance and aromas in the light and dark roast levels of the samples. A total of 57 volatile organic compounds (VOC) were studied by gas chromatography. The EN data were analyzed chemometrically with principal component analysis (PCA) and predictive partial least squares (PLS). The data variances for two components were explained with values greater than 82%. The EN demonstrated its ability to differentiate the three levels of roasting, two production processes, and adulteration in the analyzed samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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13 pages, 8820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole-Based Sensor for the Detection of Methylene Blue

by Raimonda Boguzaite, Greta Pilvenyte, Vilma Ratautaite, Ernestas Brazys, Almira Ramanaviciene and Arunas Ramanavicius

Chemosensors 2023, 11(11), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11110549 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

This study is dedicated to molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensor development for methylene blue detection. The sensor was designed by molecular imprinting of polypyrrole with phenothiazine derivative methylene blue (MB) as a template molecule. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was deposited directly on the [...] Read more.

This study is dedicated to molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensor development for methylene blue detection. The sensor was designed by molecular imprinting of polypyrrole with phenothiazine derivative methylene blue (MB) as a template molecule. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was deposited directly on the surface of the indium tin oxide-coated glass electrode by potential cycling. Different deposition conditions, the layer’s durability, and thickness impact were analysed. The working electrodes were coated with molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted polymer layers. Potential pulse chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to study these layers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the surface morphology of the polymer layers. The change in optical absorption was used as an analytical tool to evaluate the capability of the MIP layer to adsorb MB. Selectivity was monitored by tracking the optical absorption changes in the presence of Azure A. In the case of MB adsorption, linearity was observed at all evaluated calibration plots in the concentration range from 0.1 μM to 10 mM. The novelty of this article is based on the methodology in the fabrication process of the sensors for MB, where MB retains its native (non-polymerised) form during the deposition of the MIP composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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19 pages, 17255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Oxidative Stress by Detection of H₂O₂ in Rye Samples Using a CuO- and Co₃O₄-Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Sensor

by Irena Mihailova, Marina Krasovska, Eriks Sledevskis, Vjaceslavs Gerbreders, Valdis Mizers and Andrejs Ogurcovs

Chemosensors 2023, 11(10), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11100532 - 10 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1236

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide is essential for biological processes and normally occurs in low concentrations in living organisms. However, exposure of plants to biotic and abiotic stressors can disrupt their defense mechanisms, resulting in oxidative stress with elevated H₂O₂ levels. This oxidative [...] Read more.

Hydrogen peroxide is essential for biological processes and normally occurs in low concentrations in living organisms. However, exposure of plants to biotic and abiotic stressors can disrupt their defense mechanisms, resulting in oxidative stress with elevated H₂O₂ levels. This oxidative stress can damage cell membranes, impair photosynthesis, and hinder crucial plant functions. The primary focus of this article is to investigate the effects of salt and herbicide stress factors on the growth of rye samples. For precise quantification of the released H₂O₂ concentration caused by these stress factors, a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor was developed, employing nanostructured CuO and Co₃O₄ oxides. Nanostructured electrodes exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity towards H₂O₂, making them suitable for detecting H₂O₂ in real samples with complex compositions. Rye samples exposed to NaCl- and glyphosate-induced stress demonstrated notable concentrations of released H₂O₂, displaying an increase of up to 30% compared to the control sample. Moreover, optical absorption measurements revealed a substantial decrease in chlorophyll concentration (up to 35% compared to the control group) in rye samples where elevated H₂O₂ levels were detected through electrochemical methods. These findings provide further evidence of the harmful effects of elevated H₂O₂ concentrations on plant vital functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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17 pages, 2870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ionophore-Based Nanosphere Emulsion Incorporating Ion-Exchanger for Picogram Potentiometric Determination of HCV Drug (Daclatasvir) in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Body Fluids

by Sayed S. Badawy, Yomna M. Ahmed, Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem and Ahmed Barhoum

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070385 - 09 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

Daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC) is a drug used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, an ionophore-based nanosphere emulsion was made of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as the oil phase that is dispersed in water using Pluronic F-127 as an emulsifying agent. [...] Read more.

Daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC) is a drug used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, an ionophore-based nanosphere emulsion was made of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as the oil phase that is dispersed in water using Pluronic F-127 as an emulsifying agent. The nanospheres, consisting of the oil phase TCP, were doped with sodium tetraphenyl borate (Na-TPB) as a cation-exchanger and dibenzo-18-Crown-6 (DB18C6) as an ionophore (chelating agent) for DAC. The nanosphere emulsion was employed as a titrant in the complexometric titration of DAC (the analyte), and the DAC-selective electrode (ISE) was used as an indicator electrode to detect the endpoint. In the sample solution, DAC²⁺ ions diffused into the emulsified nanospheres, replaced Na⁺ from the ion exchanger (Na-TPB), and bonded to the ionophore (DB18C6). The DAC-selective nanospheres were successfully utilized to determine DAC in various samples, including standard solutions, commercial tablets (Daclavirocyrl^®), serum, and urine. The method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 81.18 µg/mL to 81.18 pg/mL (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻¹⁰ M), achieved high recovery values ranging from 99.4% to 106.5%, and displayed excellent selectivity over similar interfering species (sofosbuvir and ledipasvir). The proposed method offers a new approach to determine the drug species (neutral, anionic, and cationic) without the requirement of water-soluble ligands or pH control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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19 pages, 4179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensing of Zinc Oxide and Peroxide Nanoparticles: Modification with Meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) Porphyrin

by Kailai Wang and Edward P. C. Lai

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070369 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1070

Abstract

An electrochemical method was developed to investigate the redox properties of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc peroxide (ZnO₂), and sodium-doped zinc peroxide (Na-ZnO₂) nanoparticles. The intention was to distinguish the identity of these nanoparticles among themselves, and from other transition [...] Read more.

An electrochemical method was developed to investigate the redox properties of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc peroxide (ZnO₂), and sodium-doped zinc peroxide (Na-ZnO₂) nanoparticles. The intention was to distinguish the identity of these nanoparticles among themselves, and from other transition metal oxide nanoparticles (TMONPs). Analysis of 3 mM sodium metabisulfite by cyclic voltammetry (CV) produced anodic/cathodic peak currents that are linearly related to the mass of deposited nanoparticles. A graphite working electrode was essential to the oxidation of metabisulfite. ZnO nanoparticles were crucial to the enhancement of metabisulfite oxidation current, and PPy coating could suppress the current enhancement by covering all nanoparticle surfaces. Furthermore, meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin was demonstrated to be a good chemical reagent that facilitates the differentiation of ZnO from ZnO₂ and nanoparticles by CV analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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18 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ascorbic Acid Sensing by Molecularly Imprinted Electrosynthesized Polymer (e-MIP) on Screen-Printed Electrodes

by Giancarla Alberti, Camilla Zanoni, Lisa Rita Magnaghi and Raffaela Biesuz

Chemosensors 2023, 11(6), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060348 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1389

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a cheap and rapid electrochemical sensor for ascorbic acid detection. In particular, the graphite ink working electrode of screen-printed cells was covered by a film of elecrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (e-MIP); differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the development of a cheap and rapid electrochemical sensor for ascorbic acid detection. In particular, the graphite ink working electrode of screen-printed cells was covered by a film of elecrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (e-MIP); differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was the selected method for the analyte detection. The ascorbic acid molecules were successfully entrapped in the polypyrrole film, creating the recognition sites. The best results were obtained after polypyrrole overoxidation and performing the measurements in phosphate buffer solution 0.05 M/KCl 0.1 M at pH 7.5. A comparison with the bare and the not-imprinted polypyrrole-modified electrodes showed that the e-MIP-based sensor had the highest selectivity and reproducibility. The developed method was applied to assess ascorbic acid in farmaceutical products, obtaining values not significantly different from the declared content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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19 pages, 4671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Redoxless Electrochemical Capacitance Spectroscopy for Investigating Surfactant Adsorption on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

