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A special issue of C (ISSN 2311-5629). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2023 | Viewed by 6607

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Dr. Jorge Bedia

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Chemical Engineering Department, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: chemical engineering; metal–organic frameworks (MOFs); carbon materials; water treatment; adsorption; advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); photocatalysis
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Dr. Carolina Belver

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Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: chemical engineering; materials science; adsorption; photocatalysis; semiconductors; MOFs
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polluted streams, both in gas and liquid phase, constitute a potential menace for the environment and living organisms. Among the different technologies available for the purification of streams, adsorption is still one of the most widely used due to its simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency for the removal of a wide variety of hazardous pollutants.

Among the different types of adsorbents, carbon-based materials are probably the most extensively researched owing to their unique and tunable characteristics. This Special Issue is focused on the use of any type of carbon materials for adsorption applications. This includes the analysis of the adsorption behavior of chars, activated carbons, template-derived carbon, carbon aerogels, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, among many others. Both liquid- and gas-phase adsorption studies have a place in this Special Issue. Kinetic, equilibrium, and dynamic adsorption tests on any type of pollutant on carbon-based adsorbents are welcome.

Dr. Jorge Bedia
Dr. Carolina Belver
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. C is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

adsorption
carbon materials
water treatment
gas purification
adsorption isotherms
adsorption kinetics
breakthrough curves

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Open AccessArticle

A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation for the Evaluation of Pore Size Distribution of Nuclear-Grade Graphite from Kr Adsorption Isotherms

Giuliano M. Laudone

and

Katie L. Jones

C 2023, 9(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9030086 - 04 Sep 2023

Viewed by 351

Abstract

Characterizing materials with low surface areas or with very small sample sizes requires innovative approaches beyond traditional N

_{2}

and Ar adsorption measurements. The measurement of Kr adsorption isotherms is often employed to serve this purpose, yet its potential remains limited by the [...] Read more.

Characterizing materials with low surface areas or with very small sample sizes requires innovative approaches beyond traditional N

_{2}

and Ar adsorption measurements. The measurement of Kr adsorption isotherms is often employed to serve this purpose, yet its potential remains limited by the lack of models for the interpretation of the experimental results in terms of pore size distribution. In this work, simulated adsorption isotherms of Kr onto graphite in slit-shaped pores are generated with a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo method. The pore size distributions of nuclear-grade graphite samples and activated carbon are modelled by fitting simulated isotherms to the experimental data. The resulting distributions are favourably compared with those generated by commercially available modelling packages, based on the use of N₂ adsorption isotherms using GCMC and BJH methods. The new GCMC-Kr kernel developed in this study offers an alternative method for the evaluation of the distribution of pore sizes in nuclear graphite and other low surface area materials, which can be employed when N₂ and Ar adsorption measurements cannot be carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Optimization of Tour Method for Synthesis of Graphite Oxide with High Specific Surface Area

Hanna Bukovska

Fernando García-Perez

and

M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo

C 2023, 9(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9030065 - 05 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

Many of the graphene-based structures exhibit an adsorption capacity due to their high specific surface area (SSA) and micropore volume. This capacity makes them competent materials for applications in energy and environmental sectors where efficiency is highly dependent on these properties for applications, such as water decontamination, solar cells or energy storage. The aim of this work is to study graphene-related materials (GRM) for applications where a high SSA is a requirement, considering the ideal SSA of graphene ≅ 2600 m²g⁻¹. For the synthesis of most of the GRMs, some oxidation method such as the Tour method is used to oxidize graphite to graphite oxide (GrO) as an initial step. Our work studies the optimization of this initial step to evaluate the best conditions to obtain GrO with the maximum possible SSA. The different parameters influencing the process have been evaluated and optimized by applying an experimental design (ED). The resulting materials have been characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), elemental analysis (EA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The evaluation of the results shows a maximum SSA of GrO of 67.04 m²g⁻¹ for a temperature of 60 °C, a time of 12 h, a H₂O₂ volume of 50 mL and 4 g of KMnO₄. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Efficient Heating of Activated Carbon in Microwave Field

and

C 2023, 9(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9020048 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1242

