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Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction

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A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 17648

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Dr. Chuande Huang

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Guest Editor

CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; chemical looping; solar thermochemical application; C1 chemistry; H2O splitting; perovskite oxides

Dr. Bo Jiang

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: hydrogen energy; heterogeneous catalysis; thermocatalysis; chemical reaction engineering
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Dr. Xin Tian

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: Chemical looping combustion and selective oxidation techniques; CO2 valorization; gas-solid reaction kinetics

Dr. Jiawei Hu

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Guest Editor

Center for Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 100 Haike Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201210, China
Interests: chemical looping; CH₄ reforming; CO₂ reduction; integrated CO₂ capture and utilization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chemical looping technology has emerged as a versatile and effective platform for energy storage and the production of value-added chemicals. The closed reaction cycle composed of multiple redox processes can potentially lower the reaction barrier, improve the yield of chemicals, and help to avoid some complicated separation processes. Recent years have seen great progress in the utilization of such technology in various reactions, including power generation, hydrocarbon conversion, ammonia synthesis, H2O/CO2 splitting, and so on. Additionally, numerous efforts have also been dedicated to reactor design, process engineering, and numerical simulations. In view of the prosperity in the area, this Special issue will focus on recent advances in redox materials, kinetics, mechanism, reactor design, and process analysis for chemical looping applications. Original research papers, review articles, and short communications are all welcome to this Special Issue.

Dr. Chuande Huang
Dr. Bo Jiang
Dr. Xin Tian
Dr. Jiawei Hu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

chemical looping combustion
water splitting and CO2 splitting
ammonia synthesis
reforming of methane
hydrogenation/dehydrogenation
oxidative coupling
carbonate looping
air separation

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emissions Reductions

by Chuande Huang

Catalysts 2024, 14(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14020122 - 03 Feb 2024

Viewed by 945

Abstract

Chemical looping (CL) technology, initially developed as an advanced combustion method, has been widely applied in various processes, including the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons (e [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

Research

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17 pages, 4797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Looping Oxidative Coupling of Methane through Synergy between Metal-Loaded Dielectric Particles and Non-Thermal Plasma

by Shunshun Kang, Jinlin Deng, Xiaobo Wang, Kun Zhao, Min Zheng, Da Song, Zhen Huang, Yan Lin, Anqi Liu, Anqing Zheng and Zengli Zhao

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030557 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1472

Abstract

A plasma–catalyst hybrid system has been developed for the direct conversion of methane to C₂₊ hydrocarbons in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. TiO₂ presented the highest C₂₊ yield of 11.63% among different dielectric materials when integrated with DBD plasma, which made us concentrate on the TiO₂-based catalyst. It was demonstrated that MnTi catalyst showed the best methane coupling performance of 27.29% C₂₊ yield with 150 V applied voltage, without additional thermal input. The catalytic performance of MnTi catalyst under various operation parameters was further carried out, and different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and H₂-temperature-programmed reduction were used to explore the effect of Mn loading on methane oxidative coupling (OCM) performance. The results showed that applied voltage and flow rate had a significant effect on methane activation. The dielectric particles of TiO₂ loaded with Mn not only synergistically affected the coupling reaction, but also facilitated charge deposition to generate a strong local electric field to activate methane. The synergy effects boosted the OCM performance and the C₂₊ yield became 1.25 times higher than that of the undoped TiO₂ under identical operating conditions in plasma, which was almost impossible to occur even at 850 °C on the MnTi catalyst in the absence of plasma. Moreover, the reaction activity of the catalyst was fully recovered by plasma regeneration at 300 °C and maintained its stability in for at least 30 consecutive cyclic redox tests. This work presents a new opportunity for efficient methane conversion to produce C₂₊ at low temperatures by plasma assistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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14 pages, 5573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ce-Doped LaMnO₃ Redox Catalysts for Chemical Looping Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane

by Jingwei Wang, Xiaocen Liang, Zifan Xing, Haitao Chen, Yang Li, Da Song and Fang He

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010131 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

As a novel reaction mode of oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene, the chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) of ethane to ethylene has attracted much attention. Instead of using gaseous oxygen, CL-ODH uses lattice oxygen in an oxygen carrier or redox catalyst to facilitate the ODH reaction. In this paper, a perovskite type redox catalyst LaMnO_3+δ was used as a substrate, Ce³⁺ with different proportions was introduced into its A site, and its CL-ODH reaction performance for ethane was studied. The results showed that the ratio of Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ on the surface of Ce-modified samples decreased significantly, and the lattice oxygen species in the bulk phase increased; these were the main reasons for improving ethylene selectivity. La_0.7Ce_0.3MnO₃ showed the best performance during the ODH reaction and showed good stability in twenty redox cycle tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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19 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Limestone Calcination Kinetics in Microfluidized Bed Thermogravimetric Analysis (MFB-TGA) for Calcium Looping

by Dan Li, Yang Wang and Zhenshan Li

Catalysts 2022, 12(12), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121661 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

