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Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings
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Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 June 2024 | Viewed by 17258

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Svetlana Brzev

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Interests: seismic behaviour of masonry buildings; numerical modelling of masonry buildings; seismic retrofitting techniques for buildings; seismic evaluation of existing buildings; seismic rehabilitation of heritage structures; post-earthquake reconnaissance studies
Prof. Dr. Tony Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Smart Structures Group, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Interests: seismic behaviour and design of steel; concrete and composite structures; seismic behaviour and design of tall buildings; development of performance-based evaluation methodology and code design procedures for new and existing structures; energy dissipation systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Khaled Galal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
GCS-ENCS Centre for Structural Safety and Resilience (CSSR), Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Interests: seismic rehabilitation of reinforced concrete and masonry structures; applications of advanced composite materials (FRP) in new structures and in upgrading deteriorating structures; use of concrete and masonry for sustainable buildings; modelling and rehabilitation of deteriorated bridges; mitigation of progressive collapse of buildings
Prof. Dr. Durgesh C. Rai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
Interests: earthquake engineering and structural dynamics; dynamic and inelastic behaviour of structures; masonry structures; concrete composite structures; experimental investigations of large-scale structural sub-systems; small-scale modelling of structural systems for real-time dynamic testing; supplemental damping and energy dissipation devices; seismic evaluation and rehabilitation; seismic qualification testing on shake tables and earthquake damage surveys; seismic design codes
Dr. Juan José Pérez-Gavilán Escalante

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
Interests: earthquake engineering; performance of confined masonry structures; experimental and numerical studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Masonry is a traditional construction technology that has been used for centuries for building vernacular dwellings, public buildings, palaces, churches, and fortresses. Masonry structures can be constructed using various materials, but most common masonry units in modern buildings are concrete masonry blocks, solid clay bricks or multi-perforated (modular) clay blocks. Field applications of masonry structures, constructed using concrete blocks or bricks, are also rapidly increasing. In the past, walls in masonry buildings were constructed without reinforcement. Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings have experienced damage and/or collapse even in moderate earthquakes, which can be attributed to the lack of integrity of these buildings and limited masonry tensile strength, which is easily exceeded due to the stresses caused by the combination of gravity and lateral load effects. International seismic design codes authorize the construction of either reinforced masonry (RM) or confined masonry (CM) buildings for regions characterized by seismic hazards. Walls in RM buildings contain horizontal and vertical steel reinforcing bars, while CM buildings consist of masonry walls, enclosed by lightly reinforced horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete confining elements. RM and CM buildings have performed well in past earthquakes in various countries.

This Special Issue will provide an insight into state-of-the-art research studies and design approaches related to RM and CM structures subjected to earthquake effects. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Experimental studies;
  • Numerical modelling and seismic analysis;
  • Vulnerability and fragility;
  • Evidence from past earthquakes;
  • Design and construction challenges;
  • Review of design code provisions.

Dr. Svetlana Brzev
Prof. Dr. Tony Yang
Prof. Dr. Khaled Galal
Prof. Dr. Durgesh C. Rai
Dr. Juan José Pérez-Gavilán Escalante
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • masonry buildings
  • seismic behaviour
  • earthquake damage
  • experimental studies
  • numerical modelling
  • reinforced masonry
  • confined masonry

