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12 pages, 2236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Chewing Pattern through an Electromyographic Device

by Alessia Riente, Alessio Abeltino, Cassandra Serantoni, Giada Bianchetti, Marco De Spirito, Stefano Capezzone, Rosita Esposito and Giuseppe Maulucci

Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070749 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1077

Abstract

Chewing is essential in regulating metabolism and initiating digestion. Various methods have been used to examine chewing, including analyzing chewing sounds and using piezoelectric sensors to detect muscle contractions. However, these methods struggle to distinguish chewing from other movements. Electromyography (EMG) has proven [...] Read more.

Chewing is essential in regulating metabolism and initiating digestion. Various methods have been used to examine chewing, including analyzing chewing sounds and using piezoelectric sensors to detect muscle contractions. However, these methods struggle to distinguish chewing from other movements. Electromyography (EMG) has proven to be an accurate solution, although it requires sensors attached to the skin. Existing EMG devices focus on detecting the act of chewing or classifying foods and do not provide self-awareness of chewing habits. We developed a non-invasive device that evaluates a personalized chewing style by analyzing various aspects, like chewing time, cycle time, work rate, number of chews and work. It was tested in a case study comparing the chewing pattern of smokers and non-smokers, as smoking can alter chewing habits. Previous studies have shown that smokers exhibit reduced chewing speed, but other aspects of chewing were overlooked. The goal of this study is to present the device and provide additional insights into the effects of smoking on chewing patterns by considering multiple chewing features. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences, as non-smokers had more chews and higher work values, indicating more efficient chewing. The device provides valuable insights into personalized chewing profiles and could modify unhealthy chewing habits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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13 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Salivary Sensor with Integrated Au Electrodes and Conductivity Meters for Screening of Diabetes

by Chen-Wei Lin, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai, Yun-Shing Peng, Jen-Tsung Yang, Yen-Pei Lu, Mei-Yen Chen and Chun-Wu Tung

Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070702 - 02 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

The rise in diabetes cases is a growing concern due to the aging of populations. This not only places a strain on healthcare systems but also creates serious public health problems. Traditional blood tests are currently used to check blood sugar levels, but [...] Read more.

The rise in diabetes cases is a growing concern due to the aging of populations. This not only places a strain on healthcare systems but also creates serious public health problems. Traditional blood tests are currently used to check blood sugar levels, but they are invasive and can discourage patients from regularly monitoring their levels. We recently developed nano-sensing probes that integrate Au microelectrodes and conductivity meters, requiring only 50 μL of saliva for measurement. The usage of the co-planar design of coating-free Au electrodes makes the measurement more stable, precise, and easier. This study found a positive correlation between the participant’s fasting blood sugar levels and salivary conductivity. We observed a diabetes prevalence of 11.6% among 395 adults under 65 years in this study, using the glycated hemoglobin > 6.5% definition. This study found significantly higher salivary conductivity in the diabetes group, and also a clear trend of increasing diabetes as conductivity levels rose. The prediction model, using salivary conductivity, age, and body mass index, performed well in diagnosing diabetes, with a ROC curve area of 0.75. The study participants were further divided into low and high groups based on salivary conductivity using the Youden index with a cutoff value of 5.987 ms/cm. Individuals with higher salivary conductivity had a 3.82 times greater risk of diabetes than those with lower levels, as determined by the odds ratio calculation. In conclusion, this portable sensing device for salivary conductivity has the potential to be a screening tool for detecting diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 2507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertically-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Film Based Electrochemical Aptasensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Alpha-Fetoprotein in Human Serum

by Tongtong Zhang, Luoxiang Yang, Fei Yan and Kai Wang

Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060628 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

Convenient and rapid detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is vital for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this work, low-cost (0.22 USD for single sensor) and stable (during 6 days) electrochemical aptasensor was developed for highly sensitive and direct detection of AFP in [...] Read more.

Convenient and rapid detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is vital for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this work, low-cost (0.22 USD for single sensor) and stable (during 6 days) electrochemical aptasensor was developed for highly sensitive and direct detection of AFP in human serum with the assist of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF). VMSF has silanol groups on the surface and regularly ordered nanopores, which could provide binding sites for further functionalization of recognition aptamer and also confer the sensor with excellent anti-biofouling capacity. The sensing mechanism relies on the target AFP-controlled diffusion of Fe(CN)₆^3−/4− redox electrochemical probe through the nanochannels of VMSF. The resulting reduced electrochemical responses are related to the AFP concentration, allowing the linear determination of AFP with a wide dynamic linear range and a low limit of detection. Accuracy and potential of the developed aptasensor were also demonstrated in human serum by standard addition method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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15 pages, 3530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on Pre-Anodized Paper/Carbon Electrodes Modified through Zero-Length Cross-Linkers for Glucose Biosensors

by Gilberto Henao-Pabon, Ning Gao, K. Sudhakara Prasad and XiuJun Li

Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050566 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

A disposable paper-based glucose biosensor with direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOX) was developed through simple covalent immobilization of GOX on a carbon electrode surface using zero-length cross-linkers. This glucose biosensor exhibited a high electron transfer rate (ks, 3.363 s⁻¹ [...] Read more.

A disposable paper-based glucose biosensor with direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOX) was developed through simple covalent immobilization of GOX on a carbon electrode surface using zero-length cross-linkers. This glucose biosensor exhibited a high electron transfer rate (ks, 3.363 s⁻¹) as well as good affinity (km, 0.03 mM) for GOX while keeping innate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the DET-based glucose detection was accomplished by employing both square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques, and it achieved a glucose detection range from 5.4 mg/dL to 900 mg/dL, which is wider than most commercially available glucometers. This low-cost DET glucose biosensor showed remarkable selectivity, and the use of the negative operating potential avoided interference from other common electroactive compounds. It has great potential to monitor different stages of diabetes from hypoglycemic to hyperglycemic states, especially for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 4254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Point-of-Care Testing of the MTF1 Osteoarthritis Biomarker Using Phenolphthalein-Soaked Swabs

by So Yeon Park, Dong-Sik Chae, Jae Sun Lee, Byung-Ki Cho and Nae Yoon Lee

Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050535 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, which accompanies pain and inconvenience in daily life owing to degradation of cartilage and adjacent tissues. In this study, we propose a simple point-of-care testing (POCT) kit for the detection of the MTF1 OA biomarker [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, which accompanies pain and inconvenience in daily life owing to degradation of cartilage and adjacent tissues. In this study, we propose a simple point-of-care testing (POCT) kit for the detection of the MTF1 OA biomarker to achieve on-site clinical diagnosis of OA. The kit contains an FTA card for patient sample treatments, a sample tube for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and a phenolphthalein-soaked swab for naked eye detection. The MTF1 gene was isolated from synovial fluids using an FTA card and amplified using the LAMP method at 65 °C for 35 min. A test part of the phenolphthalein-soaked swab was decolorized in the presence of the MTF1 gene due to the pH change after the LAMP, but the color remained pink in the absence of the MTF1 gene. The control part of the swab served as a reference color in relation to the test part. When real-time LAMP (RT-LAMP), gel electrophoresis, and colorimetric detection of the MTF1 gene were performed, the limit of detection (LOD) was confirmed at 10 fg/μL, and the overall processes were completed in 1 h. The detection of an OA biomarker in the form of POCT was reported for the first time in this study. The introduced method is expected to serve as a POCT platform directly applicable by clinicians for easy and rapid identification of OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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18 pages, 5003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fiber Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Carboxymethylated Dextran Modified Gold Nanoparticles Surface for High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Analysis

by Chang-Yue Chiang, Chien-Hsing Chen and Chin-Wei Wu

Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050522 - 06 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

Rapid, sensitive, and reliable detection of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is essential for medical and diagnostic applications due to its important role as a biomarker of chronic inflammation. Here, we report a facile method for the detection of HMGB1 using carboxymethyl [...] Read more.

Rapid, sensitive, and reliable detection of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is essential for medical and diagnostic applications due to its important role as a biomarker of chronic inflammation. Here, we report a facile method for the detection of HMGB1 using carboxymethyl dextran (CM-dextran) as a bridge molecule modified on the surface of gold nanoparticles combined with a fiber optic localized surface plasmon resonance (FOLSPR) biosensor. Under optimal conditions, the results showed that the FOLSPR sensor detected HMGB1 with a wide linear range (10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻⁶ g/mL), fast response (less than 10 min), and a low detection limit of 43.4 pg/mL (1.7 pM) and high correlation coefficient values (>0.9928). Furthermore, the accurate quantification and reliable validation of kinetic binding events measured by the currently working biosensors are comparable to surface plasmon resonance sensing systems, providing new insights into direct biomarker detection for clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 2559 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Interactions of Amino Group Functionalized Tetraphenylvinyl and DNA: A Label-Free “On-Off-On” Fluorescent Aptamer Sensor toward Ampicillin

by Weifu Geng, Yan Feng, Yu Chen, Xin Zhang, Haoyi Zhang, Fanfan Yang and Xiuzhong Wang

Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050504 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

As a type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe, tetraphenylvinyl (TPE) or its derivatives are widely used in chemical imaging, biosensing and medical diagnosis. However, most studies have focused on molecular modification and functionalization of AIE to enhance the fluorescence emission intensity. There [...] Read more.

As a type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe, tetraphenylvinyl (TPE) or its derivatives are widely used in chemical imaging, biosensing and medical diagnosis. However, most studies have focused on molecular modification and functionalization of AIE to enhance the fluorescence emission intensity. There are few studies on the interaction between aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) and nucleic acids, which was investigated in this paper. Experimental results showed the formation of a complex of AIE/DNA, leading to the quenching of the fluorescence of AIE molecules. Fluorescent test experiments with different temperatures proved that the quenching type was static quenching. The quenching constants, binding constants and thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions promoted the binding process. Then, a label-free “on-off-on” fluorescent aptamer sensor for the detection of ampicillin (AMP) was constructed based on the interaction between the AIE probe and the aptamer of AMP. Linear range of the sensor is 0.2–10 nM with a limit of detection 0.06 nM. This fluorescent sensor was applied to detect AMP in real samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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15 pages, 3838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Rapid Detection of TB ESAT-6 and CFP-10

by Palesa Pamela Seele, Busiswa Dyan, Amanda Skepu, Charlotte Maserumule and Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030354 - 06 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3380

Abstract

The current study reports on the development of a rapid and cost-effective TB-antigen diagnostic test for the detection of Mycobacterium biomarkers from non-sputum-based samples. Two gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in the form of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) were developed for [...] Read more.

The current study reports on the development of a rapid and cost-effective TB-antigen diagnostic test for the detection of Mycobacterium biomarkers from non-sputum-based samples. Two gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in the form of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) were developed for detection of immunodominant TB antigens, the 6 kDa early secreted antigen target EsxA (ESAT-6) and the 10 kDa culture filtrate protein EsxB (CFP-10). AuNPs were synthesized using the Turkevich method and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The AuNP–detection probe conjugation conditions were determined by comparing the stability of 14 nm AuNPs at different pH conditions, following salt challenge. Thereafter, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibodies were conjugated to the AuNPs and used for the colorimetric detection of TB antigens. Selection of the best detection and capture antibody pairs was determined by Dot spotting. The limits of detection (LODs) for the LFIAs were evaluated by dry testing. TEM results showed that the 14 nm AuNPs were mostly spherical and well dispersed. The ESAT-6 LFIA prototype had an LOD of 0.0625 ng/mL versus the CFP-10 with an LOD of 7.69 ng/mL. Compared to other studies in the literature, the LOD was either similar or lower, outperforming them. Moreover, in some of the previous studies, an enrichment/extraction step was required to improve on the LOD. In this study, the LFIAs produced results within 15 min and could be suitable for use at PoCs either in clinics, mobile clinics, hospitals or at home by the end user. However, further studies need to be conducted to validate their use in clinical samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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15 pages, 5053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Impedimetric Biosensor for Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Food

by Alessia Calabrese, Pietro Battistoni, Seniz Ceylan, Luigi Zeni, Alessandro Capo, Antonio Varriale, Sabato D’Auria and Maria Staiano

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030341 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2414

Abstract

The demand for a wide choice of food that is safe and palatable increases every day. Consumers do not accept off-flavors that have atypical odors resulting from internal deterioration or contamination by substances alien to the food. Odor response depends on the volatile [...] Read more.

The demand for a wide choice of food that is safe and palatable increases every day. Consumers do not accept off-flavors that have atypical odors resulting from internal deterioration or contamination by substances alien to the food. Odor response depends on the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and their detection can provide information about food quality. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is the most powerful method available for the detection of VOC. However, it is laborious, costly, and requires the presence of a trained operator. To develop a faster analytic tool, we designed a non-Faradaic impedimetric biosensor for monitoring the presence of VOCs involved in food spoilage. The biosensor is based on the use of the pig odorant-binding protein (pOBP) as the molecular recognition element. We evaluated the affinity of pOBP for three different volatile organic compounds (1-octen-3-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, and hexanal) related to food spoilage. We developed an electrochemical biosensor conducting impedimetric measurements in liquid and air samples. The impedance changes allowed us to detect each VOC sample at a minimum concentration of 0.1 μM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 4397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Mode Sensing Platform for Cancer Antigen 15-3 Determination Based on a Silica Nanochannel Array Using Electrochemiluminescence and Electrochemistry

by Jie Huang, Tongtong Zhang, Yanyan Zheng and Jiyang Liu

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030317 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

An electrochemiluminescence-electrochemistry (ECL-EC) dual-mode sensing platform based on a vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) modified electrode was designed here for the sensitive and selective determination of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), a specific biomarker of breast cancer. VMSF was assembled through a rapid [...] Read more.

An electrochemiluminescence-electrochemistry (ECL-EC) dual-mode sensing platform based on a vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films (VMSF) modified electrode was designed here for the sensitive and selective determination of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), a specific biomarker of breast cancer. VMSF was assembled through a rapid electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA) method and plays a crucial role in signal amplification via a strong electrostatic interaction with the positively charged bifunctional probe Ru(bpy₎₃²⁺. To construct the biorecognition interface, epoxy functional silane was linked to the surface of VMSF for further covalent immobilization of the antibody. As a benefit from the specific combination of antigen and antibody, a non-conductive immunocomplex layer was formed in the presence of CA 15-3, leading to the hinderance of the mass and electron transfer of the probes. Based on this strategy, the dual-mode determination of CA 15-3 ranging from 0.1 mU/mL to 100 mU/mL with a LOD of 9 μU/mL for ECL mode, and 10 mU/mL to 200 U/mL with a LOD of 5.4 mU/mL for EC mode, was achieved. The proposed immunosensor was successfully employed for the detection of CA 15-3 in human serum without tedious pretreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual/Photoelectrochemical Off-On Sensor Based on Cu/Mn Double-Doped CeO₂ and Branched Sheet Embedded Cu₂O/CuO Nanocubes

by Huihui Shi, Yanfei Che, Yumeng Rong, Jiajun Wang, Yanhu Wang, Jinghua Yu and Yan Zhang

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020227 - 04 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

An integrated dual-signal bioassay was devised to fulfil thrombin (TB) ultrasensitive detection by integrating visualization with the photoelectrochemical technique based on G-quadruplex/hemin. During the process, branched sheet embedded copper-based oxides prepared with illumination and alkaline condition play a vital role in obtaining the [...] Read more.

An integrated dual-signal bioassay was devised to fulfil thrombin (TB) ultrasensitive detection by integrating visualization with the photoelectrochemical technique based on G-quadruplex/hemin. During the process, branched sheet embedded copper-based oxides prepared with illumination and alkaline condition play a vital role in obtaining the desirable photocurrent. The switchover of photoelectrochemical signal was realized by the adjustable distance between electron acceptor G-quadruplex/hemin and interface materials due to dissociation of the Cu/Mn double-doped cerium dioxide (CuMn@CeO₂)/DNA caused by the addition of TB. Then, CuMn@CeO₂ transferred onto visual zones triggered catalytic reactions under the existence of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, making a variation in color recognized by the naked eye and providing visual prediction. Under optimized conditions, this bioassay protocol demonstrated wide linear ranges (0.0001–50 nM), high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. More importantly, the proposed visual/photoelectrochemical transduction mechanism platform exhibits a lower background signal and more reliable detection results, which also offers an effective way for detecting other proteins and nucleic acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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10 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Single Aptamer-Dependent Sandwich-Type Biosensor for the Colorimetric Detection of Cancer Cells via Direct Coordinately Binding of Bare Bimetallic Metal–Organic Framework-Based Nanozymes

by Yuhui Zhu, Xueting Fang, Xiaofei Lv, Meijun Lu, Hui Xu, Shengqiang Hu, Shulin Zhao and Fanggui Ye

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020225 - 03 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

A typical colorimetric sandwich-type sensor relies on dual antibodies/aptamers to specifically visualize the targets. The requirement of dual antibodies/aptamers and low signal intensity inevitably increases the design difficulty and compromises the sensing sensitivity. In this work, a novel sandwich-type aptasensor was developed using [...] Read more.

A typical colorimetric sandwich-type sensor relies on dual antibodies/aptamers to specifically visualize the targets. The requirement of dual antibodies/aptamers and low signal intensity inevitably increases the design difficulty and compromises the sensing sensitivity. In this work, a novel sandwich-type aptasensor was developed using single aptamer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as a specific recognition unit to target cancer cells and a bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-based nanozymes as a colorimetric signal amplification unit. The well-defined crystalline structure of UIO-66 MOFs enabled the introduction of Fe/Zr bimetal nodes, which possessed integrated properties of the peroxidase-like nanozyme activity and direct coordinately binding to the cell surface. Such a novel construction strategy of sandwich-type aptasensors achieved simple, sensitive, and specific detection of the target cancer cells, which will inspire the development of biosensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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9 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Complementary DNA Significantly Enhancing Signal Response and Sensitivity of a Molecular Beacon Probe to Aflatoxin B1

by Chao Wang, Kexiao Zhu, Jie Yu and Pengfei Shi

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020195 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1632

Abstract

This paper reported an improved molecular beacon method for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a natural mycotoxin with severe carcinogenicity. With the assistance of a complementary DNA (cDNA) chain, the molecular beacon which consists of a DNA aptamer flanked by FAM [...] Read more.

This paper reported an improved molecular beacon method for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a natural mycotoxin with severe carcinogenicity. With the assistance of a complementary DNA (cDNA) chain, the molecular beacon which consists of a DNA aptamer flanked by FAM and BHQ1 displayed a larger fluorescent response to AFB1, contributing to the sensitive detection of AFB1. Upon optimization of some key experimental factors, rapid detection of AFB1 ranging from 1 nM to 3 μM, within 20 min, was realized by using this method. A limit of detection (LoD) of 1 nM was obtained, which was lower than the LoD (8 nM) obtained without cDNA assistance. This aptamer-based molecular beacon detection method showed advantages in easy operation, rapid analysis and larger signal response. Good specificity and anti-interference ability were demonstrated. This method showed potential in real-sample analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 2427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Stable InSe-FET Biosensor for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarker CA125

by Hao Ji, Zhenhua Wang, Shun Wang, Chao Wang, Kai Zhang, Yu Zhang and Lin Han

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020193 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2214

Abstract

Two-dimensional materials-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are promising biosensors because of their outstanding electrical properties, tunable band gap, high specific surface area, label-free detection, and potential miniaturization for portable diagnostic products. However, it is crucial for FET biosensors to have a high electrical performance [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional materials-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are promising biosensors because of their outstanding electrical properties, tunable band gap, high specific surface area, label-free detection, and potential miniaturization for portable diagnostic products. However, it is crucial for FET biosensors to have a high electrical performance and stability degradation in liquid environments for their practical application. Here, a high-performance InSe-FET biosensor is developed and demonstrated for the detection of the CA125 biomarker in clinical samples. The InSe-FET is integrated with a homemade microfluidic channel, exhibiting good electrical stability during the liquid channel process because of the passivation effect on the InSe channel. The InSe-FET biosensor is capable of the quantitative detection of the CA125 biomarker in breast cancer in the range of 0.01–1000 U/mL, with a detection time of 20 min. This work provides a universal detection tool for protein biomarker sensing. The detection results of the clinical samples demonstrate its promising application in early screenings of major diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 2486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks with Donor-Acceptor Structure for Enhanced Peroxidase-like Activity as a Colorimetric Biosensing Platform

by Qian Wang, Liang Lv, Wenhao Chi, Yujiao Bai, Wenqing Gao, Peihua Zhu and Jinghua Yu

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020188 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and glucose play a key role in many cellular signaling pathways. The efficient and accurate in situ detection of H₂O₂ released from living cells has attracted extensive research interests. Herein, a new porphyrin-based [...] Read more.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and glucose play a key role in many cellular signaling pathways. The efficient and accurate in situ detection of H₂O₂ released from living cells has attracted extensive research interests. Herein, a new porphyrin-based porous covalent organic framework (TAP-COF) was fabricated via one-step condensation of 1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-aminophenyl)porphyrin iron(III). The obtained TAP-COF has high surface areas, abundant surface catalytic active sites, and highly effective electron transport due to its precisely controllable donor–acceptor arrangement and 3D porous structure. Then, the new TAP-COF exhibited excellent peroxidase-like catalytic activity, which could effectively catalyze oxidation of the substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine by H₂O₂ to produce a typical blue-colored reaction. On this basis, simple, rapid and selective colorimetric methods for in situ H₂O₂ detection were developed with the detection limit of 2.6 nM in the wide range of 0.01 to 200 μM. The colorimetric approach also could be used for in situ detection of H₂O₂ released from living MCF-7 cells. This portable sensor based on a COF nanozyme not only opens a new path for point-of-care testing, but also has potential applications in the field of cell biology and clinical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 6447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Portable Wireless Intelligent Nanosensor for 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin Analysis with A Black Phosphorene and Nano-Diamond Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode

by Xiaoqing Li, Lisi Wang, Lijun Yan, Xiao Han, Zejun Zhang, Xiaoping Zhang and Wei Sun

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020153 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1685

Abstract

In this work, a novel portable and wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor was developed for the detection of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (6,7-DHC) using a modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets were prepared via exfoliation of black phosphorus nanoplates. The BP nanosheets were then mixed [...] Read more.

In this work, a novel portable and wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor was developed for the detection of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (6,7-DHC) using a modified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets were prepared via exfoliation of black phosphorus nanoplates. The BP nanosheets were then mixed with nano-diamond (ND) to prepare ND@BP nanocomposites using the self-assembly method, achieving high environmental stability. The nanocomposite was characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman, XPS and XRD. The nanocomposite was used for the modification of SPE to improve its electrochemical performances. The nanosensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.01–450.0 μmol/L with a low detection limit of 0.003 μmol/L for 6,7-DHC analysis. The portable and wireless intelligent electrochemical nanosensor was applied to detect 6,7-DHC in real drug samples by the standard addition method with satisfactory recoveries, which extends the application of BP-based nanocomposite for electroanalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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13 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Electrochemical Platform for Chloramphenicol Detection Based on Carbon-Doped Boron Nitride Nanosheets

by Jingli Yin, Huiying Ouyang, Weifeng Li and Yumei Long

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010116 - 09 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2268

Abstract

Currently, accurate quantification of antibiotics is a prerequisite for health care and environmental governance. The present work demonstrated a novel and effective electrochemical strategy for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection using carbon-doped hexagonal boron nitride (C-BN) as the sensing medium. The C-BN nanosheets were synthesized [...] Read more.

Currently, accurate quantification of antibiotics is a prerequisite for health care and environmental governance. The present work demonstrated a novel and effective electrochemical strategy for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection using carbon-doped hexagonal boron nitride (C-BN) as the sensing medium. The C-BN nanosheets were synthesized by a molten-salt method and fully characterized using various techniques. The electrochemical performances of C-BN nanosheets were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the electrocatalytic activity of h-BN was significantly enhanced by carbon doping. Carbon doping can provide abundant active sites and improve electrical conductivity. Therefore, a C-BN-modified glassy carbon electrode (C-BN/GCE) was employed to determine CAP by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The sensor showed convincing analytical performance, such as a wide concentration range (0.1 µM–200 µM, 200 µM–700 µM) and low limit of detection (LOD, 0.035 µM). In addition, the proposed method had high selectivity and desired stability, and can be applied for CAP detection in actual samples. It is believed that defect-engineered h-BN nanomaterials possess a wide range of applications in electrochemical sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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16 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Antibody-Free Sensing Membranes for Picogram Tetracycline Detection

by Hamdi Ben Halima, Abdoullatif Baraket, Clara Vinas, Nadia Zine, Joan Bausells, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Francesc Teixidor and Abdelhamid Errachid

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010071 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

As an antibody-free sensing membrane for the detection of the antibiotic tetracycline (TC), a liquid PVC membrane doped with the ion-pair tetracycline/θ-shaped anion [3,3′-Co(1,2-C₂B₉H₁₁)₂]⁻ ([o-COSAN]⁻) was formulated and deposited on [...] Read more.

As an antibody-free sensing membrane for the detection of the antibiotic tetracycline (TC), a liquid PVC membrane doped with the ion-pair tetracycline/θ-shaped anion [3,3′-Co(1,2-C₂B₉H₁₁)₂]⁻ ([o-COSAN]⁻) was formulated and deposited on a SWCNT modified gold microelectrode. The chosen transduction technique was electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PVC membrane was composed of: the tetracycline/[o-COSAN]⁻ ion-pair, a plasticizer. A detection limit of 0.3 pg/L was obtained with this membrane, using bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate as a plasticizer. The sensitivity of detection of tetracycline was five times higher than that of oxytetracycline and of terramycin, and 22 times higher than that of demeclocycline. A shelf-life of the prepared sensor was more than six months and was used for detection in spiked honey samples. These results open the way to having continuous monitoring sensors with a high detection capacity, are easy to clean, avoid the use of antibodies, and produce a direct measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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16 pages, 9011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual Classification Approach for the Rapid Discrimination of Metabolic Syndrome by FTIR

by Kateryna Tkachenko, Isabel Esteban-Díez, José M. González-Sáiz, Patricia Pérez-Matute and Consuelo Pizarro

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010015 - 23 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, new point-of-care diagnostic tools are essential for unambiguously distinguishing MetS patients, providing results in rapid time. Herein, we evaluated the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, new point-of-care diagnostic tools are essential for unambiguously distinguishing MetS patients, providing results in rapid time. Herein, we evaluated the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools to detect spectra markers indicative of metabolic syndrome. Around 105 plasma samples were collected and divided into two groups according to the presence of at least three of the five clinical parameters used for MetS diagnosis. A dual classification approach was studied based on selecting the most important spectral variable and classification methods, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and SIMCA class modelling, respectively. The same classification methods were applied to measured clinical parameters at our disposal. Thus, the classification’s performance on reduced spectra fingerprints and measured clinical parameters were compared. Both approaches achieved excellent discrimination results among groups, providing almost 100% accuracy. Nevertheless, SIMCA class modelling showed higher classification performance between MetS and no MetS for IR-reduced variables compared to clinical variables. We finally discuss the potential of this method to be used as a supportive diagnostic or screening tool in clinical routines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 2683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring and Regulating Intracellular GPX4 mRNA Using Gold Nanoflare Probes and Enhancing Erastin-Induced Ferroptosis

by Xiaoyan Liu, Qiangqiang Yang, Yanan Sui, Qiaoli Yue, Shuqing Yan, Chuan Li and Min Hong

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121178 - 17 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1765

Abstract

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) plays an important effect on ferroptosis. Down-regulating the expression of GPX4 mRNA can decrease the content of GPX4. In this work, a gold nanoflare (AuNF) probe loaded with anti-sense sequences targeting for GPX4 mRNA was designed to monitor and [...] Read more.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) plays an important effect on ferroptosis. Down-regulating the expression of GPX4 mRNA can decrease the content of GPX4. In this work, a gold nanoflare (AuNF) probe loaded with anti-sense sequences targeting for GPX4 mRNA was designed to monitor and down-regulate intracellular GPX4 mRNA using fluorescence imaging in situ and using anti-sense technology. The results revealed that there was a marked difference for the expression of GPX4 mRNA in different cell lines, and the survival rate of cancer cells was not significantly effected when the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of GPX4 was down-regulated by AuNF probes. However, when co-treated with AuNF probes, the low expression of GPX4 strengthened erastin-induced ferroptosis, and this synergy showed a better effect on inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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13 pages, 3000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Electrochemical Platform Coupled with In Situ Prepared Synthetic Receptors for Sensitive Detection of Bisphenol A

by Chen-Yan Xu, Kang-Ping Ning, Zheng Wang, Yao Yao, Qin Xu and Xiao-Ya Hu

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121076 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

A flexible electrochemical sensor based on the carbon felt (CF) functionalized with Bisphenol A (BPA) synthetic receptors was developed. The artificial Bisphenol A receptors were grafted on the CF by a simple thermal polymerization molecular imprinting process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron [...] Read more.

A flexible electrochemical sensor based on the carbon felt (CF) functionalized with Bisphenol A (BPA) synthetic receptors was developed. The artificial Bisphenol A receptors were grafted on the CF by a simple thermal polymerization molecular imprinting process. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical characterizations were used to analyze the receptors. Characterization results demonstrated that the Bisphenol A synthetic receptors successfully formed on the CFs surface. Because the synthetic receptor and the porous CFs were successfully combined, the sensor displayed a better current response once Bisphenol A was identified. The sensor’s linear range was determined to be from 0.5 to 8.0 nM and 10.0 to 300.0 nM, with a detection limit of 0.36 nM. Even after being bent and stretched repeatedly, the electrode’s performance was unaffected, demonstrating the robustness, adaptability and viability of installing the sensor on flat or curved surfaces for on-site detection. The designed electrochemical sensor has been used successfully to identify Bisphenol A in milk samples with satisfactory results. This work provided a promising platform for the design of implantable, portable and miniaturized sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 1975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aptamer-Based Gold Nanoparticles–PDMS Composite Stamps as a Platform for Micro-Contact Printing

by Amna Didar Abbasi, Zakir Hussain and Kun-Lin Yang

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121067 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2072

Abstract

In the present study, a functional template made up of in situ synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is prepared on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for patterning of target protein onto the desired solid substrates. Unlike previous studies in which bioreceptor probes are randomly attached to the [...] Read more.

In the present study, a functional template made up of in situ synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is prepared on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for patterning of target protein onto the desired solid substrates. Unlike previous studies in which bioreceptor probes are randomly attached to the PDMS stamp through electrostatic interactions, herein, we propose an AuNPs–PDMS stamp, which provides a surface for the attachment of thiol-modified biorecognition probes to link to the stamp surface through a dative bond with a single anchoring point based on thiol chemistry. By using this platform, we have developed the ability for microcontact printing (µCP) to selectively capture and transfer target protein onto solid surfaces for detection purposes. After µCP, we also investigated whether liquid crystals (LCs) could be used as a label-free approach for identifying transfer protein. Our reported approach provides promise for biosensing of various analytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 3552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Butylated Hydroxy Anisole via Metalloporphyrin Covalent Organic Frameworks Possessing Variable Catalytic Active Sites

by Huacong Chu, Xin Sun, Xiaoqian Zha, Shifa Ullah Khan and Yang Wang

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110975 - 06 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

Three novel two-dimensional metalloporphyrin COFs (MPor−COF−366, M = Fe, Mn, Cu) were fabricated by changing the metal atoms in the center of the porphyrin framework. The physicochemical characteristics of MPor−COF−366 (M = Fe, Mn, Cu) composites were fully analyzed by diverse electron microscopy [...] Read more.

Three novel two-dimensional metalloporphyrin COFs (MPor−COF−366, M = Fe, Mn, Cu) were fabricated by changing the metal atoms in the center of the porphyrin framework. The physicochemical characteristics of MPor−COF−366 (M = Fe, Mn, Cu) composites were fully analyzed by diverse electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, experiments on determining butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) at FePor−COF−366/GCE were conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It is noted that the FePor−COF−366/GCE sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic performance in the electrochemical detection of BHA, compared with MnPor−COF−366/GCE and CuPor−COF−366/GCE. A linear relationship was obtained for 0.04–1000 μM concentration of BHA, with a low detection limit of 0.015 μM. Additionally, the designed sensor was successfully employed to detect BHA in practical samples, expanding the development of COF-based composites in electrochemical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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16 pages, 5269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Ni-Co Layered Double Hydroxide Hollow Nanostructures for Ultrasensitive Detection of Sumatriptan and Naproxen

by Hadi Beitollahi, Zahra Dourandish, Somayeh Tajik, Fatemeh Sharifi and Peyman Mohammadzadeh Jahani

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100872 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

In this work, Ni-Co layered double hydroxide (Ni–Co LDH) hollow nanostructures were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. A screen-printed electrode (SPE) surface was modified with as-fabricated Ni–Co LDHs to achieve [...] Read more.

In this work, Ni-Co layered double hydroxide (Ni–Co LDH) hollow nanostructures were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. A screen-printed electrode (SPE) surface was modified with as-fabricated Ni–Co LDHs to achieve a new sensing platform for determination of sumatriptan. The electrochemical behavior of the Ni–Co LDH-modified SPE (Ni-CO LDH/SPE) for sumatriptan determination was investigated using voltammetric methods. Compared with bare SPE, the presence of Ni-Co LDH was effective in the enhancement of electron transport rate between the electrode and analyte, as well as in the significant reduction of the overpotential of sumatriptan oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied to perform a quantitative analysis of sumatriptan. The linearity range was found to be between 0.01 and 435.0 μM. The limits of detection (LOD) and sensitivity were 0.002 ± 0.0001 μM and 0.1017 ± 0.0001 μA/μM, respectively. In addition, the performance of the Ni-CO LDH/SPE for the determination of sumatriptan in the presence of naproxen was studied. Simultaneous analysis of sumatriptan with naproxen showed well-separated peaks leading to a quick and selective analysis of sumatriptan. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the prepared Ni-CO LDH/SPE sensor was examined in pharmaceutical and biological samples with satisfactory recovery results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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14 pages, 9634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltammetric Determination of 3-Methylmorphine Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with rGO and Bismuth Film

by Ademar Wong, Anderson M. Santos, Camila A. Proença, Thaísa A. Baldo, Maria H. A. Feitosa, Fernando C. Moraes and Maria D. P. T. Sotomayor

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100860 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

This work reports the development and application of a simple, rapid and low-cost voltammetric method for the determination of 3-methylmorphine at nanomolar levels in clinical and environmental samples. The proposed method involves the combined application of a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced [...] Read more.

This work reports the development and application of a simple, rapid and low-cost voltammetric method for the determination of 3-methylmorphine at nanomolar levels in clinical and environmental samples. The proposed method involves the combined application of a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, chitosan and bismuth film (Bi-rGO-CTS/GCE) via square-wave voltammetry using 0.04 mol L⁻¹ Britton–Robinson buffer solution (pH 4.0). The application of the technique yielded low limit of detection of 24 × 10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ and linear concentration range of 2.5 × 10⁻⁷ to 8.2 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. The Bi-rGO-CTS/GCE sensor was successfully applied for the detection of 3-methylmorphine in the presence of other compounds, including paracetamol and caffeine. The results obtained also showed that the application of the sensor for 3-methylmorphine detection did not experience any significant interference in the presence of silicon dioxide, povidone, cellulose, magnesium stearate, urea, ascorbic acid, humic acid and croscarmellose. The applicability of the Bi-rGO-CTS/GCE sensor for the detection of 3-methylmorphine was evaluated using synthetic urine, serum, and river water samples through addition and recovery tests, and the results obtained were found to be similar to those obtained for the high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC)—used as a reference method. The findings of this study show that the proposed voltammetric method is a simple, fast and highly efficient alternative technique for the detection of 3-methylmorphine in both biological and environmental samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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11 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viscosity-Sensitive Solvatochromic Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets Staining

by Mao-Hua Wang, Wei-Long Cui, Yun-Hao Yang and Jian-Yong Wang

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100851 - 09 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2255

Abstract

Lipid droplets (LDs) are simple intracellular storage sites for neutral lipids and exhibit important impact on many physiological processes. For example, the changes in the polar microenvironment inside LDs could affect physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism and storage, protein degradation, signal transduction, [...] Read more.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are simple intracellular storage sites for neutral lipids and exhibit important impact on many physiological processes. For example, the changes in the polar microenvironment inside LDs could affect physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism and storage, protein degradation, signal transduction, and enzyme catalysis. Herein, a new fluorescent chemo-sensor (Couoxo-LD) was formulated by our molecular design strategy. The probe could be applied to effectively label intracellular lipid droplets. Intriguingly, Couoxo-LD demonstrated positive sensitivity to both polarity and viscosity, which might be attributed to its D-π-A structure and the twisted rotational behavior of the carbon–carbon double bond (TICT). Additionally, Couoxo-LD was successfully implemented in cellular imaging due to its excellent selectivity, pH stability, and low biotoxicity. In HeLa cells, the co-localization curve between Couoxo-LD and commercial lipid droplet dyes overlapped at 0.93. The results indicated that the probe could selectively sense LDs in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, Couoxo-LD can be applied for in vivo imaging of zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 2920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polydopamine-Functionalized Copper Peroxide/ZIF-8 Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Sensitive Determination of Carcinoembryonic Antigen by Self-Supplied H₂O₂ Generation

by Juanjuan Huang, Yiyun Yao, Yanling Chen, Tianran Lin, Li Hou and Dianping Tang

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100830 - 06 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1805

Abstract

Copper peroxide/zeolitic imidazolate framework/polydopamine nanoparticles (CP/ZIF-8/PDA)-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) was designed for the sensitive and high-throughput determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by self-supplied H₂O₂ generation. Specifically, the CEA aptamer was modified on the surface of CP/ZIF-8/PDA to form an [...] Read more.

Copper peroxide/zeolitic imidazolate framework/polydopamine nanoparticles (CP/ZIF-8/PDA)-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) was designed for the sensitive and high-throughput determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by self-supplied H₂O₂ generation. Specifically, the CEA aptamer was modified on the surface of CP/ZIF-8/PDA to form an immunoprobe. The structures of CP and ZIF-8 could be broken under acidic conditions, and produced the Cu²⁺ and H₂O₂ due to the dissociation the CP. A subsequent Fenton-type reaction of Cu²⁺ and H₂O₂ generated hydroxyl radical (·OH). o-phenylenediamine (OPD) was oxidized by the ·OH to form 2, 3-diaminophenazine (DPA) with a significant fluorescence signal. CP/ZIF-8/PDA could be used as an efficient Fenton-type reactant to generate a large amount of ·OH to promote OPD oxidation. The sensitive detection of CEA could be realized. Under optimal conditions, the FLISA platform displayed a linear detection range from 0.01 to 20 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 7.6 pg mL⁻¹ for CEA. This strategy has great application potential for sensitive and high-throughput determination for other biomarkers in the field of biomedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defect Surface Engineering of Hollow NiCo₂S₄ Nanoprisms towards Performance-Enhanced Non-Enzymatic Glucose Oxidation

by Xiaomin Lang, Dandan Chu, Yan Wang, Danhua Ge and Xiaojun Chen

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100823 - 04 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Transition metal sulfides have been explored as electrode materials for non-enzymatic detection. In this work, we investigated the effects of phosphorus doping on the electrochemical performances of NiCo₂S₄ electrodes (P-NiCo₂S₄) towards glucose oxidation. The fabricated non-enzymatic [...] Read more.

Transition metal sulfides have been explored as electrode materials for non-enzymatic detection. In this work, we investigated the effects of phosphorus doping on the electrochemical performances of NiCo₂S₄ electrodes (P-NiCo₂S₄) towards glucose oxidation. The fabricated non-enzymatic biosensor displayed better sensing performances than pristine NiCo₂S₄, with a good sensitivity of 250 µA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.46 µM (S/N = 3), a wide linear range of 0.001 to 5.2 mM, and high selectivity. Moreover, P-NiCo₂S₄ demonstrated its feasibility for glucose determination for practical sample testing. This is due to the fact that the synergetic effects between Ni and Co species, and the partial substitution of S vacancies with P can help to increase electronic conductivity, enrich binary electroactive sites, and facilitate surface electroactivity. Thus, it is found that the incorporation of dopants into NiCo₂S₄ is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical activity of host materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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12 pages, 8702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Density Gold Nanoparticles Implanted on Mg/Fe LDH Nanoflowers Assisted Lateral Flow Immuno-Dipstick Assay for Visual Detection of Human Epididymal Protein 4

by Hao Liu, Mei-Xia Wu and Shou-Nian Ding

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100797 - 27 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

The timelier and more accurate the diagnosis of the disease, the higher the patient’s survival rate. Human epididymal protein 4 (HE4) has great significance as a biomarker of concern for reflecting ovarian cancer. Herein, we prepared a novel optical label that can be [...] Read more.

The timelier and more accurate the diagnosis of the disease, the higher the patient’s survival rate. Human epididymal protein 4 (HE4) has great significance as a biomarker of concern for reflecting ovarian cancer. Herein, we prepared a novel optical label that can be used in lateral-flow immuno-dipstick assay (LFIA) for sensitive visual detection of HE4 by implanting hydrophobic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) at high density in Mg/Fe LDH nanoflowers (MF NFs). MF NFs with large specific surface area, high porosity, abundant active binding sites, and stable structure were employed for the first time as templates to directly anchor Au NPs in the organic phase. After simple modification with an optimized amount of branched polyethyleneimine, not only could MF@Au NFs be dispersed in the aqueous phase, but also amino functional groups were introduced on its surface to facilitate subsequent antibody coupling steps. The limit of detection reaches 50 pM with a detection range of 50 to 1000 pM. This work initially explored how MF NFs can be used to load signal labels with ideal stability and signal amplification capabilities, which greatly improves the practicability of LFIA and highlights its important role in the field of rapid diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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16 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Core–Shell Au@TiO₂ and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensor for the Electroanalytical Determination of H₂O₂ in Human Blood Serum and Saliva

by Ayman Ali Saeed, Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas, Waheed Fathi El-Hawary, Yousry Moustafa Issa and Baljit Singh

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100778 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

A hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) sensor was developed based on core–shell gold@titanium dioxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (Au@TiO₂/MWCNTs/GCE). Core–shell Au@TiO₂ material was prepared and characterized using a scanning electron microscopy and energy [...] Read more.

A hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) sensor was developed based on core–shell gold@titanium dioxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (Au@TiO₂/MWCNTs/GCE). Core–shell Au@TiO₂ material was prepared and characterized using a scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta-potential analyzer. The proposed sensor (Au@TiO₂/MWCNTs/GCE) was investigated electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The analytical performance of the sensor was evaluated towards H₂O₂ using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed sensor exhibited excellent stability and sensitivity with a linear concentration range from 5 to 200 µM (R² = 0.9973) and 200 to 6000 µM (R² = 0.9994), and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.4 µM achieved under physiological pH conditions. The practicality of the proposed sensor was further tested by measuring H₂O₂ in human serum and saliva samples. The observed response and recovery results demonstrate its potential for real-world H₂O₂ monitoring. Additionally, the proposed sensor and detection strategy can offer potential prospects in electrochemical sensors development, indicative oxidative stress monitoring, clinical diagnostics, general cancer biomarker measurements, paper bleaching, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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13 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Determination of 4-Bromophenoxyacetic Acid Based on CeO₂/eGr Composite

by Haijun Du, Yan Zhang, Xin Wang, Huali Hu, Jixing Ai, Huanxi Zhou, Xia Yan, Yang Yang and Zhiwei Lu

Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090760 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

The determination of plant growth regulators is of great importance for the quality monitoring of crops. In this work, 4-bromophenoxyacetic acid (4-BPA), one of the phenoxyacetic acids, was detected via the electrochemical method for the first time. A CeO₂-decorated electrochemical exfoliated [...] Read more.

The determination of plant growth regulators is of great importance for the quality monitoring of crops. In this work, 4-bromophenoxyacetic acid (4-BPA), one of the phenoxyacetic acids, was detected via the electrochemical method for the first time. A CeO₂-decorated electrochemical exfoliated graphene (eGr) composite (CeO₂/eGr) was constructed as the sensor for sensitive detection of 4-BPA due to the synergistic effect of the excellent catalytic active sites of CeO₂ and good electron transference of the eGr. The developed CeO₂/eGr sensor displayed a good linearity in a wide range from 0.3 to 150 μmol/L and the lowest detection limit of 0.06 μmol/L for 4-BPA detection. Electrochemical oxidation of 4-BPA follows a mix-controlled process on the CeO₂/eGr electrode, which involves 2e in the transference process. This developed CeO₂/eGr sensor has excellent repeatability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.35% in 10 continuous measurements. Moreover, the practical application of the sensor for 4-BPA detection in apple juice has recoveries in the range of 90–108%. This proposed CeO₂/eGr sensor has great potential for detecting plant growth regulators in the agricultural industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Trends in Biosensing and Diagnostic Methods for Novel Cancer Biomarkers

by Jagadeeswara Rao Bommi, Shekher Kummari, Kavitha Lakavath, Reshmi A. Sukumaran, Lakshmi R. Panicker, Jean Louis Marty and Kotagiri Yugender Goud

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030398 - 18 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4081

Abstract

Cancer is one of the major public health issues in the world. It has become the second leading cause of death, with approximately 75% of cancer deaths transpiring in low- or middle-income countries. It causes a heavy global economic cost estimated at more [...] Read more.

Cancer is one of the major public health issues in the world. It has become the second leading cause of death, with approximately 75% of cancer deaths transpiring in low- or middle-income countries. It causes a heavy global economic cost estimated at more than a trillion dollars per year. The most common cancers are breast, colon, rectum, prostate, and lung cancers. Many of these cancers can be treated effectively and cured if detected at the primary stage. Nowadays, around 50% of cancers are detected at late stages, leading to serious health complications and death. Early diagnosis of cancer diseases substantially increases the efficient treatment and high chances of survival. Biosensors are one of the potential screening methodologies useful in the early screening of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the recent findings about novel cancer biomarkers and their advantages over traditional biomarkers, and novel biosensing and diagnostic methods for them; thus, this review may be helpful in the early recognition and monitoring of treatment response of various human cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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33 pages, 3237 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Nanozymes in Environmental Monitoring, Management, and Protection

by Miaomiao Wang, Ping Zhu, Shuge Liu, Yating Chen, Dongxin Liang, Yage Liu, Wei Chen, Liping Du and Chunsheng Wu

Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030314 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3979

Abstract

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, possessing the unique properties of nanomaterials and natural enzyme-like catalytic functions. Nanozymes are catalytically active, stable, tunable, recyclable, and versatile. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid in the fields of environmental science and life sciences. In this [...] Read more.

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, possessing the unique properties of nanomaterials and natural enzyme-like catalytic functions. Nanozymes are catalytically active, stable, tunable, recyclable, and versatile. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid in the fields of environmental science and life sciences. In this review, we focused on the most recent applications of nanozymes for environmental monitoring, environmental management, and environmental protection. We firstly introduce the tuning catalytic activity of nanozymes according to some crucial factors such as size and shape, composition and doping, and surface coating. Then, the application of nanozymes in environmental fields are introduced in detail. Nanozymes can not only be used to detect inorganic ions, molecules, organics, and foodborne pathogenic bacteria but are also involved in the degradation of phenolic compounds, dyes, and antibiotics. The capability of nanozymes was also reported for assisting air purification, constructing biofuel cells, and application in marine antibacterial fouling removal. Finally, the current challenges and future trends of nanozymes toward environmental fields are proposed and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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17 pages, 4756 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status and Future Perspectives of Lactate Dehydrogenase Detection and Medical Implications: A Review

by Yangzhe Zhou, Min Qi and Minghui Yang

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121145 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

The demand for glucose uptake and the accompanying enhanced glycolytic energy metabolism is one of the most important features of cancer cells. Unlike the aerobic metabolic pathway in normal cells, the large amount of pyruvate produced by the dramatic increase of glycolysis in [...] Read more.

The demand for glucose uptake and the accompanying enhanced glycolytic energy metabolism is one of the most important features of cancer cells. Unlike the aerobic metabolic pathway in normal cells, the large amount of pyruvate produced by the dramatic increase of glycolysis in cancer cells needs to be converted to lactate in the cytoplasm, which cannot be done without a large amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This explains why elevated serum LDH concentrations are usually seen in cancer patient populations. LDH not only correlates with clinical prognostic survival indicators, but also guides subsequent drug therapy. Besides their role in cancers, LDH is also a biomarker for malaria and other diseases. Therefore, it is urgent to develop methods for sensitive and convenient LDH detection. Here, this review systematically summarizes the clinical impact of lactate dehydrogenase detection and principles for LDH detection. The advantages as well as limitations of different detection methods and the future trends for LDH detection were also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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Open AccessReview

Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles

by Tatiana M. Zimina, Nikita O. Sitkov, Kamil G. Gareev, Viacheslav Fedorov, Denis Grouzdev, Veronika Koziaeva, Huile Gao, Stephanie E. Combs and Maxim Shevtsov

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100789 - 25 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3273

Abstract

Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of [...] Read more.

Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Diagnosis)

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