Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 1070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maresin 1 Exerts a Tissue-Specific Regulation of Adipo-Hepato-Myokines in Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Modulates Adipokine Expression in Cultured Human Adipocytes in Basal and Inflammatory Conditions

by Leyre Martínez-Fernández, Miguel Burgos, Neira Sáinz, Laura M. Laiglesia, José Miguel Arbones-Mainar, Pedro González-Muniesa and María J. Moreno-Aliaga

Biomolecules 2023, 13(6), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13060919 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

This study analyses the effects of Maresin 1 (MaR1), a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediator with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing actions, on the expression of adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), and irisin (FNDC5), both in vitro and [...] Read more.

This study analyses the effects of Maresin 1 (MaR1), a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediator with anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing actions, on the expression of adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), and irisin (FNDC5), both in vitro and in in vivo models of obesity. The in vivo effects of MaR1 (50 μg/kg, 10 days, oral gavage) were evaluated in epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT), liver and muscle of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Moreover, two models of human differentiated primary adipocytes were incubated with MaR1 (1 and 10 nM, 24 h) or with a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 100 ng/mL) and MaR1 (1–200 nM, 24 h) and the expression and secretion of adipokines were measured in both models. MaR1-treated DIO mice exhibited an increased expression of adiponectin and Ct-1 in eWAT, increased expression of Fndc5 and Ct-1 in muscle and a decreased expression of hepatic Dpp-4. In human differentiated adipocytes, MaR1 increased the expression of ADIPONECTIN, LEPTIN, DPP4, CT-1 and FNDC5. Moreover, MaR1 counteracted the downregulation of ADIPONECTIN and the upregulation of DPP-4 and LEPTIN observed in adipocytes treated with TNF-α. Differential effects for TNF-α and MaR1 on the expression of CT-1 and FNDC5 were observed between both models of human adipocytes. In conclusion, MaR1 reverses the expression of specific adipomyokines and hepatokines altered in obese mice in a tissue-dependent manner. Moreover, MaR1 regulates the basal expression of adipokines in human adipocytes and counteracts the alterations of adipokines expression induced by TNF-α in vitro. These actions could contribute to the metabolic benefits of this lipid mediator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Triacylglycerol Estolide Isomers Using High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Nanoelectrospray Ionization

by Lukáš Cudlman, Aleš Machara, Vladimír Vrkoslav, Miroslav Polášek, Zuzana Bosáková, Stephen J. Blanksby and Josef Cvačka

Biomolecules 2023, 13(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13030475 - 03 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Triacylglycerol estolides (TG-EST) are biologically active lipids extensively studied for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. In this work, eight standards of TG-EST were synthesized and systematically investigated by nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of synthetic TG-EST were studied with the purpose of [...] Read more.

Triacylglycerol estolides (TG-EST) are biologically active lipids extensively studied for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. In this work, eight standards of TG-EST were synthesized and systematically investigated by nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Mass spectra of synthetic TG-EST were studied with the purpose of enabling the unambiguous identification of these lipids in biological samples. TG-EST glycerol sn-regioisomers and isomers with the fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) subunit branched in the ω-, α-, or 10-position were used. Ammonium, lithium, and sodium adducts of TG-EST formed by nanoelectrospray ionization were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD). Product ion spectra allowed for identification of fatty acid (FA) and FAHFA subunits originally linked to the glycerol backbone and distinguished the α-branching site of the FAHFA from other estolide-branching isomers. The ω- and 10-branching sites were determined by combining CID with ozone-induced dissociation (OzID). Lithium adducts provided the most informative product ions, enabling characterization of FA, hydroxy fatty acid (HFA), and FAHFA subunits. Glycerol sn-regioisomers were distinguished based on the relative abundance of product ions and unambiguously identified using CID/OzID of lithium and sodium adducts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Dietary Intake, Blood Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Reading Abilities in Children

by Francesca Borasio, Valentina De Cosmi, Veronica D’Oria, Silvia Scaglioni, Marie-Louise Eva Syren, Stefano Turolo, Carlo Agostoni, Marilena Coniglio, Massimo Molteni, Alessandro Antonietti and Maria Luisa Lorusso

Biomolecules 2023, 13(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13020368 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2497

Abstract

Lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described in individuals with reading difficulties, but the degree and the nature of such deficiencies as well as the role of nutrition are a matter of debate. The aim of the present study [...] Read more.