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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32 pages, 9936 KiB  
Article
Seismic Design of a Typical Mid-Rise Residential Building in Serbia Using Confined Masonry and Reinforced Concrete Frame Systems
by Radovan Cvetković, Predrag Blagojević and Svetlana Brzev
Buildings 2024, 14(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020368 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 847
Abstract
Masonry has been widely used for the construction of residential buildings in Serbia and the majority of European countries. Confined masonry (CM) is a contemporary masonry technology that consists of load-bearing masonry walls enclosed in lightly reinforced horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete (RC) [...] Read more.
Masonry has been widely used for the construction of residential buildings in Serbia and the majority of European countries. Confined masonry (CM) is a contemporary masonry technology that consists of load-bearing masonry walls enclosed in lightly reinforced horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete (RC) confining elements. CM has been widely used for the construction of low-rise and mid-rise residential buildings in Serbia and the region (Yugoslavia) since the 1960s. The design case study of a typical multi-family residential building located in Niš, Serbia (the third-largest urban center in the country), is discussed in this paper. This building was initially designed as a five-story CM structure in accordance with the 1981 Yugoslav seismic design code PTN-S, which was enforced in Serbia until 2019, when the Eurocode was adopted for official seismic design codes. Due to architectural constraints, the original design solution involving the CM system was not compliant with the code; hence, an alternative design using an RC-frame system with masonry infills was adopted. A comparison of two different design solutions provides insight into the different requirements of seismic design codes that have been used in the region. It is important to observe that seismic forces for RC structures determined in accordance with the PTN-S code are considerably lower compared to the ones determined according to EC 8-1, with the ratio ranging from 0.37 to 0.69. The seismic shear force according to Eurocode 8 is 1.46 times higher than the force that was used for seismic design according to the PTN-S code in the case of RC-frame structures. The results of an analysis of CM structures show that the seismic shear force in accordance with Eurocode 8 is almost 2.6 times higher than the force that was used for seismic design in accordance with the PTN-S code. The findings of this study are believed to be useful for understanding the difference in seismic design solutions for previous seismic design codes (which were used in the region for more than 40 years) and the present codes (Eurocodes). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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57 pages, 18496 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research Studies on Seismic Behaviour of Confined Masonry Structures: Current Status and Future Needs
by Juan Jose Pérez Gavilán Escalante, Svetlana Brzev, Eric Fernando Espinosa Cazarin, Sara Ganzerli, Daniel Quiun and Matthew T. Reiter
Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071776 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3674
Abstract
Confined masonry (CM) is a construction system that consists of loadbearing masonry wall panels enclosed by vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete confining elements. The presence of these confining elements distinguishes CM from unreinforced masonry systems, and makes this technology suitable for building construction [...] Read more.
Confined masonry (CM) is a construction system that consists of loadbearing masonry wall panels enclosed by vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete confining elements. The presence of these confining elements distinguishes CM from unreinforced masonry systems, and makes this technology suitable for building construction in regions subject to intense seismic or wind activity. CM construction has been used in many countries and regions, and has performed well in past earthquakes. The purpose of this paper is to review experimental research studies related to the seismic in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of CM structures. The authors identify the key design and construction parameters considered in previous research studies and perform statistical analyses to establish their influence on the seismic performance of CM walls. For the purposes of this study, the authors compiled databases of previous experimental studies on CM wall specimens, which were used for statistical analyses. Finally, the paper discusses research gaps and the need for future research studies that would contribute to the understanding of seismic behaviour and failure mechanisms of CM walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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28 pages, 12744 KiB  
Article
Experimental Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls Rehabilitated with Reinforced Mortar Jacketing Subjected to Cyclic Loading
by Cyprien Lubin, Hector Guerrero, Sergio M. Alcocer and Oscar Lopez Batiz
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051314 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
Results of an experimental program of 13 confined masonry walls rehabilitated with different techniques are presented. All specimens were built to full-scale with an aspect ratio (height to length) of 1. Vertical confining elements of one wall were built with 6.4 mm diameter [...] Read more.
Results of an experimental program of 13 confined masonry walls rehabilitated with different techniques are presented. All specimens were built to full-scale with an aspect ratio (height to length) of 1. Vertical confining elements of one wall were built with 6.4 mm diameter welded wire reinforcing cages. Before rehabilitation, 11 of the 13 walls were initially tested to induce repairable damage; the other 2 were strengthened in an undamaged state. During testing, walls were subjected to a constant vertical load. Initially, damaged walls were rehabilitated using various techniques, such as jacketing made of mortar and welded wire mesh and synthetic or steel fibers. One initially damaged wall was rehabilitated with premixed mortar and fiberglass mesh. After rehabilitation, specimens were tested for failure. The experimental program is discussed, including materials characterization and main test results. Recommendations to practicing engineers involved in rehabilitating earthquake-damaged masonry structures are presented. It was found that the original capacity of the walls, in terms of strength, stiffness, and deformation, was increased considerably using the studied techniques. It is concluded that the techniques evaluated in this project are adequate for the seismic rehabilitation of masonry structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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28 pages, 12593 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Novel Dowel and Cramp on the In-Plane Behavior of Multi-Leaf Stone Masonry Walls Proposed for Modern Masonry Buildings
by Ahmed Cavit Ziya and Abdulkerim İlgün
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051235 - 08 May 2023
Viewed by 1286
Abstract
This study discusses the experimental assessment of the in-plane mechanical behavior of a multi-leaf stone masonry wall built from cut stone and reinforced with metal connectors (cramps and dowels). Inspired by conventional multi-leaf stone walls, the wall is meant for use in modern [...] Read more.
This study discusses the experimental assessment of the in-plane mechanical behavior of a multi-leaf stone masonry wall built from cut stone and reinforced with metal connectors (cramps and dowels). Inspired by conventional multi-leaf stone walls, the wall is meant for use in modern stone masonry buildings. The wall is constructed from two parallel load-bearing walls with a cavity between them, which aims to conceal the installation and insulation needed in modern buildings. The load-bearing walls are connected with cramps and dowels at certain intervals, so the wall works as a single section against horizontal and vertical loads. To characterize the in-plane behavior of the proposed wall, compressive, triplet, and diagonal compression tests were conducted to investigate the compressive strength, shear strength, modulus of elasticity, stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption of the wall. Compared with dry and mortar joint walls, dowels increased the wall’s initial shear capacity by 11 and 19 times, respectively. Applying cramps without curving channels inside the individual stone elements decreased the compressive strength by 18%. The energy absorption of the designed walls with metal connectors was substantially increased to that of the specimens representing conventional stone walls. The results show the wall’s applicability due to its higher shear strength and minimal drop in compressive strength, which is within acceptable limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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21 pages, 5646 KiB  
Article
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Masonry Residential Buildings in the Older Parts of Tehran through Fragility Curves and Basic RVS Scores
by Mohammad Yekrangnia
Buildings 2023, 13(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020302 - 19 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1842
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) basic scores for four representative Unreinforced Masonry (URM) and their corresponding Confined Masonry (CM) buildings. Two types of analysis were carried out on the finite element models: modal and push-over analysis. It [...] Read more.
The present study aims to determine the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) basic scores for four representative Unreinforced Masonry (URM) and their corresponding Confined Masonry (CM) buildings. Two types of analysis were carried out on the finite element models: modal and push-over analysis. It was observed that confining URM walls with horizontal and vertical RC ties leads to a significant improvement in both the ultimate strength and ductility ratio of URM buildings. The natural frequency and strength of the studied buildings were strongly influenced by the walls’ relative area. The push-over-based fragility curves indicate that there is an average of 100% increase in the spectral acceleration related to the 50% exceedance probability of the CP performance level of CM buildings compared to their corresponding URM buildings. Moreover, the average resulted RVS basic score of CM buildings was 45% higher compared to those of their corresponding URM buildings and their sensitivity to the higher seismicity of the region was lower, thus greatly reducing the vulnerability of masonry buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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Review