Limestone calcination is an important part of calcium looping (CaL) technology and is critical to the design and operation optimization of fluidized bed reactors. However, obtaining a method of measuring the fast calcination kinetics in a fluidizing environment with isothermal conditions is still a challenge in the field of calcium looping. We address this challenge in this work and develop a new method of obtaining limestone calcination kinetics by injecting limestone particles into the hot fluidizing sands in a microfluidized bed thermogravimetric analysis (MFB-TGA) with a mass measurement resolution of 1 mg. The calcination characteristics of limestone are investigated at different particle sizes (150–1250 μm), temperatures (750–920 °C), and CO₂ concentrations (0–30 vol.%). The experimental data measured from MFB-TGA were analyzed using a detailed model including surface reaction and intraparticle and external diffusion. The results show that the kinetics of limestone calcination measured by MFB-TGA are faster than those measured via regular TGA. This particle-injecting method of MFB-TGA provides a new experimental idea for measuring fast calcination kinetics occurring inside fluidized bed reactors and provides guidance on the application of CaL technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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10 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Sustainable Aromatic Production from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of 2-Methylfuran over Metal-Modified ZSM-5

by Shengpeng Xia, Chenyang Wang, Yu Chen, Shunshun Kang, Kun Zhao, Anqing Zheng, Zengli Zhao and Haibin Li

Catalysts 2022, 12(11), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12111483 - 20 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

The catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of bio-derived furans offers a promising approach for sustainable aromatic production. ZSM-5 modified by different metal species (Zn, Mo, Fe, and Ga) was employed in the CFP of bio-derived furans for enhancing aromatic production. The effects of metal species, metal loadings, and the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the product distributions from the CFP of 2-methylfuran (MF) were systemically investigated. It is found that the introduction of Zn, Mo, Fe, and Ga on ZSM-5 significantly increases the MF conversion and aromatic yields. The maximum MF conversions of 75.49 and 69.03% are obtained, respectively, by Fe-ZSM-5 and Ga-ZSM-5, which boost the aromatic yield by 34.5 and 42.7% compared to ZSM-5. The optimal loading of Fe on ZSM-5 is 2%. Additionally, the highest aromatic yield of 40.03% is achieved by 2%Fe-ZSM-5 at a WHSV of 2 h⁻¹. The catalyst characterization demonstrates that the synergistic effect of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in Fe-ZSM-5 is responsible for achieving the efficient aromatization of MF. The key to designing improved zeolite catalysts for MF aromatization is the introduction of large numbers of new Lewis acid sites without a significant loss of Brønsted acid sites in ZSM-5. These findings can provide guidelines for the rational design of better zeolite catalysts used in the CFP of biomass and its derived furans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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20 pages, 11202 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Migration Mechanism of Lattice Oxygen: Conversion of CO₂ to CO Using NiFe₂O₄ Spinel Oxygen Carrier in Chemical Looping Reactions

by Da Song, Yan Lin, Kun Zhao, Zhen Huang, Fang He and Ya Xiong

Catalysts 2022, 12(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101181 - 06 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

CO₂ resourceful utilization contributes to the goal of carbon neutrality. Chemical Looping Dry Reforming (CLDR) has attracted significant attention as a method for converting CO₂ to CO. NiFe₂O₄ oxygen carrier (OC) is found to be a potential material for CLDR. However, the migration process of lattice oxygen, which are critical for the conversion of CO₂ to CO, was not extensively investigated. In this study, the reduction and oxidation degrees of the NiFe₂O₄ were finely modulated in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The lattice oxygen migration mechanism of the NiFe₂O₄ in redox cycles was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and in-situ Raman. The novelty of this paper is clarifying the release-uptake paths of lattice oxygen during CO₂ resourceful utilization. The result indicates that the concentration gradient between the surface and the bulk drives the diffusion of lattice oxygen. The stabilization of surface lattice oxygen content is attributed to the rapid migration of O anion, which is closely associated with the movement process of Ni particles inward and outward through the spinel bulk. In addition, a highly reactive chemical reaction interface consisting of lattice oxygen and the corresponding metal atoms is always present on the surface of the oxygen carrier and is confirmed by an in-situ Raman and XPS during the whole process of CLDR. The results of this paper offer reference and basis for further development and design of CLDR using spinel OC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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13 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Removal of Benzene as a Biomass Tar Model Compound Employing Hematite Oxygen Carrier

by Zhen Huang, Yonghao Wang, Nanhang Dong, Da Song, Yan Lin, Lisheng Deng and Hongyu Huang

Catalysts 2022, 12(10), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101088 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1461

Abstract

Tar is an unavoidable biomass gasification byproduct. Tar formation reduces gasification efficiency and limits the further application of biomass gasification technology. Hence, efficient tar removal is a major problem to be solved in the formation and application of biomass gasification technology. Chemical looping gasification (CLG), a novel and promising gasification technology has attracted extensive attention owing to its low tar generation. Active oxygen carriers (OCs), the reduced OC in CLG, are considered to be excellent catalysts for tar cracking. In this study, the use of benzene as a typical tar model compound for tar removal using the iron ore OC is investigated. In the blank experiment, where an inert material (SiO₂) is used as the carrier, the benzene cracking is relatively low, and the benzene conversion, H₂ yield, and carbon conversion are 53.65%, 6.33%, and 1.24%, respectively. The addition of hematite promotes benzene cracking. A large amount of oxygen-containing gases (CO and CO₂) are generated. Additionally, the conversion degrees for benzene, H₂ and carbon are about 67.75%, 21.55%, and 38.39%, respectively. These results indicate that hematite performs both oxidation and catalysis during benzene cracking. The extension of the residence time facilitates benzene removal, owing to the good interaction between the gas phase and solid phase. The addition of water vapor inhibits the benzene conversion and promotes the conversion of carbon deposition. The lattice oxygen reactivity of hematite OC shows an uptrend as the cycle number is increased during the benzene conversion cycle. The experimental results confirm that CLG has a low-tar advantage and that hematite is an effective OC for benzene removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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16 pages, 5216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Theoretical Study of the Oxygen Release Mechanisms of a Cu-Based Oxygen Carrier during Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling

by Minjun Wang, Shixiong Zhang, Ming Xia and Mengke Wang

Catalysts 2022, 12(3), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12030332 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

The Cu-based oxygen carrier is a promising material in the chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) process, while its performance in the CLOU is significantly dependent on the oxygen release properties. However, the study of oxygen release mechanisms in CLOU is not comprehensive enough. In this work, the detailed oxygen release mechanisms of CuO(110) and CuO(111) are researched at an atomic level using the density functional theory (DFT) method, including the formation of O₂, the desorption of O₂ and the diffusion of O anion, as well as the analysis of the density of states. The results show that (1) the most favorable pathway for O₂ formation and desorption occurs on the CuO(110) surface of O-terminated with energy barriers of 1.89 eV and 3.22 eV, respectively; (2) the most favorable pathway for O anion diffusion occurs in the CuO(110) slab with the lowest energy barrier of 0.24 eV; and (3) the total density of states for the O atoms in the CuO(110) slab shifts to a lower energy after an O vacancy formation. All of the above results clearly demonstrate that the CuO(110) surface plays a significantly important role in the oxygen release reaction, and the oxygen vacancy defect should be conducive to the reactivity of oxygen release in a Cu-based oxygen carrier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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18 pages, 4836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reactivity Study of Bimetallic Fe-Mn Oxides with Addition of TiO₂ for Chemical Looping Combustion Purposes

by Ewelina Ksepko and Rafal Lysowski

Catalysts 2021, 11(12), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11121437 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

The objective of the research was to prepare Mn-based materials for use as oxygen carriers and investigate their reactivity in terms of their applicability to energy systems. The family of Fe₂O₃-MnO₂ with the addition of TiO₂ was prepared by mechanical mixing method and calcination. Five samples with addition of Fe₂O₃ (20, 30, 35, and 50 wt.%) to MnO₂ (65, 55, 50, 35, and 85 wt.%) with constant amount of inert TiO₂ (15 wt.%) were prepared. The performance of TiO₂ supported Fe-Mn oxides oxygen carriers with hydrogen/air in an innovative combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC) was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for reactivity studies within a wide temperature range (800–1000 °C). Comprehensive characterization contained multipurpose techniques for newly synthesized materials. Moreover, post-reaction experiments considered morphology analysis by SEM, mechanical strength testing by dynamometry, and crystal phase study by XRD. Based on wide-ranging testing, the F50M35 sample was indicated as the most promising for gaseous fuel combustion via CLC at 850–900 °C temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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Review

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29 pages, 7264 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances of Oxygen Carriers for Hydrogen Production via Chemical Looping Water-Splitting

by Wenxi Chang, Yue Hu, Weibin Xu, Chuande Huang, Haonan Chen, Jiahui He, Yujia Han, Yanyan Zhu, Xiaoxun Ma and Xiaodong Wang

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020279 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2583

Abstract

Hydrogen is an important green energy source and chemical raw material for various industrial processes. At present, the major technique of hydrogen production is steam methane reforming (SMR), which suffers from high energy penalties and enormous CO₂ emissions. As an alternative, chemical looping water-splitting (CLWS) technology represents an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly method for hydrogen production. The key to CLWS lies in the selection of suitable oxygen carriers (OCs) that hold outstanding sintering resistance, structural reversibility, and capability to release lattice oxygen and deoxygenate the steam for hydrogen generation. Described herein are the recent advances in designing OCs, including simple metal oxides (e.g., Fe, Zn, Ce, and Ti-based metal oxides) and composite metal oxides (e.g., perovskite, spinel, and garnets), for different CLWS processes with emphasis on the crucial parameters that determine their redox performance and future challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts in Chemical Looping Technology for Energy Storage and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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