Lower levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described in individuals with reading difficulties, but the degree and the nature of such deficiencies as well as the role of nutrition are a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between PUFA blood levels, nutritional status, and reading/writing/phonological awareness performances in 42 school-age children with varying levels of reading ability. Significant correlations were found between PUFA levels (specific omega-6/omega-3 ratios), the ratio of omega-6-derived calories to the total amount of calories and reading scores. Mediation analysis showed a mediating effect of fatty acids on the association between reading speed scores and nutritional status. Moderation analysis, moreover, showed that the associations of omega-6/omega-3 ratios in the blood and Kcal omega-6/Kcal total in dietary intake were moderated by reading speed performances. Results of the mediation and moderation models confirm that the associations of dietary intake with PUFA levels in the blood vary depending on learning abilities. Reading skills appear to be sensitive to the effects of a complex set of favorable conditions related to the presence of higher omega-3 blood levels. These conditions may reflect the action of dietary as well as genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Hyperglycaemia in an Epithelial Membrane Model: Biophysical Characterisation

by Ana Reis, Joana P. F. Teixeira, Ana M. G. Silva, Mariana Ferreira, Paula Gameiro and Victor de Freitas

Biomolecules 2022, 12(10), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101534 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Biomimetic models are valuable platforms to improve our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing membrane-driven processes in (patho)physiological conditions, including membrane permeability, transport, and fusion. However, current membrane models are over simplistic and do not include the membrane’s lipid remodelling in response to [...] Read more.

Biomimetic models are valuable platforms to improve our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing membrane-driven processes in (patho)physiological conditions, including membrane permeability, transport, and fusion. However, current membrane models are over simplistic and do not include the membrane’s lipid remodelling in response to extracellular stimuli. Our study describes the synthesis of glycated dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE-glyc), which was structurally characterised by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and quantified by NMR spectroscopy to be further incorporated in a complex phospholipid (PL) membrane model enriched in cholesterol (Chol) and (glyco)sphingolipids (GSL) designed to mimic epithelial membranes (PL/Chol/GSL) under hyperglycaemia conditions. Characterisation of synthesised DMPE-glyc adducts by tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) show that synthetic DMPE-glyc adducts correspond to Amadori products and quantification by ¹H NMR spectroscopy show that the yield of glycation reaction was 8%. The biophysical characterisation of the epithelial membrane model shows that excess glucose alters the thermotropic behaviour and fluidity of epithelial membrane models likely to impact permeability of solutes. The epithelial membrane models developed to mimic normo- and hyperglycaemic scenarios are the basis to investigate (poly)phenol-lipid and drug–membrane interactions crucial in nutrition, pharmaceutics, structural biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 29754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acyl-Nω-methylserotonins and Branched-chain Acylserotonins in Lemon and Other Citrus Seeds—New Lipids with Antioxidant Properties and Potential Pharmacological Applications

by Jerzy Kruk, Agnieszka Trela-Makowej and Renata Szymańska

Biomolecules 2022, 12(10), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101528 - 20 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1331

Abstract

We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was characterized by HR–MS spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. These compounds were predominantly long-chain (C20–C25), saturated [...] Read more.

We have found 15 previously unknown compounds in seeds of lemon and other citrus species, such as tangerine, grapefruit and pomelo. The structure of these compounds was characterized by HR–MS spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical synthesis. These compounds were predominantly long-chain (C20–C25), saturated acyl-Nω-methylserotonins with the main contribution of C22 and C24 homologues, usually accounting for about 40% and 30% of all acylserotonins, respectively. The other, previously undescribed, minor compounds were branched-chain acylserotonins, as well as normal-chain acylserotonins, recently found in baobab seed oil. Within the seed, acylserotonins were found nearly exclusively in the inner seed coat, where probably their biosynthesis proceeds. On the other hand, lemon seedlings contained only trace amounts of these compounds that were not found in adult leaves. The compounds identified in the present studies were shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In the investigated reaction in hexane, Me-C22 and Me-C24-serotonins were less active than n-C22 and n-C24-serotonins and δ-tocopherol, while branched-chain acylserotonins (iso-C21 and -C25) showed higher antioxidant activity than all the normal-chain compounds. On the other hand, all these compounds showed a similar but considerably lower antioxidant activity in acetonitrile than in hexane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Association of Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Metabolite Profile in Cord Blood

by Carla P. Harris, Carlana Ramlochansingh, Olaf Uhl, Hans Demmelmair, Joachim Heinrich, Berthold Koletzko, Marie Standl and Elisabeth Thiering

Biomolecules 2022, 12(10), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101333 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1597

Abstract

Cord blood metabolites can be predictive of long-term disease risk, but how levels of different metabolites might vary with respect to maternal diet is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of different dietary patterns during pregnancy [...] Read more.