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29 pages, 5605 KiB  
Review
Analysis and Design of Confined Masonry Structures: Review and Future Research Directions
by Bonisha Borah, Hemant B. Kaushik and Vaibhav Singhal
Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051282 - 14 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6896
Abstract
This article discusses the significance of confined masonry (CM) structures in terms of their remarkable seismic performance in past earthquake events. However, the variability of CM structures with differing materials, detailing, and construction practices across different regions poses challenges in developing standardized design [...] Read more.
This article discusses the significance of confined masonry (CM) structures in terms of their remarkable seismic performance in past earthquake events. However, the variability of CM structures with differing materials, detailing, and construction practices across different regions poses challenges in developing standardized design guidelines. To address the challenges, the state-of-the-art developments in CM are comprehensively reviewed in the present article. This review encompasses experimental campaigns studying CM walls and buildings to evaluate the effect of important parameters on their performance, a discussion of various numerical and analytical models with their respective benefits and limitations, and an examination of design procedures for CM in nine country codes and their local guidelines. This review identifies gaps in the current knowledge, including the need for more studies on the performance of CM structures under earthquake loads and the use of new materials and construction techniques. The article concludes by formulating future research directions to address the identified gaps, including the need for more experimental studies and the development of sophisticated numerical models that can capture the complexities of these structures under the action of different loads. Overall, the article serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working on the analysis, design, and construction of CM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Assessment of rehabilitation techniques of masonry walls within a performance-based seismic design framework
Author: Ramírez Quintero
Highlights: Proposed backbone curves with their corresponding modeling parameters are deemed to be useful in a performance-based seismic rehabilitation environment. The work summarized herein is aimed at allowing other techniques to be included in future regulations. More experimental work on distinct techniques is warranted. Limited information available has shown promising results for improving wall behavior after retrofitting.

Title: Assessment of performance-parameters for flexure-dominated confined masonry walls
Author: Espinosa
Highlights: * an approach to establish criteria for flexure-dominated behavior in confined masonry walls *A concentrate plasticity model for confined masonry walls with flexure-dominated behavior is formulated. *Modifying the aspect ratio of the walls, the building can achieve a stable lateral response and exhibit a life safety seismic performance level with inter story drift up to 1%

Title: Numerical Modeling of Seismic Behaviour of Flexure-Dominant Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls
Author: Hsu
Highlights: Experimental research on reinforced masonry shear walls subjected to lateral loading has been review for the numerical modeling calibration. Existing numerical models (MVLEM and SFI-MVLEM) have been applied to model reinforced masonry shear walls under the in-plane axial, flexural, and shear forces. A parametric study was perform to identify key parameters influencing the in-plane flexural behaviour of these walls.

Title: Seismic Design of a Typical Mid-rise Confined Masonry Resi-dential Building in Serbia
Author: Cvetkovic
Highlights: The paper presents a case study of a typical residential building in Serbia, which was initially designed as a CM, but the final solution was a reinforced concrete frame structure with masonry infills. Seismic design was performed according to the 1981 PTN-S Yugoslav code, and Eurocode 8 which has been recently adopted as the official seismic design code in Serbia.

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