Research

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20 pages, 3132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alternative Use of the Waste from Ground Olive Stones in Doping Mortar Bricks for Sustainable Façades

by Alejandro San Vicente-Navarro, Manuel Mendívil-Giro, Jorge Los Santos-Ortega, Esteban Fraile-García and Javier Ferreiro-Cabello

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122992 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 748

Abstract

The aim of achieving sustainability in construction is a reality. A useful strategy to achieve this is the use of waste from agricultural activities. This waste could reduce the environmental impacts associated with the production of raw materials such as natural aggregate, reducing [...] Read more.

The aim of achieving sustainability in construction is a reality. A useful strategy to achieve this is the use of waste from agricultural activities. This waste could reduce the environmental impacts associated with the production of raw materials such as natural aggregate, reducing energy consumption from fossil fuels and therefore CO₂ emissions. This study examines the thermal conductivity of mortars doped with ground olive stones, a residual by-product of industrial processes. The objective is to evaluate the potential of ground olive stones to improve thermal insulation in construction. Ground olive stones are used as a partial replacement for the aggregates used in mortar bricks. The methodology followed herein to quantify the benefits of this product involves creating several types of mortar with a different percentage of ground olive stones in each sample (between 0% and 30%). Thermal conductivity was determined according to UNE-EN12939:2001. Finally, a case study is conducted performing an energy simulation of a residential building to determine the energy savings derived from reducing the combined thermal demands of heating and cooling and to analyse the feasibility of the alternative use of ground olive stone residue doped in mortar bricks for new sustainable façades. The results show a saving in energy demand (heating and cooling) of 0.938 kWh/m²·year when using 30% GOS-doped mortar bricks compared to the reference bricks. This is equivalent to a decrease in energy demand of 2.23% per square meter of façade. In addition, these annual energy savings are compared to the potential thermal energy created from the combustion of ground olive stones in a biomass boiler, which is the main traditional use of this waste today. It reveals that for a doping range of 5–15%, the recovery time ranges between 30 and 75 yeas, which is within the lifetime of a building. The results demonstrate the great viability of using ground olive stones as fine aggregates in mortars and their possible application in sustainable construction, in particular in more sustainable façades that allow energy savings in buildings and therefore a lower consumption of fossil, which will make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the excessive consumption of resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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17 pages, 4666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of New Composite Curing Agents on the Curing Properties of Glacial Debris in the Pulang Copper Deposit

by Qingtian Zeng, Xinglong Feng, Hanmeng Ren, Sugang Sui, Shaoyong Wang, Wei Sun and Juanhong Liu

Buildings 2023, 13(9), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092189 - 28 Aug 2023

Viewed by 603

Abstract

In recent years, Pulang Copper Deposit has experienced multiple occurrences of debris flow, of varying magnitudes, which have significantly impacted the safety of mining operations. Debris flow has become a major safety hazard of natural caving mining in Pulang Copper Deposit. To address [...] Read more.

In recent years, Pulang Copper Deposit has experienced multiple occurrences of debris flow, of varying magnitudes, which have significantly impacted the safety of mining operations. Debris flow has become a major safety hazard of natural caving mining in Pulang Copper Deposit. To address the issues of the formation of debris flow due to the collapse of glacial debris in the Pulang Copper Deposit, this paper proposes new composite curing agents for grouting and curing glacial debris. The study investigates the influence of curing agents’ proportions on the mechanical property, water stability, and permeability of solidified glacial debris. Hydration and consolidation mechanisms were analyzed based on XRD and SEM test results. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of solidified glacial debris with the new composite curing agents A, B, and C are superior to those with cement. The permeability coefficients of the solidified glacial debris with 7% dosage of the new composite curing agents A, B and C are both less than 1 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s. The reaction between the new composite curing agents and the glacial debris generates crystalline product ettringite (AFt) and gel-like hydration product calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). These products enhance interparticle bonding and fill the voids among the glacial debris, which is the main source of strength for the solidified glacial debris. These new composite curing agents provide important reference value for addressing and preventing surface glacial debris collapse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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18 pages, 2424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Curing Regime on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Steam Cured-Concrete

by Ling Wang, Wenzhu Wei, Junfei Zhang, Yuanchen Hu and Lei Zhang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071697 - 03 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1173

Abstract

The application of pre-cast components in building structures has become increasingly widespread, with projects often utilizing steam curing methods. The utilization of pre-fabricated concrete has demonstrated the capacity to enhance construction efficiency. However, strength and durability issues arising from steam curing of concrete [...] Read more.

