Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors and Healthcare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 25074

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Special Issue Editor

Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Interests: microfluidic sensing; electrochemical bio-sensing; point-of-care diagnostics; precision diagnostics; plasmonic sensing; microfluidic devices; lab-on-chip
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sensing technology is a swiftly evolving field with major applications toward biological substances and detection devices, including rapid detection for chemical, biological, and environmental monitoring. This Special Issue is devoted to advances in a diversity of topics in this area, from detection to engineering and incorporation methods to novel sensors. Articles reporting on the latest developments in multiplexed detection including electrochemical, optical, magnetic, and other transduction types are welcome.

I am delighted to welcome you to submit a paper to this Special Issue on “Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring”, which are evolving research subjects with a variety of applications. The scope of the issue in the field of biosensing is wide, including but not limited to the following areas:

  • Advancement of biosensor methodologies and applications;
  • Invention technology of chip-based detection devices;
  • Biomimetic systems and devices for biosensing application;
  • Biological and chemical actuators, including smart materials and components;
  • Lab-on-a-chip systems.

Research articles and complete, thorough review reports on recent developments in the field as well as accomplishments and new technologies claiming to be relevant to biosensing and actuation will be considered for publication. This Special Issue is addressed at biologists, cell culture experts, etc.

Dr. Krishna Kant
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diagnostics
  • molecular imprinted polymer biosensing
  • multiplexed biosensing
  • bio-inspired materials
  • cell and tissue sensors

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 153 KiB  
Editorial
Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring (Volume 1)
by Krishna Kant
Biosensors 2023, 13(11), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13110966 - 01 Nov 2023
Viewed by 987
Abstract
Nano-biosensing technology is a continuously evolving and expanding field with applications concerning biological substances and sensing platforms, which include the detection of chemical, biological, and environmental elements and welfare [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)