by Tzong-Jih Cheng, Hsien-Yi Hsiao, Pei-Chia Tsai and Richie L. C. Chen

Chemosensors 2023, 11(6), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11060343 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive analytical method for surface and bulk properties. Classical EIS and derived electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS) with a redox couple are label-free approaches for biosensor development, but doubts arise regarding interpretability when a redox couple is employed [...] Read more.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive analytical method for surface and bulk properties. Classical EIS and derived electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS) with a redox couple are label-free approaches for biosensor development, but doubts arise regarding interpretability when a redox couple is employed (redox EIS) due to interactions between electroactive probes and interfacial charges or forced potential. Here, we demonstrated redoxless ECS for directly determining surfactant adsorption on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), validated through a simulation of equivalent circuits and the electrochemistry of electronic dummy cells. Redoxless ECS provides excellent capacitance plot loci for quantifying the interfacial permittivity of di-electric layers on electrode surfaces. Redoxless ECS was compared with redox EIS/ECS, revealing a favorable discrimination of interfacial capacitances under both low and high SDS coverage on SPCEs and demonstrating potential for probeless (reagentless) sensing. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied in an electrolyte without a redox couple and bare electrodes, obtaining a high performance for the adsorption of surfactants Tween-20, Triton-X100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and tetrapropylammonium bromide. This approach offers a simple and straightforward means for a semi-quantitative evaluation of small molecule interactions with electrode surfaces. Our proposed approach may serve as a starting point for future probeless (reagentless) and label-free biosensors based on electrochemistry, eliminating disturbance with surface charge properties and minimizing forced potential bias by avoiding redox couples. An unambiguous and quantitative determination of physicochemical properties of biochemically recognizable layers will be relevant for biosensor development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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Review

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26 pages, 10763 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Trend of Amperometric Gas Sensors Using Atomic Gold-Decorated Platinum/Polyaniline Composites

by Anifatul Faricha, Parthojit Chakraborty, Tso-Fu Mark Chang, Masato Sone and Takamichi Nakamoto

Chemosensors 2024, 12(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12020027 - 12 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1145

Abstract

The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, [...] Read more.

The Amperometric Gas Sensor (AGS) uses an electrode as the transducer element which converts its signal into a current from the electrochemical reaction of analytes taking place at the electrode surface. Many attempts to improve AGS performance, such as modifying the working electrode, applying a particular gas-permeable membrane, and selecting the proper electrolyte, etc., have been reported in the scientific literature. On the other hand, in the materials community, atomic gold has gained much attention because its physicochemical properties dramatically differ from those of gold nanoparticles. This paper provides an overview of the use of atomic gold in AGSs, both in a bulky AGS and a miniaturized AGS. In the miniaturized AGS, the system must be redesigned; for example, the aqueous electrolyte commonly used in a bulky AGS cannot be used due to volatility and fluidity issues. A Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) can be used to replace the aqueous electrolyte since it has negligible vapor pressure; thus, a thin film of RTIL can be realized in a miniaturized AGS. In this paper, we also explain the possibility of using RTIL for a miniaturized AGS by incorporating a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. Several RTILs coated onto modified electrodes used for isomeric gas measurement are presented. Based on the results, the bulky and miniaturized AGS with atomic gold exhibited a higher sensor response than the AGS without atomic gold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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24 pages, 933 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Trends in Biosensors for Quinolone Detection: A Comprehensive Review

by Fabian Thurner and Fatima AlZahra’a Alatraktchi

Chemosensors 2023, 11(9), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090493 - 06 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

Quinolones represent a vast family of antibiotics used extensively around the globe in human and veterinary medicine. Over the past decade, the field of biosensors for quinolone detection has experienced significant growth, thanks to the advancements in nanotechnology. These biosensors have emerged as [...] Read more.

Quinolones represent a vast family of antibiotics used extensively around the globe in human and veterinary medicine. Over the past decade, the field of biosensors for quinolone detection has experienced significant growth, thanks to the advancements in nanotechnology. These biosensors have emerged as a promising tool for fast and accurate point-of-care detection of quinolones. Although research efforts have proven that it is possible to detect quinolones in complex matrices and in relevant concentration ranges, the complexity of the sensor functionalization and the risk of limited reproducibility has hindered the transfer to real-life applications. This review holistically summarizes existing electrochemical quinolone sensors in comparison to optical and piezoelectric sensors and discusses the challenges that remain to be solved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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23 pages, 957 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Sensor for Food Monitoring Using Metal-Organic Framework Materials

by Batoul Hosseinzadeh and Maria Luz Rodriguez-Mendez

Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070357 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Feeding the world’s increasing inhabitants requires considerable quantities of food, whose quality is essential to personal and economic health. Food quality parameters are mandatory to control throughout the fresh produce supply chain to meet consumer requests. Until now, different analytical techniques have been [...] Read more.

