Editorial

5 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Human Factors in Green Building: Building Types and Users’ Needs

by Zhonghua Gou

Buildings 2019, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010017 - 09 Jan 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4789

The Special Issue on “Human Factors in Green Building” addresses the design of indoor environment quality for users’ needs. The collected papers cover various building types and the research highlights the different needs of users. In working environments, employees’ stress is the main [...] Read more.

The Special Issue on “Human Factors in Green Building” addresses the design of indoor environment quality for users’ needs. The collected papers cover various building types and the research highlights the different needs of users. In working environments, employees’ stress is the main concern in the workplace design, especially for open plan offices where lack of privacy and over exposure to environmental stress have been reported. In residential environments, residents have great opportunities to adjust their environments to suit their needs; therefore, passive design such as natural ventilation is explored in residential buildings with climates such as cold or humid tropical. In healthcare environments, the papers in this issue are concerned with the needs of patients, especially the older adults who require special care. In learning environments, thermal and visual aspects are investigated for optimal comfort conditions and learning outcomes. The special issue demonstrates insightful critical thinking of indoor environment quality and proposes a new understanding for more practical design solutions. This editorial note is a brief review of the 12 papers, concluding with reflections about design of built environments to meet users’ needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

Research

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16 pages, 8421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Usability Study of a Proposed Environmental Experience Design Framework for Active Ageing

by Masa Noguchi, Nan Ma, Catherine Mei Min Woo, Hing-wah Chau and Jin Zhou

Buildings 2018, 8(12), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120167 - 28 Nov 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4790

Abstract

Growing ageing population today may be necessitating building design decision makers to reconsider the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) standards in a way that accommodates senior occupants’ diverse and individual needs and demands. An experience design approach to rationalising and individualising end-user experience on [...] Read more.

Growing ageing population today may be necessitating building design decision makers to reconsider the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) standards in a way that accommodates senior occupants’ diverse and individual needs and demands. An experience design approach to rationalising and individualising end-user experience on how to utilise tangible products may serve to reflect user perceptions. Generally, architectural design practices tend to incorporate neither IEQ monitoring and analysis data, nor environmental experience design today. In response to the need for filling this gap, the authors of this paper conducted a feasibility study previously that led to structuring and defining an ‘Environmental Experience Design’ (EXD) research framework. Based on the previous case study on the collective spatial analysis and IEQ monitoring results, this paper further explored the usability and applicability of this proposed EXD framework particularly to the previously documented aged care facility in Victoria, Australia, which has been stressing active ageing agendas. This EXD framework usability experiment helped to build the capacity for engaging the subjectivity and objectivity of end users’ expectations, desires, and requirements in the architectural design thinking process. Nonetheless, due to the limitation of this initial and fundamental usability study’s resources and the objective, the necessity of adjusting the scale and scope of EXD analyses emerged. Moreover, the universality of this EXD research framework usage under various architectural typologies and user conditions yet require further attempts and investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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18 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Stress and Workplace Design

by Felix Kin Peng Hui and Lu Aye

Buildings 2018, 8(10), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100133 - 23 Sep 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 12552

Abstract

The World Green Building Council (WGBC) advocates improvements in employee health, wellbeing, and productivity in buildings as people are about 90% of an organisation’s expense and well exceed building costs and energy costs. It was reported that earlier research on workplace design primarily [...] Read more.

The World Green Building Council (WGBC) advocates improvements in employee health, wellbeing, and productivity in buildings as people are about 90% of an organisation’s expense and well exceed building costs and energy costs. It was reported that earlier research on workplace design primarily focused on physical arrangement of employees’ immediate work area, and ambient environmental qualities of the work area. Building organisation, exterior amenities, and site-planning have been given less attention. Therefore, we examine more closely the health relevance of both proximal and remote aspects of workplace design. Occupational stress is a complex phenomenon that is dynamic and evolving over time. This investigation reviews the existing fundamental conceptual models of occupational stress, workplace design, and connection to nature. It aims to develop an improved model relevant to work place design and occupational stress linked with connection to nature. The proposed improved model is presented with an appropriate causal loop diagram to assist in visualizing how different variables in a system are interrelated. The developed model highlights how connection to nature in workspaces can function as a work resource with a dual effect of improving physical wellbeing and psychological wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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12 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Role of Personal Control in Alleviating Negative Perceptions in the Open-Plan Workplace

by Zhonghua Gou, Jian Zhang and Leigh Shutter

Buildings 2018, 8(8), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080110 - 14 Aug 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4367

Abstract

Today’s office buildings adopt open-plan settings for collaboration and space efficiency. However, the open plan setting has been intensively criticized for its adverse user experiences, such as noise, privacy loss, and over cooling. The provision of personal control in open-plan work environments is [...] Read more.

Today’s office buildings adopt open-plan settings for collaboration and space efficiency. However, the open plan setting has been intensively criticized for its adverse user experiences, such as noise, privacy loss, and over cooling. The provision of personal control in open-plan work environments is an important means to alleviating the adverse perceptions. This research is to investigate the relationship between the availability of personal controls and the degree of control over the physical environment, as well as their effectiveness in alleviating adverse perceptions in open-plan workplaces. The study combined three systematic occupant survey tools and collected responses from open-plan offices in Shenzhen, China. Specifically, this survey covered 12 personal controls in open-plan workplaces; respondents were asked to report their degree of control over the physical environment and also were required to report if they had adverse perceptions such as sick building syndrome in their offices. The results showed that most of the 12 personal controls supported perceived degree of control over the physical environment but only half of them were negatively associated with adverse perceptions. Non-mechanical controls, such as windows and blinds, were found to be more effective than mechanical controls such as fans and air-conditioning in alleviating adverse perceptions. Conflicts were found between task/desk lights and other personal controls. The research generates important evidence for the interior design of open-plan offices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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15 pages, 5507 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Impact of Outdoor Views on Students’ Seat Preference in Learning Environments

by Zhonghua Gou, Maryam Khoshbakht and Behnam Mahdoudi

Buildings 2018, 8(8), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080096 - 28 Jul 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5033

Abstract

A Good learning environment should support students’ choices and attract them to stay. Focusing on outdoor views, this research explores two questions: How important outdoor views are in seat selection in learning environments? How do the view elements influence students’ seating behaviors in [...] Read more.

A Good learning environment should support students’ choices and attract them to stay. Focusing on outdoor views, this research explores two questions: How important outdoor views are in seat selection in learning environments? How do the view elements influence students’ seating behaviors in learning environments? A seat preference survey and view elements and occupancy rate measurements were conducted in a university library building in Gold Coast, Australia. This study not only echoes the previous research indicating that territory and privacy are important factors for choosing seats in a learning environment; more importantly, this study contributes to the literature with evidence that outdoor views might be an important factor for seat preference. Specifically, sky views and shading views were found positively related to occupancy rate. Based on this point, open views with appropriate shading were found as an optimal outdoor view composition. The singularity of greenery views would less likely be attractive to building occupants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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19 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Translating across Disciplines: On Coding Interior Architecture Theory to Advance Complex Indoor Environment Quality

by Linda Pearce

Buildings 2018, 8(7), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8070082 - 21 Jun 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5663

Abstract

While indoor environment quality (IEQ) measurement is an established process, it omits the pleasure of interior environments, possibly due to its perceived subjectivity in the context of objective productivity and profitability. Given the significant commercial interior design industry, which engages with the complexity [...] Read more.

While indoor environment quality (IEQ) measurement is an established process, it omits the pleasure of interior environments, possibly due to its perceived subjectivity in the context of objective productivity and profitability. Given the significant commercial interior design industry, which engages with the complexity of indoor habitation, there exists an opportunity to expand the scope of IEQ appraisal through inclusion of the interior architecture discipline as an IEQ stakeholder. This theoretical paper reframes existing building appraisal as convergent methods that are contingent on the discipline and audience, and proposes a sequential mixed methods research process that allows subjective and objective research methods integration. Drawing on the interior architecture discipline, and its holistic ‘interiority’, a content analysis of selected theoretical texts identifies candidate quality components for future development and use in environment quality measurement. The intention of this process is to translate across the interior architecture and architectural science disciplines by coding interior architecture perspectives into possible measurable variables. These broader candidate variables would likely be more inclusive of the lived experience and agency of occupants of interior spaces. Furthermore, they offer the possibility for extended complex indoor environment quality data for future use in advanced statistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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13 pages, 1402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design of Local-Authority Rental Housing for the Elderly That Improves Their Quality of Life

by Yukiko Kuboshima, Jacqueline McIntosh and Geoff Thomas

Buildings 2018, 8(5), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8050071 - 16 May 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5359

Abstract

As the population ages, the demand for suitable rental housing will increase. Suitable housing means housing that can accommodate those impairments that typically correspond with ageing. This paper explores the quality of life (QoL) requirements of those elderly with high-care needs who live [...] Read more.

As the population ages, the demand for suitable rental housing will increase. Suitable housing means housing that can accommodate those impairments that typically correspond with ageing. This paper explores the quality of life (QoL) requirements of those elderly with high-care needs who live in rental housing. Using a qualitative case study approach, it examines the living experiences of six elderly people who need assistance and are living in local-authority rental housing in New Zealand. The themes of QoL were identified from the literature and related to the larger themes of; 1. Activities and independence, 2. Sense of control, 3. Privacy, 4. Relationships, 5. Quality of care, and 6. Comfort. The survey consisted of a detailed documentation of the physical environment, followed by interviews with and full-day observations of the residents and their caregivers. The study finds that the design of housing that improves their QoL requires solutions to accommodate the various conflicting needs for their QoL that include those derived from the diversity in the user’s preferences and impairments. In the design of rental housing, there is greater need for additional or reorganized space to accommodate caregivers and visitors, maintain residents’ independence, privacy, and other aspects important for their QoL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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14 pages, 65122 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design Lessons from Three Australian Dementia Support Facilities

by Hing-wah Chau, Clare Newton, Catherine Mei Min Woo, Nan Ma, Jiayi Wang and Lu Aye

Buildings 2018, 8(5), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8050067 - 07 May 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9860

Abstract

There is a significant increase in the number of people with dementia, and the demand for residential support facilities is expected to increase. Providing an appropriate living environment for residents with dementia, which can cater for their specific needs is crucial. Residential aged [...] Read more.

There is a significant increase in the number of people with dementia, and the demand for residential support facilities is expected to increase. Providing an appropriate living environment for residents with dementia, which can cater for their specific needs is crucial. Residential aged care design can impact the quality of life and wellbeing of the residents. In this investigation, three recently constructed dementia support facilities in Victoria, Australia are selected for evaluation. Through fieldwork observation, design evaluation and space syntax analysis, the aim of this investigation is to consider the design of these three facilities in the context of current evidence on how the built environment can best accommodate residents with dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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19 pages, 16815 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Thermal Comfort Analyses of Secondary School Students in the Tropics

by Baharuddin Hamzah, Zhonghua Gou, Rosady Mulyadi and Samsuddin Amin

Buildings 2018, 8(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8040056 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10098

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the thermal comfort level of students in secondary schools in the tropical city of Makassar. The analysis is carried out based on data surveyed from eight selected high schools. The study involved 1594 students in 48 classrooms. The [...] Read more.

This study aims to analyze the thermal comfort level of students in secondary schools in the tropical city of Makassar. The analysis is carried out based on data surveyed from eight selected high schools. The study involved 1594 students in 48 classrooms. The recorded data includes personal data and measured environmental parameters. At the same time, students were asked to fill out questionnaires related to their thermal comfort levels. The surveyed classrooms showed high air temperatures. The air temperatures ranged from 28.2 °C in the morning to 33.6 °C in the midday. The radiant temperatures were similar to the air temperature, which indicated that the airflow speed was low. The only parameter that could meet the Indonesian national standard was relative humidity. However, many students still feel comfortable (−1 to +1) based on TSV (thermal sensation vote) and TCV (thermal comfort vote). Even though about 80% of respondents accepted this hot temperature, most of them preferred to have a decrease in the air temperature. Regarding the PMV (predicted mean vote), only about 23% respondents were predicted to feel slightly warm (+1). The regression analyses show that the neutral temperatures were 29.0 °C and 28.5 °C for TSV and TCV, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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17 pages, 83104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Thermal Comfort Conditions in Cold Rural Areas of China: A Case study of Stone Dwellings in a Tibetan Village

by Bin Cheng, Yangliu Fu, Maryam Khoshbakht, Libin Duan, Jian Zhang and Sara Rashidian

Buildings 2018, 8(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8040049 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7204

Abstract

This paper focuses on thermal environmental conditions in the stone dwellings of a Tibetan village in Danba County, Sichuan, China, in winter. During the study, field measurements and subjective survey studies were collected, simultaneously, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermal comfort [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on thermal environmental conditions in the stone dwellings of a Tibetan village in Danba County, Sichuan, China, in winter. During the study, field measurements and subjective survey studies were collected, simultaneously, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermal comfort conditions that were experienced by residents in cold rural areas of Sichuan. Subjective surveys involved questions about thermal comfort perceptions and acceptability in cold conditions. The status of thermal comfort and characteristics of indoor environmental qualities were investigated in the study. The majority of survey participants (47% and 74%) voted as “slightly cool” for temperature, and “slightly dry” for humidity in the studied typical winter days, respectively. The available adaptive opportunities for the residents were investigated through the survey studies. Adjusting clothing, drinking hot beverages, blocking air infiltration through windows, and changing activities were the most common adaptive measures. An adaptive coefficient (

λ

) was determined based on adaptive predicted mean votes (aPMV) models using least square methods to assess the different adaptation measures in the region. Findings of this study provided a valuable reference for thermal comfort adaptations in cold climates, where limited adaptive opportunities were available due to the low standard of living. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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10 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Mental Biases Responsible for the Perceived Comfort Advantage in “Green” Buildings?

by Mattias Holmgren and Patrik Sörqvist

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020020 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4602

Abstract

Previous research has shown that merely calling an indoor environment environmentally certified will make people favor that environment over a conventional alternative. In this paper we explore whether this effect depends on participants deliberately comparing the two environments, and whether different reasons behind [...] Read more.