Research

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11 pages, 2760 KiB  
Communication
Non-Perturbative Identification and Subtyping of Amyloidosis in Human Kidney Tissue with Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning
by Jeong Hee Kim, Chi Zhang, Christopher John Sperati, Serena M. Bagnasco and Ishan Barman
Biosensors 2023, 13(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13040466 - 08 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
Amyloids are proteins with characteristic beta-sheet secondary structures that display fibrillary ultrastructural configurations. They can result in pathologic lesions when deposited in human organs. Various types of amyloid protein can be routinely identified in human tissue specimens by special stains, immunolabeling, and electron [...] Read more.
Amyloids are proteins with characteristic beta-sheet secondary structures that display fibrillary ultrastructural configurations. They can result in pathologic lesions when deposited in human organs. Various types of amyloid protein can be routinely identified in human tissue specimens by special stains, immunolabeling, and electron microscopy, and, for certain forms of amyloidosis, mass spectrometry is required. In this study, we applied Raman spectroscopy to identify immunoglobulin light chain and amyloid A amyloidosis in human renal tissue biopsies and compared the results with a normal kidney biopsy as a control case. Raman spectra of amyloid fibrils within unstained, frozen, human kidney tissue demonstrated changes in conformation of protein secondary structures. By using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), Raman spectroscopic data were accurately classified with respect to each amyloid type and deposition site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time Raman spectroscopy has been used for amyloid characterization of ex vivo human kidney tissue samples. Our approach, using Raman spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms, shows the potential for the identification of amyloid in pathologic lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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12 pages, 822 KiB  
Article
Robust Detection of Cancer Markers in Human Serums Using All-Dielectric Metasurface Biosensors
by Masanobu Iwanaga
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030377 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1813
Abstract
One of the most significant characteristics, which biosensors are supposed to satisfy, is robustness against abundant molecules coexisting with target biomolecules. In clinical diagnoses and biosensing, blood, plasma, and serum are used daily as samples. In this study, we conducted a series of [...] Read more.
One of the most significant characteristics, which biosensors are supposed to satisfy, is robustness against abundant molecules coexisting with target biomolecules. In clinical diagnoses and biosensing, blood, plasma, and serum are used daily as samples. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to examine the robustness of all-dielectric metasurface biosensors, which comprise pairs of a highly fluorescence-enhancing silicon nanopellet array and a transparent microfluidic chip. The metasurface biosensors were shown to have high performance in detecting various targets from nucleic acids to proteins, such as antigens and antibodies. The present results show almost four-order wide dynamic ranges from 0.16 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and from 2 pg/mL to 25 ng/mL for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The ranges include clinical criteria for PSA, 4 ng/mL and CEA, 5 ng/mL. To date, a systematic demonstration of robustness has not been reported regarding the metasurface biosensors. In detecting cancer markers of PSA and CEA in human serums, we demonstrate that the metasurface biosensors are robust enough in a wide target concentrations, including the clinical diagnosis criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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17 pages, 4338 KiB  
Article
Nucleic Acid Quantification by Multi-Frequency Impedance Cytometry and Machine Learning
by Mahtab Kokabi, Jianye Sui, Neeru Gandotra, Arastou Pournadali Khamseh, Curt Scharfe and Mehdi Javanmard
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030316 - 24 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1838
Abstract
Determining nucleic acid concentrations in a sample is an important step prior to proceeding with downstream analysis in molecular diagnostics. Given the need for testing DNA amounts and its purity in many samples, including in samples with very small input DNA, there is [...] Read more.
Determining nucleic acid concentrations in a sample is an important step prior to proceeding with downstream analysis in molecular diagnostics. Given the need for testing DNA amounts and its purity in many samples, including in samples with very small input DNA, there is utility of novel machine learning approaches for accurate and high-throughput DNA quantification. Here, we demonstrated the ability of a neural network to predict DNA amounts coupled to paramagnetic beads. To this end, a custom-made microfluidic chip is applied to detect DNA molecules bound to beads by measuring the impedance peak response (IPR) at multiple frequencies. We leveraged electrical measurements including the frequency and imaginary and real parts of the peak intensity within a microfluidic channel as the input of deep learning models to predict DNA concentration. Specifically, 10 different deep learning architectures are examined. The results of the proposed regression model indicate that an R_Squared of 97% with a slope of 0.68 is achievable. Consequently, machine learning models can be a suitable, fast, and accurate method to measure nucleic acid concentration in a sample. The results presented in this study demonstrate the ability of the proposed neural network to use the information embedded in raw impedance data to predict the amount of DNA concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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13 pages, 3340 KiB  
Article
Development of Folate-Group Impedimetric Biosensor Based on Polypyrrole Nanotubes Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles
by Andrei E. Deller, Ana L. Soares, Jaqueline Volpe, Jean G. A. Ruthes, Dênio E. P. Souto and Marcio Vidotti
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110970 - 04 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1623