Feeding the world’s increasing inhabitants requires considerable quantities of food, whose quality is essential to personal and economic health. Food quality parameters are mandatory to control throughout the fresh produce supply chain to meet consumer requests. Until now, different analytical techniques have been employed in food safety control. However, most of these are laboratory needed, expensive, and time-consuming. To address these obstacles, many researchers have concentrated on developing electrochemical sensors (ECSs) as a powerful method with great sensitivity and reliability for food evaluation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with surprisingly porous morphology provide uniform yet tunable features, a high specific surface, and established practical applications in various fields. MOF-based ECSs present novel routes for the fast and effective detection of food contaminants or nutrients. In this current review, we concentrate on the MOF-based ECSs for food evaluation by first overviewing the library of available MOF sensors from pristine to MOF-bio composites and then exploiting recent application fields, with an emphasis on how this novel material unlocks new opportunities to monitor food nutrients or hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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27 pages, 7745 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chemical Sensor Based on Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review of the Modular Design Strategy

by Zequan Zhao, Qiliang Zhu, Yin Lu, Yajun Mi, Xia Cao and Ning Wang

Chemosensors 2023, 11(5), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11050304 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators (P-TENGs) have emerged as promising technologies for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, with potential applications in self-powered wearable and environmental monitoring devices. Modular design in P-TENGs, characterized by the flexible assembly and customization of device components, enables the [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators (P-TENGs) have emerged as promising technologies for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, with potential applications in self-powered wearable and environmental monitoring devices. Modular design in P-TENGs, characterized by the flexible assembly and customization of device components, enables the development of sustainable and versatile chemical sensors. In this review, we focus on the role of modularity in P-TENG-based chemical sensing, discussing how it enhances design flexibility, sensing versatility, scalability, and integration with other technologies. We explore the various strategies for functionalizing P-TENGs with specific recognition elements, facilitating selective and sensitive detection of target chemicals such as gases, biochemicals, or biomolecules. Furthermore, we examine the integration of modular P-TENGs with energy storage devices, signal conditioning circuits, and wireless communication modules, highlighting the potential for creating advanced, self-powered sensing systems. Finally, we address the challenges and future directions in the development of modular P-TENG-based chemical sensors (PCS and TCS), emphasizing the importance of improving selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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32 pages, 4349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Sensors Based on Organic, Inorganic, and Hybrid Materials: A Review

by Isabela Jasper, Tatiana Lima Valério, Vanessa Klobukoski, Camila Melo Pesqueira, Jonas Massaneiro, Luan Pereira Camargo, Luiz Henrique Dall’ Antonia and Marcio Vidotti

Chemosensors 2023, 11(5), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11050261 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors present a wide range of interesting applications in the areas of environmental, industrial, and chemical analysis. This review presents an overview of two types of sensors: electrocatalytic ones, which involve oxidation and reduction reactions through electron transfer, and photoelectrocatalytic ones, which [...] Read more.

Electrochemical sensors present a wide range of interesting applications in the areas of environmental, industrial, and chemical analysis. This review presents an overview of two types of sensors: electrocatalytic ones, which involve oxidation and reduction reactions through electron transfer, and photoelectrocatalytic ones, which involve a current response due to the incidence of light and redox reactions. Another point discussed was how these sensors’ detection capacity and behavior can be affected by several factors related to the material used to make the electrode. In this way, inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials were compared in electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic sensors. The use of inorganic materials is interesting due to the fact of their abundance, low cost, and good electroactivity. Among organics, conductive polymers and carbonaceous materials are often cited due to the fact of their conductivity and their different possibilities for synthesis, being possible to mold their shape. Finally, hybrid materials unite these two classes, presenting different properties not found in a single substance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section ‘Electrochemical Devices and Sensors’)

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