Previous research has shown that merely calling an indoor environment environmentally certified will make people favor that environment over a conventional alternative. In this paper we explore whether this effect depends on participants deliberately comparing the two environments, and whether different reasons behind the certification influence the magnitude of the effect. In Experiment 1, participants in a between-subjects design assigned higher comfort ratings to an indoor environment that had been labeled “environmentally certified” in comparison with the exact same indoor environment that was unlabeled, suggesting that the effect arises even when participants do not compare the two environments when making their estimates. The results from Experiment 2 indicate that climate change mitigation (as the reason for the certification) is a slightly better trigger of the effect compared to climate change adaptation. The results suggest that studies on psychological effects of “green” buildings should experimentally control for the influence from participants’ judgmental biases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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17 pages, 12116 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Investigation of Thermal Comfort and Adaptive Behaviors in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings in Tropical Climates: A Pilot Study

by Zhonghua Gou, Wajishani Gamage, Stephen Siu-Yu Lau and Sunnie Sing-Yeung Lau

Buildings 2018, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8010005 - 03 Jan 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9458

Abstract

This article presents a pilot study of thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors of occupants who live in naturally ventilated dormitories at the campus of the National University of Singapore. A longitudinal survey and field measurement were conducted to measure thermal comfort, adaptive behaviors [...] Read more.

This article presents a pilot study of thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors of occupants who live in naturally ventilated dormitories at the campus of the National University of Singapore. A longitudinal survey and field measurement were conducted to measure thermal comfort, adaptive behaviors and indoor environment qualities. This study revealed that occupants living in naturally ventilated buildings in tropics were exposed to higher operative temperatures than what American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort standards recommend for naturally conditioned spaces. However, they still felt that such conditions were acceptable. Two behavioral adjustments were found to have profound impacts on occupants’ acceptance of the imposed heat stresses: (1) increasing the indoor air velocity by turning on mechanical fans and opening the door/windows for cross ventilation, and (2) reducing clothing insulation by changing clothes and dressing in fewer clothes. Higher indoor air velocities were also associated with greater satisfaction with indoor air quality. The future study should develop a statistical model to correlate adaptive behaviors with temperature variations for tropical climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patients’ Perspectives on the Design of Hospital Outpatient Areas

by Yisong Zhao and Monjur Mourshed

Buildings 2017, 7(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings7040117 - 05 Dec 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6753

Abstract

There is a growing interest among healthcare managers and designers in moving towards a ‘patient-centred’ design of health and care facilities by integrating patient perceptions and expectations of the physical environment where care takes place. Increased interests in physical environments can mostly be [...] Read more.

There is a growing interest among healthcare managers and designers in moving towards a ‘patient-centred’ design of health and care facilities by integrating patient perceptions and expectations of the physical environment where care takes place. Increased interests in physical environments can mostly be attributed to our improved understanding of their role in patients’ health outcomes and staff productivity. There is a gap in the literature on users’ perspectives on physical settings in the context of healthcare. Moreover, the connection of care services with the design of the facility is often overlooked partly due to the lack of evidence. This research was aimed at filling the gap by exploring outpatients’ perspectives on design factors related to the areas frequented by them, e.g., hospital waiting areas. A 16-item questionnaire was conducted among randomly selected outpatients in two hospitals in Qingdao, China, with a response rate of 84.3%. Five principal factors were identified: sensory; lighting and thermal; facilities; spatial; and seating design, which agreed with the literature. Non-parametric tests were applied to assess variances in constructed principal dimensions concerning demographic variables. Female outpatients were found to be more perceptive of the ‘sensory design’ factors than males. The number of previous visits to the hospital was found to be associated with ‘spatial’ and ‘seating design’ factors, while respondents’ age had an association with ‘sensory’ and ‘seating design’ factors. Respondents ranked ‘noise’ and ‘air freshness’ and ‘cleanliness’ as highly important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors in Green Building)

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