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Biosensors
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Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices
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Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 10955

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Rui Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Biomedical Flexible Electronics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Interests: flexible electronic devices based on liquid metals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite the submission of research articles and reviews to a Special Issue of the open access journal Biosensors (Q1 in the categories of Analytical Chemistry and Instruments & Instrumentation). Your recent discoveries and improvements to biosensors in the topics of liquid-metal-based biosensors and bioelectronic devices are welcome. This Special Issue of Biosensors provides the most recent progress and unique advantages in these areas.

With high fluidity and metallic conductivity, room-temperature liquid metals have been widely used in flexible electronics, biosensors, wearable devices, and thermal energy management. Many liquid-metal-based conductive materials and circuit printing methods have also been developed for the manufacture of flexible biosensors. Therefore, this issue welcomes contributions about liquid-metal-based biosensors and bioelectronic devices, such as blood glucose sensors, strain sensors, and flexible electrodes. Furthermore, studies of wearable devices printed on clothes or based on conductive fibers, conformal biosensors, and new liquid metal circuit printing methods based on 3D printing, screen printing, and transfer printing are welcome.

Dr. Rui Guo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • liquid metal
  • flexible biosensors
  • wearable devices
  • conformal biosensors
  • liquid metal circuit printing method
  • flexible electrodes

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

11 pages, 3692 KiB  
Article
Liquid Metal Flexible EMG Gel Electrodes for Gesture Recognition
by Yanru Bai, Xiaoqing Li, Chengcai Zheng, Rui Guo and Xisheng Li
Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070692 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Gesture recognition has been playing an increasingly important role in the field of intelligent control and human–computer interaction. Gesture recognition technology based on electromyography (EMG) with high accuracy has been widely applied. However, conventional rigid EMG electrodes do not fit the mechanical properties [...] Read more.
Gesture recognition has been playing an increasingly important role in the field of intelligent control and human–computer interaction. Gesture recognition technology based on electromyography (EMG) with high accuracy has been widely applied. However, conventional rigid EMG electrodes do not fit the mechanical properties of human skin. Therefore, rigid EMG electrodes are easily influenced by body movements, and uncomfortable to wear and use for a long time. To solve these problems, a stretchable EMG electrode based on liquid metal nanoparticles was developed in this research. It is conformal with human skin because of its similar mechanical properties to skin. Liquid metal nanoparticles mixed in polymer can be connected to each other to form conductive circuits when pressed by mechanical force. Therefore, this preparation method of liquid metal flexible gel electrodes is low-cost and can be fabricated largely. Moreover, the liquid metal flexible gel electrodes have great stretch ability. Their resistance increases slightly at maximum strain state. Based on these advantages, the flexible gel electrodes are applied to arm to collect EMG signals generated by human hand movements. In addition, the signals are analyzed by artificial intelligence algorithm to realize accurate gesture recognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices)
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9 pages, 4777 KiB  
Communication
In Situ Fabricated Liquid Metal Capacitors for Plant Sensing
by Sen Chen, Muzhi Jiang, Bo Wang, Xiyu Zhu, Xiaohui Shan and Jing Liu
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060603 - 01 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1180
Abstract
Capacitive sensors are essential to promoting modernization and intelligence in agriculture. With the continuous advancement of this sensor technology, the demand for materials with high conductivity and flexibility is rapidly increasing. Herein, we introduce liquid metal as a solution for the in-site fabrication [...] Read more.
Capacitive sensors are essential to promoting modernization and intelligence in agriculture. With the continuous advancement of this sensor technology, the demand for materials with high conductivity and flexibility is rapidly increasing. Herein, we introduce liquid metal as a solution for the in-site fabrication of high-performance capacitive sensors for plant sensing. As a comparison, three pathways have been proposed for the preparation of flexible capacitors inside plants, as well as on their surfaces. Specifically, concealed capacitors can be constructed by directly injecting liquid metal into the plant cavity. Printable capacitors are prepared via printing Cu-doped liquid metal with better adhesion on plant surfaces. A composite liquid metal-based capacitive sensor is achieved by printing liquid metal on the plant surface and injecting it into the interior of the plant. While each method has limitations, the composite liquid metal-based capacitive sensor provides an optimal trade-off between signal capture capability and operability. As a result, this composite capacitor is chosen as a sensor for monitoring water changes within plants and demonstrates the desired sensing performance, making it a promising technology for monitoring plant physiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices)
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9 pages, 1214 KiB  
Article
Shape-Programmable Liquid Metal Fibers
by Biao Ma, Jin Zhang, Gangsheng Chen, Yi Chen, Chengtao Xu, Lanjie Lei and Hong Liu
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010028 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2439
Abstract
Conductive and stretchable fibers are the cornerstone of intelligent textiles and imperceptible electronics. Among existing fiber conductors, gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) featuring high conductivity, fluidity, and self-healing are excellent candidates for highly stretchable fibers with sensing, actuation, power generation, and interconnection functionalities. However, [...] Read more.
Conductive and stretchable fibers are the cornerstone of intelligent textiles and imperceptible electronics. Among existing fiber conductors, gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) featuring high conductivity, fluidity, and self-healing are excellent candidates for highly stretchable fibers with sensing, actuation, power generation, and interconnection functionalities. However, current LM fibers fabricated by direct injection or surface coating have a limitation in shape programmability. This hinders their applications in functional fibers with tunable electromechanical response and miniaturization. Here, we reported a simple and efficient method to create shape-programmable LM fibers using the phase transition of gallium. Gallium metal wires in the solid state can be easily shaped into a 3D helical structure, and the structure can be preserved after coating the wire with polyurethane and liquifying the metal. The 3D helical LM fiber offered enhanced stretchability with a high breaking strain of 1273% and showed invariable conductance over 283% strain. Moreover, we can reduce the fiber diameter by stretching the fiber during the solidification of polyurethane. We also demonstrated applications of the programmed fibers in self-powered strain sensing, heart rate monitoring, airflow, and humidity sensing. This work provided simple and facile ways toward functional LM fibers, which may facilitate the broad applications of LM fibers in e-skins, wearable computation, soft robots, and smart fabrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices)
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Review

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30 pages, 7931 KiB  
Review
Liquid Metal-Based Electronics for On-Skin Healthcare
by Jinwei Cao, Xin Li, Yiwei Liu, Guang Zhu and Run-Wei Li
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010084 - 03 Jan 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3820
Abstract
Wearable devices are receiving growing interest in modern technologies for realizing multiple on-skin purposes, including flexible display, flexible e-textiles, and, most importantly, flexible epidermal healthcare. A ‘BEER’ requirement, i.e., biocompatibility, electrical elasticity, and robustness, is first proposed here for all the [...] Read more.
Wearable devices are receiving growing interest in modern technologies for realizing multiple on-skin purposes, including flexible display, flexible e-textiles, and, most importantly, flexible epidermal healthcare. A ‘BEER’ requirement, i.e., biocompatibility, electrical elasticity, and robustness, is first proposed here for all the on-skin healthcare electronics for epidermal applications. This requirement would guide the designing of the next-generation on-skin healthcare electronics. For conventional stretchable electronics, the rigid conductive materials, e.g., gold nanoparticles and silver nanofibers, would suffer from an easy-to-fail interface with elastic substrates due to a Young’s modulus mismatch. Liquid metal (LM) with high conductivity and stretchability has emerged as a promising solution for robust stretchable epidermal electronics. In addition, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biocompatible properties of LM are illustrated. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of LM are outlined for pure LM, LM composites, and LM circuits based on the surface tension control. Five dominant epidermal healthcare applications of LM are illustrated, including electrodes, interconnectors, mechanical sensors, thermal management, and biomedical and sustainable applications. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of LM are identified for the future research vision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices)
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Other

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15 pages, 6339 KiB  
Perspective
Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Bioelectrodes for Management of In-Stent-Restenosis: Potential Application
by Xilong Zhang, Lei Li and Zhongshan Deng
Biosensors 2023, 13(8), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080795 - 07 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1166
Abstract
Although vascular stents have been widely used in clinical practice, there is still a risk of in-stent restenosis after their implantation. Combining conventional vascular stents with liquid metal-based electrodes with impedance detection, irreversible electroporation, and blood pressure detection provides a new direction to [...] Read more.
Although vascular stents have been widely used in clinical practice, there is still a risk of in-stent restenosis after their implantation. Combining conventional vascular stents with liquid metal-based electrodes with impedance detection, irreversible electroporation, and blood pressure detection provides a new direction to completely solve the restenosis problem. Compared with conventional rigid electrodes, liquid metal-based electrodes combine high conductivity and stretchability, and are more compliant with the implantation process of vascular stents and remain in the vasculature for a long period of time. This perspective reviews the types and development of conventional vascular stents and proposes a novel stent that integrates liquid metal-based electrodes on conventional vascular stents. This vascular stent has three major functions of prediction, detection and treatment, and is expected to be a new generation of cardiovascular implant with intelligent sensing and real-time monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Metal Based Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices)
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