The application of pre-cast components in building structures has become increasingly widespread, with projects often utilizing steam curing methods. The utilization of pre-fabricated concrete has demonstrated the capacity to enhance construction efficiency. However, strength and durability issues arising from steam curing of concrete have become prominent considering the quality of concrete construction. The use of fly ash and slag in steam-cured concrete to improve its performance has gained extensive popularity. While research into single-blended mineral admixtures has been conducted with notable achievements, the study of steam-cured concrete with binary blended mineral admixtures remains relatively limited. This paper focuses on the mechanical properties and durability of steam-cured concrete with mineral admixtures (fly ash and slag), exploring the influence of mineral admixture ratios and steam-curing regimes on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The properties of the steam-cured concrete were further analyzed through compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analyses. It was found that when fly ash and slag were added in equal proportions, the compressive strength and microstructure of the concrete were optimized. In addition, the optimized static resting time and constant temperature time should be controlled as 3 h and 6 h, respectively, to improve the compressive strength and microstructure of the steam-cured concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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16 pages, 4183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Engineering Performance and Environmental Impact of Asphalt Pavement Debonding and Ice Suppression Materials

by Yemao Zhang, Xijuan Zhao and Mulian Zheng

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030689 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1204

Abstract

Aiming at the maladies of high labor intensity, the low efficiency of ice and snow removal, and environmental pollution in traditional ice-deicing and snow-melting methods, we successfully developed a material that can effectively reduce the adhesive force between ice and snow with the [...] Read more.

Aiming at the maladies of high labor intensity, the low efficiency of ice and snow removal, and environmental pollution in traditional ice-deicing and snow-melting methods, we successfully developed a material that can effectively reduce the adhesive force between ice and snow with the pavement, aimed at the characteristics of the road ice de-icing and snow melting. According to the evaluation index and method of de-icing performance, we determined the ratio of the three components of the film-forming component, the adhesive component, the modified ice suppression component, and the preparation technology. It has no perfect evaluation index and method for the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending materials at present, this paper further evaluates the performance of the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending materials from the aspects of ice-deicing performance, durability, and environmental performance. The results show that the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending material has good permeability and water resistance. The material still has good ice-deicing performance after seven rounds of cycle tests at the same time, indicating that it has a good slow-release performance. It is verified that the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending materials have good durability using the low-temperature accelerated test. Finally, from the analysis and evaluation of the environmental protection performance of the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending materials, the materials have no effect on the growth of plants and their average corrosion rate is much lower than the average corrosion rate of the snow melting test piece, which means that the viscosity-reducing and ice-defending materials have good environmental performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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13 pages, 5290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Mechanical Physical Properties of Fly Ash Modified Magnesium Phosphate Cement Repair Mortar Cured at Varying Temperatures

by Junxia Liu, Mengtian Yuan, Ran Hai, Fei Yang, Jingyu Zhang and Anbang Li

Buildings 2023, 13(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010088 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1427

Abstract

To meet the material requirements for repairing cracked components serving in cold temperatures, the differences in the setting hardening characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-modified magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) repair mortar cured at 0 °C and 20 °C were comparatively [...] Read more.

To meet the material requirements for repairing cracked components serving in cold temperatures, the differences in the setting hardening characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-modified magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) repair mortar cured at 0 °C and 20 °C were comparatively studied in this paper. The results show that under the same fly ash content, the compressive strength of MPC repair mortar cured at 0 °C is lower than that cured at 20 °C, and the setting time, fluidity, flexural strength, interfacial bonding strength, strength retention rate, and linear shrinkage rate are not significantly deteriorated. The above properties of MPC repair mortar vary with the increase in the fly ash content but still, remain appropriate when the fly ash content is not higher than 15 wt%. The microstructure of MPC is obviously refined when the content of fly ash is 10 wt%. Therefore, the MPC repair mortar cured at 0 °C and 20 °C has good physical and mechanical properties. In particular, the flexural strength and interfacial bonding strength of the specimens cured at 0 °C are higher than that cured at 20 °C at all curing ages, and at the curing age of 3 days, those are 7.9 MPa and 5.4 MPa, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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16 pages, 4448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Behavior of T-Shaped Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP

by Yannian Zhang, Ning Li, Qingjie Wang, Zhijun Li and Xiaoyan Qin

Buildings 2022, 12(12), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122062 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

The calculation formula for bearing capacity was verified and further corrected through the current study of the influences of different parameters on the shear behavior of concrete T-beams reinforced with surface-embedded FRP. Tests were conducted on 14 beams reinforced with FRP tendons, including [...] Read more.