Cord blood metabolites can be predictive of long-term disease risk, but how levels of different metabolites might vary with respect to maternal diet is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of different dietary patterns during pregnancy with cord blood metabolites (including glycerophospholipid fatty acids, polar lipids, non-esterified fatty acids, amino acids, and the sum of hexoses). Participants from the German LISA birth cohort study, with available data on targeted cord blood metabolomics and maternal diet, were included (n = 739). Maternal diet during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy was assessed by a non-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Using factor analysis, ten dietary patterns were identified, which were used in linear regression models exploring associations with cord blood metabolites. After correction for multiple hypothesis testing and adjustment for basic covariates, “fish and shellfish” was associated with higher glycerophospholipid fatty acid C20:5 n3 and lower C22:5 n6, whereas the “meat and potato” pattern was directly associated with propionylcarnitine (C3:0). The observed associations highlight potential metabolic pathways involved in the early programming of health and disease through maternal diet, as well as the potential for establishing quantitative biomarkers for dietary patterns of pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

11 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Fish Oil-Based Foods on Lipid and Oxidative Status Parameters in Police Dogs

by Branko Ravić, Jasmina Debeljak-Martacić, Biljana Pokimica, Nevena Vidović, Slavica Ranković, Marija Glibetić, Predrag Stepanović and Tamara Popović

Biomolecules 2022, 12(8), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081092 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

The synthesis, degradation, and reconstruction of the cell membrane as a metabolic pathway of phospholipids is a constant and dynamic process. Fatty acids as bioactive lipid components of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as structural lipids have biological roles in the integrity of cell [...] Read more.

The synthesis, degradation, and reconstruction of the cell membrane as a metabolic pathway of phospholipids is a constant and dynamic process. Fatty acids as bioactive lipid components of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as structural lipids have biological roles in the integrity of cell membranes. Fatty acids, depending on the chain length, the degree of saturation, and the synthesis pathways, can alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress caused by excessive exercise. Considering that changing food intake or diet can influence fatty acid phospholipid metabolism, our study aimed to determine the potential benefits of fish-based diets in working (police) dogs undergoing intensive training concerning bioactive lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids of plasma, and erythrocytes. Fatty acid esters’ composition of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as a bioactive lipids, in addition to markers of oxidative stress and metabolic parameters, were analysed by GC chromatography. The food was well tolerated by all dogs, and the compliance to the diet was high throughout the study. After the treatment with fish-based food, blood glucose, total, and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced, indicating positive biochemical profiles of dogs. Correlations of fatty acid phospholipid compositions between plasma and erythrocytes have shown that both plasma and erythrocytes could represent markers of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid intake levels in dogs. Morover, fish-based food supplementation caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation markers. The enrichment of dogs’ diets with marine fish could improve oxidative status and improve roles and status of bioactive lipids, such as membrane phospholipids and fatty acids, as its components in plasma and erythrocytes in police dogs exposed to intensive exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessReview

9-O Acetylated Gangliosides in Health and Disease

by Luis Vicente Herrera-Marcos, Dil Sahali and Mario Ollero

Biomolecules 2023, 13(5), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13050827 - 12 May 2023

Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Glycosphingolipids comprise a lipid class characterized by the presence of sugar moieties attached to a ceramide backbone. The role of glycosphingolipids in pathophysiology has gained relevance in recent years in parallel with the development of analytical technologies. Within this vast family of molecules, [...] Read more.

Glycosphingolipids comprise a lipid class characterized by the presence of sugar moieties attached to a ceramide backbone. The role of glycosphingolipids in pathophysiology has gained relevance in recent years in parallel with the development of analytical technologies. Within this vast family of molecules, gangliosides modified by acetylation represent a minority. Described for the first time in the 1980s, their relation to pathologies has resulted in increased interest in their function in normal and diseased cells. This review presents the state of the art on 9-O acetylated gangliosides and their link to cellular disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Bioactive Lipids: Sources, Synthesis, and Biological Roles

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI