Research

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20 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Different Synthesized CuFe-MOFs: Application for Dye, Drugs, and Pathogen Removal

by Antia Fdez-Sanromán, Bárbara Lomba-Fernández, Marta Pazos, Emilio Rosales and Angeles Sanromán

Catalysts 2023, 13(5), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13050820 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1486

In this study, three CuFe-MOFs were successfully synthesized by a solvothermal process by changing the ratio of solvents, salts, or temperature. These MOFs named CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_R, CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_S, and CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_D showed rod-shaped, spindle-like, and [...] Read more.

In this study, three CuFe-MOFs were successfully synthesized by a solvothermal process by changing the ratio of solvents, salts, or temperature. These MOFs named CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_R, CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_S, and CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_D showed rod-shaped, spindle-like, and diamond-like structures, respectively. The CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_D and CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_S were found to exhibit an improved PMS activation for Rhodamine B removal attaining levels around 92%. Their effective removal capability was investigated as a function of the pH, catalyst dosage, and the effect of the application of UV radiation. The best degradation system was photo-assisted activation of PMS when CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_D and CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_S were used. Under these conditions, the degradation of a mixture of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs (sulfamethoxazole and antipyrine) was evaluated with the results revealing the total degradation of both drugs after 1 h. A higher antibacterial activity was attained with the system CuFe(BDC-NH₂)_R/PMS due to the high copper content with respect to the others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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15 pages, 10361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Mn-Doped Co₃O₄ Catalysts by an Eco-Friendly Solid-State Method for Catalytic Combustion of Low-Concentration Methane

by Linshuang Xue, Chenyi Yuan, Shipeng Wu, Zhen Huang, Zhen Yan, Stéphane Streiff, Hualong Xu and Wei Shen

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030529 - 05 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1850

Abstract

Coalbed methane is a significant source of methane in the atmosphere, which is a potent greenhouse gas with a considerable contribution to global warming, thus it is of great importance to remove methane in coalbed gas before the emission. Exploring the economical non-noble [...] Read more.

Coalbed methane is a significant source of methane in the atmosphere, which is a potent greenhouse gas with a considerable contribution to global warming, thus it is of great importance to remove methane in coalbed gas before the emission. Exploring the economical non-noble metal catalysts for catalytic methane combustion (CMC) has been a wide concern to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by the emitted low-concentration methane. Herein, a series of Mn-doped Co₃O₄ catalysts have been synthesized by the environmentally friendly solid-state method. As a result, the Mn_0.05Co₁ catalyst performed the best CMC activity (T₉₀ = 370 °C) and good moisture tolerance (3 vol% steam). The introduction of an appropriate amount of manganese conduced Co₃O₄ lattice distortion and transformed Co³⁺ to Co²⁺, thus producing more active oxygen vacancies. Mn_0.05Co₁ exhibited better reducibility and oxygen mobility. In situ studies revealed that methane was adsorbed and oxidized much easier on Mn_0.05Co₁, which is the crucial reason for its superior catalytic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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24 pages, 4487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction to CH₄ and Dye Degradation Using Bismuth Oxychloride/Bismuth Oxyiodide/Graphitic Carbon Nitride (BiO_mCl_n/BiO_pI_q/g-C₃N₄) Nanocomposite with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity

by Yong-Ming Dai, Wu-Tsan Wu, Yu-Yun Lin, Hsiao-Li Wu, Szu-Han Chen, Jih-Mirn Jehng, Jia-Hao Lin, Fu-Yu Liu and Chiing-Chang Chen

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030522 - 03 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

The use of visible-light-driven photocatalysts in wastewater treatment, photoreduction of CO₂, green solar fuels, and solar cells has elicited substantial research attention. Bismuth oxyhalide and its derivatives are a group of visible-light photocatalysts that can diminish electron–hole recombination in layered structures [...] Read more.

The use of visible-light-driven photocatalysts in wastewater treatment, photoreduction of CO₂, green solar fuels, and solar cells has elicited substantial research attention. Bismuth oxyhalide and its derivatives are a group of visible-light photocatalysts that can diminish electron–hole recombination in layered structures and boost photocatalytic activity. The energy bandgap of these photocatalysts lies in the range of visible light. A simple hydrothermal method was applied to fabricate a series of bismuth oxychloride/bismuth oxyiodide/grafted graphitic carbon nitride (BiO_mCl_n/BiO_pI_q/g-C₃N₄) sheets with different contents of g-C₃N₄. The fabricated sheets were characterized through XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS, XPS, UV-vis DRS, PL, and BET. The conversion efficiency of CO₂ reduction to CH₄ of BiO_mCl_n/BiO_pI_q of 4.09 μmol g⁻¹ can be increased to 39.43 μmol g⁻¹ by compositing with g-C₃N₄. It had an approximately 9.64 times improvement. The photodegradation rate constant for crystal violet (CV) dye of BiO_mCl_n/BiO_pI_q of k = 0.0684 can be increased to 0.2456 by compositing with g-C₃N₄. It had an approximately 3.6 times improvement. The electron paramagnetic resonance results and the quenching effects indicated that ¹O₂, •OH, h⁺, and •O₂⁻ were active species in the aforementioned photocatalytic degradation. Because of their heterojunction, the prepared ternary nanocomposites possessed the characteristics of a heterojunction of type II band alignment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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13 pages, 1946 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photocatalytic Removal of Thiamethoxam and Flonicamid Pesticides Present in Agro-Industrial Water Effluents

by Michalis K. Arfanis, George V. Theodorakopoulos, Christos Anagnostopoulos, Irene Georgaki, Evangelos Karanasios, George Em. Romanos, Emilia Markellou and Polycarpos Falaras

Catalysts 2023, 13(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13030516 - 03 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Pesticide residues, when present in agricultural wastewater, constitute a potential risk for the environment and human health. Hence, focused actions for their abatement are of high priority for both the industrial sectors and national authorities. This work evaluates the effectiveness of the photocatalytic [...] Read more.

Pesticide residues, when present in agricultural wastewater, constitute a potential risk for the environment and human health. Hence, focused actions for their abatement are of high priority for both the industrial sectors and national authorities. This work evaluates the effectiveness of the photocatalytic process to decompose two frequently detected pesticides in the water effluents of the fruit industry: thiamethoxam-a neonicotinoid compound and flonicamid-a pyridine derivative. Their photocatalytic degradation and mineralization were evaluated in a lab-scale photocatalytic batch reactor under UV-A illumination with the commercial photocatalyst Evonik P25 TiO₂ by employing different experimental conditions. The complete degradation of thiamethoxam was achieved after 90 min, when the medium was adjusted to natural or alkaline pH. Flonicamid was proven to be a more recalcitrant substance and the removal efficiency reached ~50% at the same conditions, although the degradation overpassed 75% in the acidic pH medium. Overall, the pesticides’ degradation follows the photocatalytic reduction pathways, where positive charged holes and hydroxyl radicals dominate as reactive species, with complete mineralization taking place after 4 h, regardless of the pH medium. Moreover, it was deduced that the pesticides’ degradation kinetics followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model, and the apparent rate constant, the initial degradation rate, as well as the L-H model parameters, were determined for both pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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25 pages, 4683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Green Magnetite/Carbonized Coffee Composite from Natural Pyrite for Effective Decontamination of Congo Red Dye: Steric, Synergetic, Oxidation, and Ecotoxicity Studies

by Marwa H. Shemy, Sarah I. Othman, Haifa E. Alfassam, Maha A. Al-Waili, Haifa A. Alqhtani, Ahmed A. Allam and Mostafa R. Abukhadra

Catalysts 2023, 13(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13020264 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1793

Abstract

Green magnetite/carbonized spent coffee (MG/CFC) composite was synthesized from natural pyrite and characterized as an adsorbent and catalyst in photo-Fenton’s oxidation system of Congo red dye (C.R). The absorption behavior was illustrated based on the steric and energetic parameters of the advanced Monolayer [...] Read more.

Green magnetite/carbonized spent coffee (MG/CFC) composite was synthesized from natural pyrite and characterized as an adsorbent and catalyst in photo-Fenton’s oxidation system of Congo red dye (C.R). The absorption behavior was illustrated based on the steric and energetic parameters of the advanced Monolayer equilibrium model of one energetic site (R² > 0.99). The structure exhibits 855 mg/g as effective site density which induces its C.R saturation adsorption capacity to 436.1 mg/g. The change in the number of absorbed C.R per site with temperature (n = 1.53 (293) to 0.51 (313 K)) suggests changes in the mechanism from multimolecular (up to 2 molecules per site) to multianchorage (one molecule per more than one site) processes. The energetic studies (ΔE = 6.2–8.2 kJ/mol) validate the physical uptake of C.R by MG/CFC which might be included van der Waals forces, electrostatic attractions, and hydrogen bonding. As a catalyst, MG/CFC exhibits significant activity during the photo-Fenton’s oxidation of C.R under visible light. The complete oxidation of C.R was detected after 105 min (5 mg/L), 120 min (10 mg/L), 135 min (15 mg/L), 180 min (20 mg/L), and 240 min (25 mg/L) using MG/CFC at 0.2 g/L dosage and 0.1 mL of H₂O₂. Increasing the dosage up to 0.5 g/L reduce the complete oxidation interval of C.R (5 mg/L) down to 30 min while the complete mineralization was detected after 120 min. The acute and chronic toxicities of the treated samples demonstrate significant safe products of no toxic effects on aquatic organisms as compared to the parent C.R solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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18 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Full-Scale O₃/Micro-Nano Bubbles System Based Advanced Oxidation as Alternative Tertiary Treatment in WWTP Effluents

by Laura Ponce-Robles, Aránzazu Pagán-Muñoz, Andrés Jesús Lara-Guillén, Beatriz Masdemont-Hernández, Teresa Munuera-Pérez, Pedro Antonio Nortes-Tortosa and Juan José Alarcón-Cabañero

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010188 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Wastewater treatment plant effluents can be an important source of contamination in agricultural reuse practices, as pharmaceuticals are poorly degraded by conventional treatments and can enter crops, thereby becoming a toxicological risk. Therefore, advanced tertiary treatments are required. Ozone (O₃) is [...] Read more.

Wastewater treatment plant effluents can be an important source of contamination in agricultural reuse practices, as pharmaceuticals are poorly degraded by conventional treatments and can enter crops, thereby becoming a toxicological risk. Therefore, advanced tertiary treatments are required. Ozone (O₃) is a promising alternative due to its capacity to degrade pharmaceutical compounds, together with its disinfecting power. However, mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase can be a limiting step. A novel alternative for increased ozone efficiency is the combination of micro-nano bubbles (MNBs). However, this is still a fairly unknown method, and there are also many uncertainties regarding their implementation in large-scale systems. In this work, a combined O₃/MNBs full-scale system was installed in a WWTP to evaluate the removal efficiency of 12 pharmaceuticals, including COVID-19-related compounds. The results clearly showed that the use of MNBs had a significantly positive contribution to the effects of ozone, reducing energy costs with respect to conventional O₃ processes. Workflow and ozone production were key factors for optimizing the system, with the highest efficiencies achieved at 2000 L/h and 15.9 gO₃/h, resulting in high agronomic water quality effluents. A first estimation of the transformation products generated was described, jointly with the energy costs required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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18 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Degradation Studies of Nile Blue Sulphate Using Electrochemical and UV-Vis Spectroscopic Techniques

by Muhammad Nadir Saleem, Afzal Shah, Naimat Ullah, Jan Nisar and Faiza Jan Iftikhar

Catalysts 2023, 13(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13010141 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2280

Abstract

An efficient and reliable electrochemical sensing platform based on COOH-fMWCNTs modified GCE (COOH-fMWCNTs/GCE) was designed for the detection of nanomolar concentration of Nile Blue Sulphate (NBS). In comparison to the bare GCE, the electrochemical sensing scaffold considerably enhanced the [...] Read more.

An efficient and reliable electrochemical sensing platform based on COOH-fMWCNTs modified GCE (COOH-fMWCNTs/GCE) was designed for the detection of nanomolar concentration of Nile Blue Sulphate (NBS). In comparison to the bare GCE, the electrochemical sensing scaffold considerably enhanced the peak current response of NBS dye as confirmed from the results of voltammetric investigations. The electrochemical approach of detecting NBS in the droplet of its solution dried over the surface of modified electrode validated, the role of modifier in enhancing the sensing response. Under optimized conditions, the designed electrochemical platform demonstrated a wide linearity range (0.03–10 μM) for NBS, with LOD of 1.21 nM. Moreover, COOH-fMWCNTs/GCE was found reproducible and stable as confirmed by repeatability and inter-day durability tests. The selectivity of the designed sensing matrix was ensured by anti-interference tests. The photocatalytic degradation of NBS dye was carried out by using TiO₂ nanoparticles as photocatalyst in the presence of H₂O₂. UV-visible spectroscopic studies revealed 95% photocatalytic degradation of NBS following a pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.028 min⁻¹. These findings were supported electrochemically by monitoring the photocatalytically degraded dye at the designed sensing platform. The color variation and final decolorization of the selected dye in water served as a visual indicator of the degradation process. To conclude, the designed sensing platform immobilized with COOH-fMWCNTs imparted improved selectivity and sensitivity to detect and to, monitor the photocatalytic degradation of NBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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13 pages, 2789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic and Sonocatalytic Degradation of EDTA and Rhodamine B over Ti⁰ and Ti@TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by Sara El Hakim, Tony Chave and Sergey I. Nikitenko

Catalysts 2021, 11(8), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11080928 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

Herein, we report a comparative study of photocatalytic (Xe-lamp) and sonocatalytic (345 kHz power ultrasound) degradation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of Ti⁰ and Ti@TiO₂ core-shell nanoparticles (NPs). Ti@TiO₂ NPs have been obtained by [...] Read more.

Herein, we report a comparative study of photocatalytic (Xe-lamp) and sonocatalytic (345 kHz power ultrasound) degradation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Rhodamine B (RhB) in the presence of Ti⁰ and Ti@TiO₂ core-shell nanoparticles (NPs). Ti@TiO₂ NPs have been obtained by sonohydrothermal treatment (20 kHz, 200 °C) of commercially available Ti⁰ NPs in pure water. The obtained material is composed of quasi-spherical Ti⁰ particles (30–150 nm) coated by 5–15 nm crystals of anatase. In contrast to pristine TiO₂, the Ti@TiO₂ NPs exhibit the extend photo response from UV to NIR light region due to the light absorption by nonplasmonic Ti core. EDTA can be oxidized effectively by photocatalysis in the presence of Ti@TiO₂ NPs. By contrast, air passivated Ti⁰ nanoparticles was found to be inactive in the photocatalytic process for both EDTA and RhB. Photocatalytic degradation of EDTA over Ti@TiO₂ NPs exhibits strong photothermal effect, which has been attributed to the higher yield of oxidizing radicals produced by light at higher bulk temperature. The efficiency of RhB photocatalytic degradation depends strongly on RhB concentration. At [RhB] ≥ 1 × 10⁻³ M, its photocatalytic degradation is not feasible due to a strong self-absorption. At lower concentrations, RhB photocatalytic degradation is observed, but at lower efficiency compared to EDTA. We found that the efficient sonochemical degradation of RhB does not require the presence of any catalysts. For both processes, EDTA and RhB, sonochemical and photocatalytic processes are more effective in the presence of Ar/O₂ gas mixture compared to pure Ar. The obtained results suggest that the choice of the optimal technology for organic pollutants degradation can be determined by their optical and complexing properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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15 pages, 14739 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Enhancement of Iron-Based Photo-Driven Processes by the Presence of Catechol Moieties

by Javier Moreno-Andrés, Iván Vallés, Paula García-Negueroles, Lucas Santos-Juanes and Antonio Arques

Catalysts 2021, 11(3), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11030372 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Photo-induced Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) using H₂O₂ or S₂O₈²⁻ as radical precursors were assessed for the abatement of six different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). In order to increase the efficiency of these AOPs at a [...] Read more.

Photo-induced Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) using H₂O₂ or S₂O₈²⁻ as radical precursors were assessed for the abatement of six different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). In order to increase the efficiency of these AOPs at a wider pH range, the catechol organic functional compound was studied as a potential assistant in photo-driven iron-based processes. Different salinity regimes were also studied (in terms of Cl⁻ concentration), namely low salt water (1 g·L⁻¹) or a salt–water (30 g·L⁻¹) matrix. Results obtained revealed that the presence of catechol could efficiently assist the photo-Fenton system and partly promote the photo-induced S₂O₈²⁻ system, which was highly dependent on salinity. Regarding the behavior of individual CECs, the photo-Fenton reaction was able to enhance the degradation of all six CECs, meanwhile the S₂O₈²⁻-based process showed a moderate enhancement for acetaminophen, amoxicillin or clofibric acid. Finally, a response-surface methodology was employed to determine the effect of pH and catechol concentration on the different photo-driven processes. Catechol was removed during the degradation process. According to the results obtained, the presence of catechol in organic macromolecules can bring some advantages in water treatment for either freshwater (wastewater) or seawater (maritime or aquaculture industry). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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Review

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32 pages, 15346 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Combinations of Electrospinning with Photocatalytic Technology for Treating Polluted Water

by He Lv, Yanan Liu, Yubin Bai, Hongpu Shi, Wen Zhou, Yaoning Chen, Yang Liu and Deng-Guang Yu

Catalysts 2023, 13(4), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040758 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

Dyes, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and bacteria are important sources of water pollution. How to solve these issues has become a problem in the fields of science and technology. People have developed a variety of technologies to treat pollutants in water. Photocatalytic technology [...] Read more.

Dyes, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and bacteria are important sources of water pollution. How to solve these issues has become a problem in the fields of science and technology. People have developed a variety of technologies to treat pollutants in water. Photocatalytic technology came into being. As a simple and environmentally friendly treatment technology, it has been widely studied by the scientific community. Traditional powder photocatalysts cause secondary pollution to the environment and are not conducive to recycling. Therefore, large specific surface area and reusable membrane photocatalysts built by electrospinning technology have become a favorite of today’s scientific community. Nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning technology have a variety of structures, which can meet the needs of different occasions. This review summarizes and discusses research progress in electrospinning technology, the relationship between the structure and treatment of electrospun fiber membranes, and their impacts on the photocatalytic performance of nanofiber membranes. The performance, challenges, and future development directions of nanofiber membranes with different structures, prepared by different kinds of electrospinning techniques using photocatalysis to treat different pollutants, are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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29 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes

by Wamda Faisal Elmobarak, Bassim H. Hameed, Fares Almomani and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah

Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070782 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 8034

Abstract

The petroleum industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries and is projected to grow faster in the coming years. The recent environmental activities and global requirements for cleaner methods are pushing the petroleum refining industries for the use of green techniques [...] Read more.

The petroleum industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries and is projected to grow faster in the coming years. The recent environmental activities and global requirements for cleaner methods are pushing the petroleum refining industries for the use of green techniques and industrial wastewater treatment. Petroleum industry wastewater contains a broad diversity of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, phenol, ammonia, sulfides, and other organic composites, etc. All of these compounds within discharged water from the petroleum industry exist in an extremely complicated form, which is unsafe for the environment. Conventional treatment systems treating refinery wastewater have shown major drawbacks including low efficiency, high capital and operating cost, and sensitivity to low biodegradability and toxicity. The advanced oxidation process (AOP) method is one of the methods applied for petroleum refinery wastewater treatment. The objective of this work is to review the current application of AOP technologies in the treatment of petroleum industry wastewater. The petroleum wastewater treatment using AOP methods includes Fenton and photo-Fenton, H₂O₂/UV, photocatalysis, ozonation, and biological processes. This review reports that the treatment efficiencies strongly depend on the chosen AOP type, the physical and chemical properties of target contaminants, and the operating conditions. It is reported that other mechanisms, as well as hydroxyl radical oxidation, might occur throughout the AOP treatment and donate to the decrease in target contaminants. Mainly, the recent advances in the AOP treatment of petroleum wastewater are discussed. Moreover, the review identifies scientific literature on knowledge gaps, and future research ways are provided to assess the effects of these technologies in the treatment of petroleum wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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26 pages, 1484 KiB

Open AccessReview

Toxicity Reduction of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes (Photo-Fenton, UVC/H₂O₂, Electro-Fenton and Galvanic Fenton): A Review

by Juan José Rueda-Márquez, Irina Levchuk, Manuel Manzano and Mika Sillanpää

Catalysts 2020, 10(6), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10060612 - 01 Jun 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5494

Abstract

The application of Fenton-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photo-Fenton or electro-Fenton for wastewater treatment have been extensively studied in recent decades due to its high efficiency for the decomposition of persistent organic pollutants. Usually Fenton-based AOPs are used for the degradation [...] Read more.

The application of Fenton-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photo-Fenton or electro-Fenton for wastewater treatment have been extensively studied in recent decades due to its high efficiency for the decomposition of persistent organic pollutants. Usually Fenton-based AOPs are used for the degradation of targeted pollutant or group of pollutants, which often leads to the formation of toxic by-products possessing a potential environmental risk. In this work, we have collected and reviewed recent findings regarding the feasibility of Fenton-based AOPs (photo-Fenton, UVC/H₂O₂, electro-Fenton and galvanic Fenton) for the detoxification of real municipal and industrial wastewaters. More specifically, operational conditions, relevance and suitability of different bioassays for the toxicity assessment of various wastewater types, cost estimation, all of which compose current challenges for the application of these AOPs for real wastewater detoxification are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes)

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