The calculation formula for bearing capacity was verified and further corrected through the current study of the influences of different parameters on the shear behavior of concrete T-beams reinforced with surface-embedded FRP. Tests were conducted on 14 beams reinforced with FRP tendons, including assessments of different concrete strength grades, longitudinal reinforcement ratios, surface characteristics, types, diameters, reinforcement modes, FRP spacings, and specimen shear span ratios. The results show that surface-embedded FRP reinforcement technology can be utilized to improve the overall stiffness and shear strength of beams, delay the development of oblique cracking, reduce the width of diagonal cracking, and improve the bite cooperation between concrete aggregates, thus improving the manifestation of reinforcement. The shear failure mechanism of reinforced concrete beams, strengthened with surface-embedded FRP, seemed to be similar to that of ordinary reinforced concrete beams. The mechanism of action was identical to that of stirrups, and the utilization factor of FRPs was determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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17 pages, 5694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recycling of Waste Stone Powder in High Fluidity Grouting Materials for Geotechnical Engineering Reinforcement

by Xingquan Liu, Yangyang Rong, Xinming Chen, Xi Chen and Wenxiang Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111887 - 04 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Clay cement grout is frequently employed in geotechnical reinforcement projects. However, laboratory test revealed that clay cement slurry does not consolidate in a closed environment for an extended period of time, with cracks forming during the consolidation process under natural conditions, indicating that [...] Read more.

Clay cement grout is frequently employed in geotechnical reinforcement projects. However, laboratory test revealed that clay cement slurry does not consolidate in a closed environment for an extended period of time, with cracks forming during the consolidation process under natural conditions, indicating that the geotechnical reinforcement poses dangers. Stone powder is a powdery solid waste similar to clay materials. Stone powder particle surfaces provide an attachment point for cement reaction, which can speed up cement hydration, with the ability to substitute clay cement slurry. According to our findings, the bleeding rate of clay cement slurry is 14.80% at 290 mm fluidity, and that of the same mass ratio (1:3) as stone powder cement slurry is 11.09%. The bleeding rate is minimal, which promotes the creation of an integral structure after setting between the slurry and lose rock and soil. Mechanical test results show that the strength of the stone powder cement slurry hardened body is 1458 kPa, whereas the strength of the clay cement slurry hardened body is 436 kPa. Microstructural analysis shows that the stone powder cement hardened body has more hydration products and is porous than the clay cement hardened body. The hardened body of stone powder cement slurry has high strength and resistance to external loads, which can increase the bearing capacity and improve the geotechnical reinforcement effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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20 pages, 5912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Geopolymerization Process of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Using Machine Learning

by Kai Chen, Yunhai Cheng, Mingsheng Yu, Long Liu, Yonggang Wang and Junfei Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 1792; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111792 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

The process of geopolymerization affects the freshness and hardening properties of fly ash base polymer. The prediction of geological polymerization parameters, such as DPT, DPH, GPT, and GPH, is very important for the mixing optimization of FA base polymer. In this study, machine [...] Read more.

The process of geopolymerization affects the freshness and hardening properties of fly ash base polymer. The prediction of geological polymerization parameters, such as DPT, DPH, GPT, and GPH, is very important for the mixing optimization of FA base polymer. In this study, machine learning models such as backpropagation neural network, support vector regression, random forest, K-nearest neighbor, logistic regression, and multiple linear regression were used to predict the above geological polymerization parameters and explain the influence of composition on the geological polymerization of FA base polymer. Results show that RF was the most stable ML model and had the best predictive performance on the test sets of GPT, GPH, DPT, and DPH, with correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.95, 0.92, and 0.95, respectively. The variable importance and sensitivity were analyzed by SHapley Additive exPlanations. Results indicate that temperature is the most significant input variable affecting the DPT, DPH, and GPH with SHAP values of 0.09, 4.83, and 1.03, respectively. For GPT, the SHAP value of temperature is 6.89, slightly lower than that of LFR (6.95); yet it is a still significantly important input variable. The mole ratio and alkaline solution concentration were also important and negatively contributed to DPT and DPH, respectively. Besides, both GPT and GPH were sensitive to the mass ratio of liquid-to-fly ash which can promote the geopolymerization extent and shorten the geopolymerization time at a small content. The results of this study pave the way for automatic mixture optimization of FA-based geopolymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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20 pages, 5227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Categorization of Factors Affecting the Resistance and Parameters Optimization of Ultra-Fine Cemented Paste Backfill Pipeline Transport

by Haikuan Sun, Deqing Gan, Zhenlin Xue and Yajie Zhang

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101697 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Ultra-fine cemented paste backfill (UCPB) is prepared using tailings, binder and water. The factors affecting the resistance of UCPB pipe transport are numerous and complex, and the factor interactions restrict the rational development of the filling pipe transport design, which is not conducive [...] Read more.

Ultra-fine cemented paste backfill (UCPB) is prepared using tailings, binder and water. The factors affecting the resistance of UCPB pipe transport are numerous and complex, and the factor interactions restrict the rational development of the filling pipe transport design, which is not conducive to reducing the resistance. This paper categorizes and integrates the factors of pipe transport resistance by theoretical analysis and uses response surface methodology (RSM) to study the influence of different types of factors on the UCPB pipe transport resistance. The results show that the pipe transport resistance factors are classified into endogenous and exogenous factors. According to the classification, the reduction rate of the optimized pipe transport resistance is as high as 25.31% and 15.81%. This shows that the categorization of factors affecting the pipe transport resistance is important for investigating UCPB pipe flow. The single-factor terms with the highest significance under the effect of endogenous and exogenous factors are mass concentration and pipe diameter, respectively. The two interaction terms with highest significance are mass concentration and slurry temperature, pipe diameter and flow velocity, respectively. The results provide new ideas to reduce the resistance of mine pipeline and improve the filling benefit and convenience of pipeline design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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11 pages, 2062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Solid Waste-Based ECC

by Xiao Wang, Ke Sun, Jinggan Shao and Juntao Ma

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101690 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

As one of the main raw materials of engineered cementitious composite (ECC), fly ash exerts the “ball effect” and “pozzolanic effect” in concrete, which improves the working performance of concrete and enhances the strength of the concrete matrix. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber has [...] Read more.

As one of the main raw materials of engineered cementitious composite (ECC), fly ash exerts the “ball effect” and “pozzolanic effect” in concrete, which improves the working performance of concrete and enhances the strength of the concrete matrix. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber has been widely used in the preparation of ECC, while ground fly ash can be used to enhance the performance of ECC as a kind of high-activity admixture. In this paper, the compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness of ECC prepared from different types of fly ash (raw fly ash, sorted fly ash and ground fly ash) are compared, and the rheological properties of the ECC are analyzed by studying the two parameters of yield stress and plastic viscosity. The results show that the smaller the particle size of fly ash is, the more sufficient it reacts with Ca(OH)₂ produced by cement hydration, and the more it can improve the compressive strength and flexural strength of the matrix. In addition, the smaller the particle size of fly ash, the higher the yield stress and plastic viscosity of ECC; therefore, the distribution of PVA fiber in ECC is more uniform, thereby improving the flexural toughness and ductility of ECC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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12 pages, 3698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete under Dry–Wet Cycle Sulfate Attack

by Junxia Liu, Shujie Zang, Fei Yang, Maoliang Zhang and Anbang Li

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101623 - 07 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

Sulfate attack is the most common form of the durability damage of hydraulic concrete, and the performance degradation of cracked structural components is more significant at the position of water level change. Fly ash, a widely utilized supplementary cementitious material, can effectively improve [...] Read more.

Sulfate attack is the most common form of the durability damage of hydraulic concrete, and the performance degradation of cracked structural components is more significant at the position of water level change. Fly ash, a widely utilized supplementary cementitious material, can effectively improve the durability of concrete. In this paper, fly ash was used to partially replace Portland cement at 0 w%, 40 w%, 50 w%, 60 w%, and 70 w%, respectively. Through the three-point bending beam test with notch and the dry–wet cycle of sulfate attack, the change law of the fly ash content on the fracture mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFSCC) and its degradation mechanism under sulfate attack was studied. The results show that the load–crack mouth opening displacement curve of SFSCC changed from a steamed bread peak to a sharp peak under 30 dry–wet cycles of sulfate attack. The fracture toughness, peak load, and fracture energy of SFSCC with a high-volume fly ash increased with the increase in the fly ash content, while they reversed after sulfate attack. When the percentage of fly ash was 70 w%, the retention ratio of the fracture parameters was lower than that of SFSCC without incorporating fly ash, and when the percentage of fly ash was 50 w%, SFSCC had good bearing capacity, fracture mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. The corrosion product of the reference SFSCC with 30 dry–wet cycles of sulfate attack was ettringite, whereas the SFSCC with a high-volume fly ash had no obvious corrosion products and the microstructure became looser. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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13 pages, 2591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curing Stress Influences the Mechanical Characteristics of Cemented Paste Backfill and Its Damage Constitutive Model

by Shunman Chen, Zhenggui Xiang and Hasan Eker

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101607 - 04 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1435

Abstract

As mechanical characteristics are one of the most important indexes that represent the backfill effect of CPB, curing stress is less considered, thus, establishing a damage constitutive model under the effect of curing stress has great significance for the stability of CPB. Firstly, [...] Read more.

As mechanical characteristics are one of the most important indexes that represent the backfill effect of CPB, curing stress is less considered, thus, establishing a damage constitutive model under the effect of curing stress has great significance for the stability of CPB. Firstly, a multifield coupling curing experiment was developed, and a uniaxial pressure testing experiment was used to test the mechanical parameters. Then, the evolution rule of mechanical characteristics of CPB, considering the effect of curing stress, was analyzed. Secondly, combined with elastic mechanics and damage mechanics theory, a damage constitutive model of CPB was explored. Thirdly, based on the laboratory results, an established damage constitutive model was verified. The results indicate that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the CPB was significantly improved because of increasing curing stress and was also influenced by curing age. It was also shown that there existed four stages for the stress-strain curve of the CPB specimens. Moreover, the stress-strain curves of the model and the experiment’s results were the same. There were also good validity and rationality for the established two-stage damage constitutive model, which can provide a good reference for engineering applications of CPB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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Review

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19 pages, 7633 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on the Influence and Control of Sulfur-Containing Tailings on the Strength of Cemented Backfill in Metal Mines

by Jinxing Wang, Menghang Xing, Xiaolin Yang, Huazhe Jiao, Fengbin Chen, Liuhua Yang, Jianxin Yu and Yu Fu

Buildings 2023, 13(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010051 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

With the vigorous development of the world’s mineral resources, the global ecological environment has been severely damaged. The tailings cemented filling technology is an important way to realize the green and low-carbon development of the mining industry. However, sulfur-containing tailings from metal mines [...] Read more.

With the vigorous development of the world’s mineral resources, the global ecological environment has been severely damaged. The tailings cemented filling technology is an important way to realize the green and low-carbon development of the mining industry. However, sulfur-containing tailings from metal mines can destroy the stability and strength of cemented tailings backfill. Therefore, it is imperative to reduce the harm of the sulfur-containing tailings to the strength of cemented tailings backfill. Firstly, based on the research results of sulfur-containing tailings cemented backfill in recent years, this paper reviews the influence of sulfur-containing tailings on the strength of cemented backfill. Accordingly, the mechanism of strength failure of cemented backfill caused by sulfur-containing tailings is further studied, and the erosion failure of sulfide and sulfate is deeply discussed and analyzed. In addition, three control measures are proposed, including adjusting the combination of filling materials and optimizing the filling ratio, controlling the oxidation conditions in the filling process, and adding ad-mixtures as a supplement. Finally, the main conclusions and outlooks of this review are summarized. The purpose of this review is to provide guidance to improve the strength and durability of the cemented sulfur tailings backfill, effectively treating metal tailings, and to propose some ideas for the further improvement and development of the tailings cemented filling technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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