Abstract
In this study, polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy-NT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrochemically synthesized to form a hybrid material and used as an electroactive layer for the attachment of proteins for the construction of a high-performance biosensor. Besides the enhancement of intrinsic conductivity of [...] Read more.
In this study, polypyrrole nanotubes (PPy-NT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrochemically synthesized to form a hybrid material and used as an electroactive layer for the attachment of proteins for the construction of a high-performance biosensor. Besides the enhancement of intrinsic conductivity of the PPy-NT, the AuNPs act as an anchor group for the formation of self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) from the gold–sulfur covalent interaction between gold and Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). This material was used to evaluate the viability and performance of the platform developed for biosensing, and three different biological approaches were tested: first, the Avidin-HRP/Biotin couple and characterizations were made by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), wherein we detected Biotin in a linear range of 100–900 fmol L−1. The studies continued with folate group biomolecules, using the folate receptor α (FR-α) as a bioreceptor. Tests with anti-FR antibody detection were performed, and the results obtained indicate a linear range of detection from 0.001 to 6.70 pmol L−1. The same FR-α receptor was used for Folic Acid detection, and the results showed a limit of detection of 0.030 nmol L−1 and a limit of quantification of 90 pmol L−1. The results indicate that the proposed biosensor is sensitive and capable of operating in a range of clinical interests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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14 pages, 2061 KiB  
Article
Hyaluronic Acid Methacrylate Hydrogel-Modified Electrochemical Device for Adsorptive Removal of Lead(II)
by Nan Wang, Meghali Bora, Song Hao, Kai Tao, Jin Wu, Liangxing Hu, Jianjun Liao, Shiwei Lin, Michael S. Triantafyllou and Xiaogan Li
Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090714 - 02 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a compact, three-electrode electrochemical device functionalized by a biocompatible layer of hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) hydrogel for the adsorptive removal of detrimental lead (Pb(II)) ions in aqueous solutions. An adsorption mechanism pertaining to the observed analytical performance [...] Read more.
This paper presents the development of a compact, three-electrode electrochemical device functionalized by a biocompatible layer of hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) hydrogel for the adsorptive removal of detrimental lead (Pb(II)) ions in aqueous solutions. An adsorption mechanism pertaining to the observed analytical performance of the device is proposed and further experimentally corroborated. It is demonstrated that both the molecular interactions originating from the HAMA hydrogel and electrochemical accumulation originating from the electrode beneath contribute to the adsorption capability of the device. Infrared spectral analysis reveals that the molecular interaction is mainly induced by the amide functional group of the HAMA hydrogel, which is capable of forming the Pb(II)–amide complex. In addition, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) analysis indicates that the electrochemical accumulation is particularly valuable in facilitating the adsorption rate of the device by maintaining a high ion-concentration gradient between the solution and the hydrogel layer. ICP-MS measurements show that 94.08% of Pb(II) ions present in the test solution can be adsorbed by the device within 30 min. The HAMA hydrogel-modified electrochemical devices exhibit reproducible performance in the aspect of Pb(II) removal from tap water, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.28% (for n = 8). The experimental results suggest that the HAMA hydrogel-modified electrochemical device can potentially be used for the rapid, on-field remediation of Pb(II) contamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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17 pages, 3000 KiB  
Article
La(OH)3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Paste-Based Sensing Approach for the Detection of Uric Acid—A Product of Environmentally Stressed Cells
by Sara Knežević, Miloš Ognjanović, Vesna Stanković, Milena Zlatanova, Andrijana Nešić, Marija Gavrović-Jankulović and Dalibor Stanković
Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090705 - 01 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
This paper aims to develop an amperometric, non-enzymatic sensor for detecting and quantifying UA as an alert signal induced by allergens with protease activity in human cell lines (HEK293 and HeLa). Uric acid (UA) has been classified as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) [...] Read more.
This paper aims to develop an amperometric, non-enzymatic sensor for detecting and quantifying UA as an alert signal induced by allergens with protease activity in human cell lines (HEK293 and HeLa). Uric acid (UA) has been classified as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule that serves a physiological purpose inside the cell, while outside the cell it can be an indicator of cell damage. Cell damage or stress can be caused by different health problems or by environmental irritants, such as allergens. We can act and prevent the events that generate stress by determining the extent to which cells are under stress. Amperometric calibration measurements were performed with a carbon paste electrode modified with La(OH)3@MWCNT, at the potential of 0.3 V. The calibration curve was constructed in a linear operating range from 0.67 μM to 121 μM UA. The proposed sensor displayed good reproducibility with an RSD of 3.65% calculated for five subsequent measurements, and a low detection limit of 64.28 nM, determined using the 3 S/m method. Interference studies and the real sample analysis of allergen-treated cell lines proved that the proposed sensing platform possesses excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. Therefore, it can potentially be used to evaluate stress factors in medical research and clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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Review

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28 pages, 49182 KiB  
Review
Advancing Healthcare: Synergizing Biosensors and Machine Learning for Early Cancer Diagnosis
by Mahtab Kokabi, Muhammad Nabeel Tahir, Darshan Singh and Mehdi Javanmard
Biosensors 2023, 13(9), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13090884 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disease and a significant cause of millions of deaths. Traditional methods for cancer detection often have limitations in identifying the disease in its early stages, and they can be expensive and time-consuming. Since cancer typically lacks symptoms and is [...] Read more.
Cancer is a fatal disease and a significant cause of millions of deaths. Traditional methods for cancer detection often have limitations in identifying the disease in its early stages, and they can be expensive and time-consuming. Since cancer typically lacks symptoms and is often only detected at advanced stages, it is crucial to use affordable technologies that can provide quick results at the point of care for early diagnosis. Biosensors that target specific biomarkers associated with different types of cancer offer an alternative diagnostic approach at the point of care. Recent advancements in manufacturing and design technologies have enabled the miniaturization and cost reduction of point-of-care devices, making them practical for diagnosing various cancer diseases. Furthermore, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been employed to analyze sensor data and extract valuable information through the use of statistical techniques. In this review paper, we provide details on how various machine learning algorithms contribute to the ongoing development of advanced data processing techniques for biosensors, which are continually emerging. We also provide information on the various technologies used in point-of-care cancer diagnostic biosensors, along with a comparison of the performance of different ML algorithms and sensing modalities in terms of classification accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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27 pages, 10358 KiB  
Review
Progress in Nano-Biosensors for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stem Cell Differentiation
by Min-Ji Kang, Yeon-Woo Cho and Tae-Hyung Kim
Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050501 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1965
Abstract
Non-invasive, non-destructive, and label-free sensing techniques are required to monitor real-time stem cell differentiation. However, conventional analysis methods, such as immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, involve invasive processes and are complicated and time-consuming. Unlike traditional cellular sensing methods, electrochemical and optical [...] Read more.
Non-invasive, non-destructive, and label-free sensing techniques are required to monitor real-time stem cell differentiation. However, conventional analysis methods, such as immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, involve invasive processes and are complicated and time-consuming. Unlike traditional cellular sensing methods, electrochemical and optical sensing techniques allow non-invasive qualitative identification of cellular phenotypes and quantitative analysis of stem cell differentiation. In addition, various nano- and micromaterials with cell-friendly properties can greatly improve the performance of existing sensors. This review focuses on nano- and micromaterials that have been reported to improve sensing capabilities, including sensitivity and selectivity, of biosensors towards target analytes associated with specific stem cell differentiation. The information presented aims to motivate further research into nano-and micromaterials with advantageous properties for developing or improving existing nano-biosensors to achieve the practical evaluation of stem cell differentiation and efficient stem cell-based therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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18 pages, 2124 KiB  
Review
Progress in Fluorescence Biosensing and Food Safety towards Point-of-Detection (PoD) System
by Saloni Kakkar, Payal Gupta, Navin Kumar and Krishna Kant
Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020249 - 09 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4498
Abstract
The detection of pathogens in food substances is of crucial concern for public health and for the safety of the natural environment. Nanomaterials, with their high sensitivity and selectivity have an edge over conventional organic dyes in fluorescent-based detection methods. Advances in microfluidic [...] Read more.
The detection of pathogens in food substances is of crucial concern for public health and for the safety of the natural environment. Nanomaterials, with their high sensitivity and selectivity have an edge over conventional organic dyes in fluorescent-based detection methods. Advances in microfluidic technology in biosensors have taken place to meet the user criteria of sensitive, inexpensive, user-friendly, and quick detection. In this review, we have summarized the use of fluorescence-based nanomaterials and the latest research approaches towards integrated biosensors, including microsystems containing fluorescence-based detection, various model systems with nano materials, DNA probes, and antibodies. Paper-based lateral-flow test strips and microchips as well as the most-used trapping components are also reviewed, and the possibility of their performance in portable devices evaluated. We also present a current market-available portable system which was developed for food screening and highlight the future direction for the development of fluorescence-based systems for on-site detection and stratification of common foodborne pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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31 pages, 4132 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring the Water Quality
by Yun Hui, Zhaoling Huang, Md Eshrat E. Alahi, Anindya Nag, Shilun Feng and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070551 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4143
Abstract
The release of chemicals and microorganisms from various sources, such as industry, agriculture, animal farming, wastewater treatment plants, and flooding, into water systems have caused water pollution in several parts of our world, endangering aquatic ecosystems and individual health. World Health Organization (WHO) [...] Read more.
The release of chemicals and microorganisms from various sources, such as industry, agriculture, animal farming, wastewater treatment plants, and flooding, into water systems have caused water pollution in several parts of our world, endangering aquatic ecosystems and individual health. World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced strict standards for the maximum concentration limits for nutrients and chemicals in drinking water, surface water, and groundwater. It is crucial to have rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical detection systems to monitor the pollution level regularly and meet the standard limit. Electrochemical biosensors are advantageous analytical devices or tools that convert a bio-signal by biorecognition elements into a significant electrical response. Thanks to the micro/nano fabrication techniques, electrochemical biosensors for sensitive, continuous, and real-time detection have attracted increasing attention among researchers and users worldwide. These devices take advantage of easy operation, portability, and rapid response. They can also be miniaturized, have a long-life span and a quick response time, and possess high sensitivity and selectivity and can be considered as portable biosensing assays. They are of special importance due to their great advantages such as affordability, simplicity, portability, and ability to detect at on-site. This review paper is concerned with the basic concepts of electrochemical biosensors and their applications in various water quality monitoring, such as inorganic chemicals, nutrients, microorganisms’ pollution, and organic pollutants, especially for developing real-time/online detection systems. The basic concepts of electrochemical biosensors, different surface modification techniques, bio-recognition elements (BRE), detection methods, and specific real-time water quality monitoring applications are reviewed thoroughly in this article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Biosensors for Detection and Monitoring)
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