Abstract

Activated carbon (AC) is widely utilized in water treatment, gas adsorption, and purification as well as the protection of environment due to the characteristics of prominent catalytic and adsorbent effect. The heating performances are therefore of significant importance for the further applications. The main objective of this study was therefore to detail the heating performance of activated carbon in microwave field, and the factors affecting the heating performance were also explored. In this study, the heating performance of AC as affected by microwave power (400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 W), feeding load (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g), and reactor volume (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL) were detailed and reported. The results showed that when the microwave powers were 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 W, the temperatures of AC increased to the desired value (about 200 °C) within 90, 85, 70, 60, and 35 s with average heating rates of 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.0, and 5.9 °C/s, respectively. When the feeding loads were 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g, the temperatures of AC increased to desired temperature within 40, 70, 60, 50, and 50 s with average heating rates of 4.2, 2.8, 3.1, 3.50, and 3.55 °C/s, respectively. When the reactor volumes were 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL, the temperatures of AC increased to the desired temperature within 25, 60, 70, 70, and 160 s with average heating rates of 7.6, 3.3, 2.8, 2.6, and 1.2 °C/s, respectively. In general, the faster heating rate of activated carbon was achieved at higher microwave power, more feeding load, and smaller reactor volume. Fitting formulae were given to predict the transient temperatures of AC in the microwave field, and the relative errors were in the ranges of −15.4~12.4%, −15.4~13.5% and −18.7~12.4% at different microwave powers, feeding loads, and reactor volumes, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Pd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Obtained in a Single-Stage Synthesis from Cherry Seeds

and

C 2023, 9(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9020046 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1077

Abstract

This paper describes a single-stage synthesis process for activated carbon using cherry seeds. The influences of the carbonization temperature and the time were investigated. Using the BET method, the surface area of the obtained activated carbons was determined, as well as the pore distribution, while SEM images provided further insight into the structure of the surface. Next, the adsorption isotherm was derived. For the test, Pd(II) chloride complex ions were used. It was found that the obtained activated carbon were suitable for palladium(II) recovery from diluted aqueous solutions. Out of the tested parameters of carbon synthesis, the most optimal one was found to be 500 °C for 3 h. Additionally, it was confirmed that the increase in the adsorption temperature affects the increase in palladium load from 1.6 mg/g at 20 °C to 15.6 mg/g at 50 °C (for the best-performing sample). This fact may suggest that the process of adsorption is associated with chemical reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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Open AccessArticle

Removal of Arsenic(III) from Water with a Combination of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) at the Optimum Molecular Ratio

and

Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis

C 2023, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/c9010010 - 15 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1541

Abstract

The occurrence of arsenic in water is a global problem for public health. Several removal technologies have been developed for arsenic removal from water, and adsorption onto iron oxy-hydroxides is the most widely used technique. Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) has been used mainly for As(V) removal, but it has the disadvantage that it can create a problem with the residual concentration of iron in the water. Moreover, graphene oxide (GO), which contains a large amount of reactive oxygen, exhibits high adsorbing capacity. In this study, the combined use of GO and GFH as adsorbent materials in different molar ratios was investigated in order to achieve the maximum As(III) removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of the adsorbent’s dosage, pH value, contact time, initial As(III), and different molar ratios of GO/GFH was examined. As depicted, the presence of GFH enhances the use of GO. In particular, the molar ratio of GO/GFH 2:1 (i.e., 0.2 g/L GO and 0.1 g/L GFH) is chosen as optimal at pH value 7.0 ± 0.1, while the removal percentage increased from 10 % (absence of GFH) to 90% with the simultaneous addition of GFH. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models described the experimental data adequately and the highest adsorption capacity that was achieved was 22.62 μg/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)

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