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Cells
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The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response
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The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 8695

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Boris Chernyak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Interests: mitochondria; bioenergetics; cell death; inflammation
Prof. Dr. Galina F. Sud’ina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 1, Building 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Interests: neutrophils; phagocytosis; reactive oxygen species (ROS); leukotrienes; swarming
Dr. Maria A. Chelombitko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: mast cell; mitochondria; antioxidants; inflammation; allergy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Granulocytes are cells in the innate immune system characterized by the presence of specific granules in their cytoplasm. Granulocytes originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells residing in the bone marrow through the myeloid differentiation arm. Multiple intermediate cell types are involved in this differentiation process, including myeloblasts and promyelocytes. All myeloblastic granulocytes are polymorphonuclear and are referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL). The most abundant of the granulocytes are neutrophils, whose main function is to attack bacterial pathogens. Other cell types include eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells, which are primarily involved in allergic reactions. Granulocytes orchestrate the inflammatory process, an integral protective response against infection and injury.

This Special Issue focuses on the role of granulocytes as a component of the innate immune system in health and disease. We aim to cover different areas of research with a particular emphasis on the formation of extracellular traps (NETs) and the collective behavior of neutrophils (swarming). We also hope to attract research on the role of mitochondria in granulocyte function.

The title of the Special Issue is provisional and subject to change based on contributions from the authors.

Both comprehensive reviews and original articles are welcome. We look forward to your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Boris Chernyak
Prof. Dr. Galina F. Sud’ina
Dr. Maria A. Chelombitko
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 14436 KiB  
Article
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Drive Dacryolithiasis
by Leticija Zlatar, Thomas Timm, Günter Lochnit, Rostyslav Bilyy, Tobias Bäuerle, Marco Munoz-Becerra, Georg Schett, Jasmin Knopf, Jens Heichel, Mohammad Javed Ali, Mirco Schapher, Friedrich Paulsen and Martin Herrmann
Cells 2023, 12(14), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12141857 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1115
Abstract
Mucopeptide concretions, previously called dacryoliths, are macroscopic stones that commonly obstruct the lacrimal sac. The mechanism behind dacryolithiasis remains unclear; however, the involvement of various immune cells, including neutrophils, has been confirmed. These findings remain limited, and no information on neutrophil extracellular traps [...] Read more.
Mucopeptide concretions, previously called dacryoliths, are macroscopic stones that commonly obstruct the lacrimal sac. The mechanism behind dacryolithiasis remains unclear; however, the involvement of various immune cells, including neutrophils, has been confirmed. These findings remain limited, and no information on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), essentially involved in the pathogenesis of other lithiases, is available yet. Here, we employ microcomputed tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, histochemistry, mass spectrometry, and enzyme activity analyses to investigate the role of neutrophils and NETs in dacryolithiasis. We classify mucopeptide concretions into three types, with respect to the quantity of cellular and acellular material, polysaccharides, and mucosubstances. We propose the role of neutrophils and NETs within the existing model of gradual formation and growth of mucopeptide concretions, with neutrophils contributing to the initial stages of dacryolithiasis, as they localized on the inner (older) parts of the tissue. As NETs localized on the outer (newer) parts of the tissue, we link their role to the late stages of dacryolithiasis, presumably maintaining the proinflammatory environment and preventing efficient clearance. An abundance of IgG on the surface indicates the involvement of the adaptive immune system later as well. These findings bring new perspectives on dacryolithiasis, in which the innate and adaptive immune system are essentially involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response)
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Review

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21 pages, 1608 KiB  
Review
Role of Mitochondria in the Regulation of Effector Functions of Granulocytes
by Nina V. Vorobjeva, Maria A. Chelombitko, Galina F. Sud’ina, Roman A. Zinovkin and Boris V. Chernyak
Cells 2023, 12(18), 2210; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12182210 - 05 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1231
Abstract
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in [...] Read more.
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps. Although all granulocytes are primarily glycolytic and have only a small number of mitochondria, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in all effector functions as well as in the production of cytokines and lipid mediators and in apoptosis. It has been shown that the production of mitochondrial ROS controls signaling pathways that mediate the activation of granulocytes by various stimuli. In this review, we will briefly discuss the data on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of effector and other functions of granulocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response)
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24 pages, 3246 KiB  
Review
The Role of Cytokines in Neutrophil Development, Tissue Homing, Function and Plasticity in Health and Disease
by Maria Tsioumpekou, Daniëlle Krijgsman, Jeanette H. W. Leusen and Patricia A. Olofsen
Cells 2023, 12(15), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12151981 - 31 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4014
Abstract
Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells and comprise 50–70% of the white blood cell population under homeostatic conditions. Upon infection and in cancer, blood neutrophil numbers significantly increase because of the secretion of various chemo- and cytokines by, e.g., leukocytes, pericytes, fibroblasts and [...] Read more.
Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells and comprise 50–70% of the white blood cell population under homeostatic conditions. Upon infection and in cancer, blood neutrophil numbers significantly increase because of the secretion of various chemo- and cytokines by, e.g., leukocytes, pericytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells present in the inflamed tissue or in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The function of neutrophils in cancer has recently gained considerable attention, as they can exert both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions, dependent on the cytokine milieu present in the TME. Here, we review the effect of cytokines on neutrophil development, tissue homing, function and plasticity in cancer and autoimmune diseases as well as under physiological conditions in the bone marrow, bloodstream and various organs like the spleen, kidney, liver, lung and lymph nodes. In addition, we address several promising therapeutic options, such as cytokine therapy, immunocytokines and immunotherapy, which aim to exploit the anti-tumorigenic potential of neutrophils in cancer treatment or block excessive neutrophil-mediated inflammation in autoimmune diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response)
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15 pages, 1843 KiB  
Review
The Inflammatory Contribution of B-Lymphocytes and Neutrophils in Progression to Osteoporosis
by Drew Frase, Chi Lee, Chidambaram Nachiappan, Richa Gupta and Adil Akkouch
Cells 2023, 12(13), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12131744 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1768
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by structural deterioration and low bone mass, leading to fractures and significant health complications. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which B-lymphocytes and neutrophils contribute to the development of osteoporosis and potential therapeutics targeting these [...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by structural deterioration and low bone mass, leading to fractures and significant health complications. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which B-lymphocytes and neutrophils contribute to the development of osteoporosis and potential therapeutics targeting these immune mediators to reduce the proinflammatory milieu. B-lymphocytes—typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity—have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-β1 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. Neutrophils, the body’s most prevalent leukocyte, also contribute to the proinflammatory environment that leads to osteoporotic bone remodeling. In aged individuals, neutrophils display reduced chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Understanding the delicate interplay between B-lymphocytes and neutrophils in the context of impaired bone metabolism is crucial for targeted therapies for osteoporosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Granulocytes in Immune Response)
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